Exam 1 terms

Question 1

death

Answer 1

an irreversible loss of capacity for consciousness

Question 2

senescene

Answer 2

the “wearing out” of organs as a result of carious aging processes

Question 3

premature death

Answer 3

happens before age 70

Question 4

paradox of mortality

Answer 4

hardwired to die and survive
-though death is a universal reality of being human, our mortality is also one of our greatest sources of anxiety

Question 5

nonfunctionality

Answer 5

once something dies, all life-defining abilities (walking ,talking) cease

Question 6

irreversibility

Answer 6

once physical body dies, cannot come back to life again

Question 7

universality

Answer 7

all living things must eventually die

Question 8

applicability

Answer 8

only living things can die

Question 9

causality

Answer 9

certain things lead to/cause death

Question 10

ages 3-5 understanding of death

Answer 10

limited, inaccurate
-understands nonfunctionality but not seen as final or universal
-magical thinking about death

Question 11

ages 5-10 understanding of death

Answer 11

understand that death is final and universal
-pet death can help understanding
-causality often understood at this pt

Question 12

ages 10-16 understanding of death

Answer 12

complex and abstract understanding of death
-universality & inevitability completely understood

Question 13

main sources of childrens learning about death

Answer 13

direct experiences, parental communication, portrayal in media and arts

Question 14

mortality salience

Answer 14

awareness/thinking of death
-increases with age
-children and young adults little mortality salience

Question 15

thanatophobia

Answer 15

clinical fear of death

Question 16

necrophobia

Answer 16

fear of dead/dying persons/things

Question 17

4 common aspects of death anxiety

Answer 17

1) seen as a radical transformation & separation
2) understood as an annihilation of the self
3) threat to realization of life’s basic goals & properties
4) threat to the meaningfulness of life

Question 18

factors affecting death anxiety

Answer 18

age, gender, marital status, occupation, socioeconomic status (higher class lower anxiety), religiosity, psychological state/heatlh, reduced sense of control, lack of meaning, low self esteem, lack of purpose, regrets, pessimism

Question 19

age and mortality salience

Answer 19

older=more likely to think about death but less likely to fear
-death anxiety tends to increase in aged 80+ in nursing homes
-older adults more likely to fear dying process, younger adults more likely to fear death

Question 20

which gender has greater death anxiety?

Answer 20

women
-depression more common in women?
-women second spike of death fear in 50s…menopause?more independence?
-by age 60, fear is equal among genders

Question 21

terror management theory

Answer 21

death anxiety/fear of mortality are biggest motivators in life
-an unconscious motivation for the search for meaning

Question 22

proximal defenses

Answer 22

when presented with the threat of death we deny the threat/try to prolong life
-when thoughts of death are conscious

Question 23

distal defenses

Answer 23

when presented with the threat of death we adhere more strongly to our worldviews and defend our self esteem
-when thoughts of death are out of conscious awareness

Question 24

meaning management theory

Answer 24

search for meaning is a primary motive (not fear of death); driven to make meaning in life
-thru meaning we overcome death anxiety

Question 25

meaningful maintenance model

Answer 25

ppl have a need for meaning; driven to make meaning -when sense of meaning is threatened, they reaffirm alternative representations as a way to regain meaning

Question 26

death denial

Answer 26

ignoring or supressing the thought of death, including any associated anxiety

Question 27

death acceptance

Answer 27

a giving in & realizing inevitability of death

Question 28

approach-oriented death acceptance

Answer 28

ppl feel truly positive about death, may look forward to it’s occurence

Question 29

escape-oriented death acceptance

Answer 29

ppl view end of life as welcome & as an escape from pain & suffering (MAID) -rational drive, sometimes depression or despair

Question 30

neutral death acceptance

Answer 30

accept inevitability of death, neither look forward or fear

Question 31

fear of death sig lower in... (age)

Answer 31

older adults vs younger adults

Question 32

approach oriented acceptance most highly correlated with wellbeing in (age)

Answer 32

older adults

Question 33

neutral approach higher in (age) vs (age)

Answer 33

older adults vs younger adults

Question 34

escape acceptance significantly higher in (age) vs (age)

Answer 34

older vs young/mid adults

Question 35

kubler ross stages of dying

Answer 35

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Question 36

denial kubler ross

Answer 36

temp shock response in which the person does not believe/accept whats happening

Question 37

anger kubler ross

Answer 37

feelings of frustration & resentment over whats happening

Question 38

bargaining

Answer 38

brief (often shortest) stage involving irrational attempts to postpone death

Question 39

depression

Answer 39

longest stage, some don’t move on -feelings of sadness, despair, helplessness, grieving over one's losses and impending death

Question 40

reactive depression

Answer 40

past losses...jobs, hobbies, mobility

Question 41

prepatory depression

Answer 41

losses to come...their future, family, realtionships

Question 42

acceptance kubler ross

Answer 42

a 'giving in' and realizing of the inevitability of death, often neither happy noir sad, often void of feelings

Question 43

living-dying interval model

Answer 43

1) acute phase: anxiety and fear at their peak 2) chronic living-dying phase: anxiety reduced; Qs about unknown asked; acceptance begins 3) terminal phase: imminent death is finally accepted; person withdraws emotional & socially

Question 44

stages of death work

Answer 44

1) the psychological- preparing to meet one's end & coming to terms with dying 2) the social: enabling oneself to help loved ones in preparation for their survival

Question 45

achieveing an appropriate death

Answer 45

1) reduction of conflicts (inner and outer) 2) compatibility with ego ideal (being ideal version of yourself) 3) continuity of relationships preserved and restored 4) fulfillment of prevailing wishes

Question 46

what is personal meaning

Answer 46

a sense of purpose, direction, order, reason for existence, desire to connect

Question 47

edgework

Answer 47

behaviour that explores the limits of safety&convention, voluntary risk taking

Question 48

near death experience

Answer 48

involve a variety of sensations reported by people who have died and been brought back to life & by people who have come close to death

Question 49

common NDE expereinces

Answer 49

hearing someone pronounce them dead, seeing themselves and others from outside their bodies, feelings of peace, travelling thru tunnel, interacting with deceased loved ones, seeking review of their life, soming back into body. all more common among religious people

Question 50

reminiscence

Answer 50

intentional & non intentional act of recollecting memories of oneself in the past -most are positive, some are regret

Question 51

life review

Answer 51

return of memories and past conflict at end of life; spontaneous or structured evaluation/reconciliation of one's life

Question 52

symbolic immortality

Answer 52

a sense of continuity or immorality thru symbolic means (biological, creative, transcendental, natural, experiential transcendence

Question 53

generativity

Answer 53

a concern establishing the next generation vs stagnation

Question 54

goal of meaning making

Answer 54

potential to reduce neg effect and boost post effect -coping strategy

Question 55

an existential vaccum

Answer 55

a state or crisis of meaninglessness

Question 56

suicidal ideation

Answer 56

thinking about, considering or planning suicide

Question 57

mourning

Answer 57

grieiving that conforms to social and cultural norms

Question 58

anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 58

absense of elevated activity is why we cannot disengage in lost relevant stimulus

Question 59

posterior cingulate cortex

Answer 59

autobiographical memory, recall of familiar voices/faces higher activity = lots of time thinking about loved one

Question 60

prefrontal cortex

Answer 60

expression of feelings, desires -loss/grief/trauma I’mpacts emotional processing

Question 61

survivors acceptance

Answer 61

accepting reality that loved one is physically gone and recognizing that this new reality is permanent -learning to live w loss doesn't mean being okay w the loss

Question 62

4 stages of grief

Answer 62

shock & numbess, yearning & searching, despair & disorganization, recognition & recovery

Question 63

dual process model

Answer 63

involves fluctuation btwn relationship w deceased (loss orientation) and alternate focus on everyday tasks & distractions (restoration orientation)

Question 64

passways through grief

Answer 64

grief is open ended, cyclical, no end in sight, varies among individuals

Question 65

common grief

Answer 65

no D, D 6m, no D 18m

Question 66

chronic grief

Answer 66

no D, D6m, D18m

Question 67

chronic depression

Answer 67

D, D6m, D18m

Question 68

depressed improved

Answer 68

D declines

Question 69

resilient

Answer 69

low D, low D6m, low D18m

Question 70

widowhood effect

Answer 70

older ppl who have lost a spouse at higher risk of dying themselves

Question 71

complicated grief

Answer 71

occurs when grieving process does not progress as expected

Question 72

prolonged grief disorder

Answer 72

basically same as complicated grief but in the DSM5 as a diagnosis

Question 73

cognitive restructuring

Answer 73

changing neg thoughts that underlie difficult emotions

Question 74

evocative language

Answer 74

counsellor uses "tough words" to encourage greater acceptance of reality of loss

Question 75

narriative therapy

Answer 75

writing can be used to help survivor express their feelings and thoughts more freely

Question 76

memorialization activities

Answer 76

activities aimed at remembering and honouring deceased

Question 77

continuing bonds

Answer 77

the presence of ongoing inner relationship with the deceased by the bereaved individual