EXAM 1: Units 1 and 2 Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
Subjective s/s are AKA
A
presumptive
2
Q
Objective s/s are AKA
A
probable
3
Q
Diagnostic s/s are AKA
A
positive
4
Q
Sporadic uterine contractions
“false labor”
A
Braxton Hicks contractions
5
Q
Medical technique used to feel for solid objects that are surrounded by fluid in the body
A
Ballottement
6
Q
Softening of the cervix (2 signs that indicate this)
A
Goodell’s sign
Hegar’s sign
7
Q
Bluish discoloration of the vulva/cervix
A
Chadwick’s sign
8
Q
Optimal gestational weight gain
A
25-35 lb
9
Q
Which vitamin is required for calcium absorption?
A
Vit D required for calcium absorption
10
Q
Nutrient needed for bone and heart health
A
calcium
11
Q
Which vitamin helps iron absorption
A
Vit C helps iron absorption
12
Q
Nutrient needed to increase maternal RBC count
A
iron
13
Q
2 substances that interfere with iron absorption
A
milk and caffeine
14
Q
nutrient that prevents neural tube defects
A
folic acid (folate)
15
Q
macronutrient that supports the growth of fetal tissue
A
protein
16
Q
In the 2nd trimester, this is the recommended caloric increase for the mother
A
340 calories daily
17
Q
In the 3rd trimester, this is the recommended caloric increase for the mother
A
452 calories daily
18
Q
chewing/craving non-food items
A
pica
19
Q
Bacterial infection caused by processed meats and raw milk
A
listeriosis
20
Q
daily caffeine limit during pregnancy
A
no more than 200 mg per day
21
Q
4 T’s of postpartum hemorrhage
A
Tone
Tissue
Trauma
Thrombin
22
Q
Inability of uterus to contract down to its pre-pregnancy size after giving birth
A
Uterine atony
23
Q
Very fast/short labor where the baby is born within 3 hours of the onset of contractions
A
Precipitous labor
24
Q
Several births close together
A
Multiparity
25
5 main causes of postpartum hemorrhage
Precipitous labor
Uterine atony
Retained placental fragments
Prolonged 3rd stage of labor (30+minutes)
Multiparity
26
Foul-smelling lochia is a sign of postpartum _______
infection
27
Shortness of breath and difficulty breathing without exertion is a sign of a
blood clot
28
typical time of onset for an infection
42-78 hours
29
A fever more than ______ degrees indicates possible postpartum infection
100.4 F
38 C
30
Normal blood loss ranges for both vaginal birth and cesarean birth
Vaginal: 500 mL
Cesarean: 1000 mL
31
8 signs of postpartum hemorrhage
Blood loss greater than normal range
Uterine atony
Clots larger than a quarter
Peri-pad saturation (>1 in an hour)
Constant trickle of bright red blood from vagina
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Decreased urinary output
32
First line of treatment for uterine atony (medication)
Oxytocin (uterine stimulants/oxytotics)
33
Gestational HTN characterized by this finding
BP >140/90 (2 readings 4 hours apart)
34
Is proteinuria a characteristic of gestational HTN?
No - there is no proteinuria in gestational HTN
35
6 risk factors for gestational HTN
Young (<19 yo) or Old (>40 yo) mother
First pregnancy
Extreme obesity/DM
Chronic HTN
Family Hx preeclampsia
Multifetal gestation
36
What distinguishes gestational HTN from preeclampsia?
Proteinuria (although not always present in preeclampsia)
37
4 labs to monitor with gestational HTN
Liver enzymes
BUN
CBC
Clotting study
38
6 characteristics of severe preeclampsia
BP 160/110 or higher
Proteinuria 3+
Elevated blood creatinine
Cerebral/visual disturbances
Hyperreflexia
Thrombocytopenia
39
What distinguishes severe preeclampsia from eclampsia?
Seizures
40
What does the HELLP in HELLP syndrome stand for?
H: Hemolysis
EL: Elevated Liver enzymes
LP: Low Platelets
41
s/s of HELLP Syndrome are similar to
the flu
42
2 classes of medications that are given to help treat HELLP Syndrome
Antihypertensives
Anticonvulsants
43
Which anticonvulsant would be given for HELLP Syndrome?
Magnesium sulfate
44
When treating HELLP Syndrome, which effect should you watch for as a result of medication treatment?
Magnesium toxicity
45
5 s/s magnesium toxicity
Absence of deep tendon reflexes
Urine output <30 ml/hr
RR <12/min
Decreased LOC
Cardiac arrhythmias
46
Medication given to promote uterine contractions
Oxytocin
47
What can stimulate oxytocin?
Breastfeeding
48
Which 2 hormone levels decrease postpartum?
Estrogen and Progesterone
49
Purpose of estrogen
Plays key role in breast development
50
Purpose of progesterone
Increase uterine muscle tone to prepare uterus for pregnancy or menstruation
51
When does ovulation usually occur again for lactating mothers postpartum?
6 months postpartum
52
When does ovulation usually occur again for non-lactating mothers postpartum?
7-9 weeks postpartum
53
Assessment usually performed on a postpartum mother
BUBBLEE
54
What does BUBBLEE stand for?
B: Breasts
U: Uterus
B: Bowel
B: Bladder
L: Lochia
E: Episiostomy
E: Epidural site
55
Breastmilk is ____% water
80% water
56
How often should an infant be fed during the day?
8-10 feedings a day
57
When should the first breastfeed occur after birth?
1 hour after birth
58
How long should a mother wait before giving cow's milk?
12 months
59
The sucking action from breastfeeding or pumping stimulates the pituitary gland to release this hormone
Prolactin
60
What dies prolactin do?
Increase milk production
61
Most of the fats and proteins are in this kind of breastmilk
Hindmilk
62
This kind of breastmilk is a watery-blue texture
Foremilk
63
3 stages of breastmilk
1) Colostrum
2) Transitional milk
3) Mature milk
64
Considered the "first milk", "first child immunization"
Creamy yellow liquid with proteins, minerals, vitamins, and immunoglobulins
Colostrum
65
Colostrum is given for this many days
1-3 days
66
This type of breastmilk has colostrum in it
Transitional milk
67
Mature milk begins around this time
7 days
68
This kind of breastmilk is 90% water and 10% carbs, proteins, and fats
Mature milk
69
Process where the uterus returns to its pre-pregnancy size and condition after childbirth
Uterine involution
70
1 hour after delivery, the fundus should be
at the level of the umbilicus
71
How far the fundus should move back down each day
1-2 cm per day
72
For the first 1-3 days postpartum, what kind of lochia is expected?
lochia rubra
(bright red, heavy flow, small/medium clots)
73
From days 4-10 postpartum, what kind of lochia is expected?
Lochia serosa
(pinkish brown, less blood and more discharge)
74
From days 10-8 weeks postpartum, what kind of lochia is expected?
Lochia alba
(yellow/white, little blood, no clots)
75
2 red flags of postpartum lochia
Soaking through a pad in 1 hour or less
Clots bigger than a golf ball
76
How much urinary output is indicative of urinary retention?
<150 mL
77
2 nursing interventions for uterine atony
Massage fundus
Administer IV oxytotics after placenta is delivered
78
Nursing intervention for episiostomy care
ice packs to reduce swelling
79
How long until menstrual flow returns for a bottle-feeding mother?
6-10 weeks after giving birth
80
How long until menstrual flow returns for a breastfeeding mother after giving birth?
3-4 months
(ovulation is suppressed, but this is NOT a form of birth control)
81
Assessment thats performed on an infant
APGAR
82
Cheese-like waxy substance on a newborn that should not be wiped off
vernix
83
Nose and mouth of the newborn needs suction to avoid
meconium aspiration
84
APGAR scoring of 0-3 indicates
severe distress
85
APGAR scoring of 4-6 indicates
moderate difficulty
86
APGAR scoring of 7-10 indicates
minimal/no difficulty adjusting to extrauterine life
87
A common and usually temporary blue discoloration of the hands and feet of the baby
acrocyanosis
88
4 ways babies lose heat
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation
Radiation
89
Rooting reflex AKA
Sucking reflex for feeding
90
Involuntary reflex in babies causing them to grasp objects in their hands
Palmar reflex
91
Involuntary reflex in babies causing them to curl their toes when the foot is pressed
Palmar grasp
92
startle reflex
Moro reflex
93
Reflex in newborns causing them to assume a "fencers" position with one arm bent and one arm straightened
Fencing reflex
Tonic neck
94
Reflex causing the toes of the newborn to splay/fan out when the sole is trouched
Babinski Reflex
95
Involuntary movement causing babies to "walk" or "dance" when help upright
Stepping
96
3 activity phases of a newborn
1) First period of reactivity
2) Period of relative inactivity
3) Second period of reactivity
97
2 factors that determine newborn maturity
Neuromuscular and physical maturity
98
Score used as a method to determine a newborn's gestational age
New Ballard Score
99
Neonatal morbidity and mortality are related to these two factors
1) Gestational age
2) Birth weight
100
First stool a baby passes that is a black/tarry texture
meconium
101
Newborns should pass meconium within _____
within 48 hours
102
Newborns should have an average of _______ wet diapers in a 24-hour period as an indicator of adequate eating and hydration
6 wet diapars
103
3 vaccines/medications given to newborns
erythromycin eye ointment
IM Vitamin K
IM HepB
104
These two medications should not be given in the same thigh
IM Vitamin K
IM HepB
105
3 times the Hepatitis B vaccine should be given
At birth
1 month old
6 months old
106
Umbilical cord should fall off within ______ days
7-10 days
107
Incorrect swaddling puts a newborn at risk for
Congenital hip dysplasia
108
2 maneuvers that can help detect congenital developmental dysplasia of the hips in a newborn
Ortolani maneuver
Barlow maneuver
109
What is the provider/nurse listening for when performing the Ortolani and Barlow maneuvers?
a click (indicated presence of hip dysplasia)
110
If an infant is younger than 3 months old, what can be used to prevent/treat hip dysplasia?
Pavlik harness
111
If an infant is 4 months-2 years old, what can be used to treat hip dysplasia?
Spica cast
112
For children older than 2 years old, this is the intervention required to treat hip dysplasia
surgical intervention
113
Primary sex organ for females
Vagina
114
First sign of puberty
estrogen-induced breast development
115
Secondary signs of puberty
growth of pubic and axillary hair
116
menopause is caused by
decrease in estrogen
117
Chromosomes that influence the development of sex organs and sex characteristics
Biological sex
118
What gender the individual identifies as
gender identity
119
characteristics someone displays through behavior, clothing, etc.
gender expression
120
personal gender preference for emotional and physical sexual attraction
sexual orientation
121
fully reversible hormone therapy
gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy
122
partially reversible hormone therapy
testosterone/estrogen therapy
123
irreversible sexual therapy
surgical procedures
124
distress about gender identity not matching physical appearance
gender dysphoria
125
"Adams apple" reduction
Chondrolaryngoplasty
126
Surgical removal of one or both testicles
Orchiectomy
127
Artificial penis created from skin taken from other parts of the body
Phalloplasty
128
2 forms of natural birth control
Abstinence (most effective)
Coitus interruptus
129
3 forms of barrier contraception
Male condoms
Female condoms
Diaphragm
130
Main complication with oral contraceptives
thromboembolism
131
MOA oral contraceptives
1) contain estrogen and progesterone which suppresses ovulation
2) Thicken cervical mucus to trap semen
3) Alters uterine shedding to prevent implantation
132
3 classes of medications that can make oral contraceptives less effective
Anticonvulsants
Antifungals
Antibiotics
133
Contraception that's effective for 3-5 years and allows immediate return to fertility once removed
Low hormone IUD
134
Contraception effective for up to 10 years
Copper IUD
135
MOA of the morning-after pill
Prevents fertilization by inhibiting ovulation and transport of sperm
136
Removal of cervix and uterus, but not the ovaries
total hysterectomy
137
Removal of upper part of the uterus, but not the cervix
Partial hysterectomy
138
Removal of ovaries, cervix, uterus, and ovaries
Radical hysterectomy
139
Removal of one of both ovaries
oophorectomy
140
Removal of one or both fallopian tubes
salpingectomy
141
very painful periods
dysmenorrhea
142
dx after no mentrual cycles for 6 months
amenorrhea
143
Syndrome that occurs about 14 days before menstruation characterized by abdominal/back pain, headaches, changes in appetite, breast tenderness, mood fluctuations, and fatigue
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
144
Endometrial lining outside the uterus
Endometriosis
145
Noncancerous tumors that grow in the uterus that may include dysfunctional uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, painful intercourse, and blowel/bladder dysfunction
Uterine fibroids
146
Ovarian cysts caused by a hormone imbalance
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
147
Painful intercourse
Dyspaerunia
148
Inflammation of the prostate causing frequent urination
Acute prostatitis
149
2 characteristics of acute prostatitis
Elevated WBC
Pain at site
150
5 s/s prostatitis
Dysuria (irregular urination)
Hematuria (RBC in urine)
Fever
Lower back, pelvic, genital pain
Sexual dysfunction
151
3 kinds of medications that can help cause erectile dysfunction
1) Anti_____
---Antidepressants (SSRIs, alcohol)
---Antifungals
---Antihistamines
---Antihypertensives
2) Diuretics (thiazide)
3) Sympatholytics
152
first line of treatment for ED
sildenafil (Viagra)
153
3 kinds of STI's
Bacterial
Viral
Parasitic
154
6 STI's that are mandated to be reported to the local health department by HCP
Syphilis
HIV
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Hepatitis B & C
155
Most common bacterial STI
"Silent infection"
chlamydia
156
3 ways chlamydia can be transmitted
oral, vaginal, rectal
157
2 long-term effects of chlamydia
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Arthritis
158
Main treatment of chlamydia
azithromycin
159
Someone treating chlamydia should abstain from sexual activity for this long
7 days after beginning treatment
160
2nd most common bacterial STI
Gonorrhea
161
Gonorrhea affects this body part mainly
urethra
162
How long someone treating gonorrhea should abstain from sexual activity
7 days after starting treatment
163
2 STI's that are commonly coinfected
Chlamydia and Gonorrhea
164
which type of STI is syphylis?
bacterial
165
4 stages of syphylis
Primary
Secondary
Latent
Tertiary
166
Syphilis stage described as asymptomatic and can last for many years
"Stage of dormancy"
Latent stage
167
Syphilis stage characterized by a RASH, fever, lesions on the mouth/vagina/anus
secondary stage
168
Syphilis stage characterized by painless chancres that go away with or w/o treatment
Primary syphilis
169
Syphilis stage that occurs after this has been left untreated and now depends on which organs have no been infected
Tertiary syphilis
170
Genital Herpes (HSV-2) is this kind of STI
viral
171
Cure for HSV
NONE
172
Main s/s of HSV-2
vesicles near the mouth or anus
173
HPV can cause _______ in the throat, tongue, penis, vagina, and vulva
cancer
174
Clinical presentation of HPV
genital warts
175
Tx for HPV
No treatment
176
Bacterial infection of the vagina
bacterial vaginosis
177
Inflammation of the gynecological reproductive tract caused by infection
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
178
2 most common causes of PID
chlamydia and gonorrhea
