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BCS 111 > Exam #1 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam #1 Vocab Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Innenwelt

A

An organism’s internal world

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2
Q

Umwelt

A

The world as the organisms perceives it

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3
Q

Umgebung

A

Hypothesized external reality, philosophical

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4
Q

Clever Hans

A

Horse that claimed to have been able to perform arithmetic, used subtle cues from others

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5
Q

Uncontrolled variables/confounds

A

Other factors you try to hold constant

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6
Q

Cartesian Dualism

A

Descartes, mind/brain problem, animal vs human brain

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7
Q

Structuralism/physiology of mind

A

Wundt, Titchener

Structuralism: analyze adult mind in terms of simplest components and find way they fit together to form complex forms (all experiences make up conscious), “action, reaction, sensation”

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8
Q

Introspection

A

Titchener, examination of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings

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9
Q

Gestalt

A

All objects and scenes can be observed in their simplest forms, whole is more important than parts, whole does not equal sum of parts

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10
Q

Behaviorism

A

Behaviors can be rigorously described without referring to internal states, like thought and emotion, external of environment

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11
Q

Cognitivism

A

Focuses on mental processes and how people perceive, think, remember..about one stimulus rather than other, helps explain behaviorism

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12
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Pairing two stimuli changes response to one of those stimuli

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13
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Previously neutral stimulus that is eventually associated with unconditioned stimuli and triggers conditioned response

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14
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Naturally triggers response (ex: smell of food)

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15
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Unlearned response that occurs naturally (ex: salivating at smell of food)

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16
Q

Conditioned response

A

Learned response to previously neutral stimulus (ex: feeling hungry when hear whistle)

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17
Q

Correlations

A

Two things happen together

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18
Q

Contingencies

A

One thing happens because of another, cause and effect

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19
Q

Operant conditioning

A

An organism’s own actions are used as the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

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20
Q

Generalization (to conditioned stimuli)

A

After conditioning, an organism will respond to other similar stimuli (ex: dog will salivate to higher or lower pitch than normal)

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21
Q

Blocking

A

Kamin, if organism learns that a conditioned stimulus is a reliable predictor of an UCS, then organism will not become conditioned to another CS

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22
Q

Contrast Effect

A

Enhancement or diminishment of perception, cognition, or performance as a result of successive exposure to stimulus of lesser or greater value (ex: rats ran slower after switching from large to small amounts of food)

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23
Q

Belongingness

A

Animals must be able to cognitively pair the stimuli, different organisms attend to the same stimulus in different ways

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24
Q

Taste aversion

A

Organism associates taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance

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25
Schedules of reinforcement
Rule stating which instances of a behavior will be reinforced, part of operant conditioning
26
Extinction
Disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is not reinforced
27
Learned Helplessness
Condition in which an organism suffers from a sense of powerlessness from a traumatic event
28
Spike train
Signals generated by neurons used to communicate with one another, series of spikes in time
29
Pacemaker neurons
Facilitate onset of excitatory states, rhythmic bursting activity, doesn't need stimulus
30
Level IV type neuron
More of an irregular firing than pacemaker neurons
31
Bayes' Theorem (prior, prediction, posterior)
Our prior observations influence our current expectations, ways to update or revise beliefs in light of new evidence Posterior- add to priors
32
Retina
Receives light that lens has focused, converts light into neural signals, sends signals to brain for visual recognition
33
Fovea
Center of retina, high visual acuity
34
Photoreceptors
Rods (low level light), cones (color)
35
Receptive field
Region of sensory space in which a stimulus will modify the firing of that neuron
36
Retinal ganglion cells
Receives visual info from photoreceptors (on-center of receptive field, off surround &; off-center, on surround)
37
Edge enhancement
Image processing filter that enhances the edge contrast of an image or video in an attempt to improve sharpness
38
Retinotopic mapping
In lower visual areas, neurons are organized in orderly fashion, form 2D representation of visual image formed on retina
39
Primary visual cortex (V1)
Part of neocortex that receives input from retina, composed of simple cells Ganglion --> Thalamus --> V1
40
Simple cells (orientation cells)
Cells fire preferentially to stimuli at certain angles, fire best in reaction to moving stimuli
41
V2
More complex shape sensitivities in V2, edgy
42
V4
Perception of color, curves and blobs
43
Inferior Temporal Lobe (IT)
Crucial for visual object recognition, final stage in visual system
44
Agnosia
Inability to interpret sensations and be able to recognize things
45
Prosopagnosia
Inability to recognize faces
46
Capgras Delusion
Unable to connect emotional representation of their loved ones to the visual representation, believe loved ones have been replaced by doubles (ex: aliens)
47
Viewpoint invariance
Enables us to recognize objects regardless of viewing angle
48
View-dependent recognition
Recognition by multiple views, we remember individual views of things and transform them in out mind to match current input
49
View-independent recognition
We recognize things by combinations of primitive features
50
Geons
Simple 2D or 3D forms corresponding to simple parts of an object, visual input is matched against structural representation of objects in brain (ex: ice cream cone broken up into sphere above a cone)
51
Classic/Artistotelian View
Categories are definitions, assigning properties
52
Feature Theories
How do we know which properties to compare (ex: plum to lawnmower?), features are registered early, automatically, and in parallel, while objects are identified separately and at a later stage in processing.
53
Graded Membership
Objects closer to prototype are "better" members of the category than those farther from prototype
54
Associative Networks
Cognitive models that incorporate long-known principles of association to represent key features of human memory (ex: bacon and eggs are linked in memory)
55
Basic Level
Learned first, all familiar objects have basic category name
56
Superordinate Level
Don't give enough information, too general
57
Subordinate Level
Give too much information, too specific
58
Prototype Theory
Graded categorization, some members of a category are more central than others (ex: chair is more frequently cited than stool when asked about furniture)
59
Exemplar Theory
Different things are "typical" depending on context, compare new info to info already in memory
60
Theory Theories
Individuals hold a basic theory of psychology to infer mental states of others
61
Shape bias
Tendency to generalize information about an object by its shape

BCS 111 (3 decks)

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