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BCS 111 > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Theory of Mind

A

The ability to attribute mental states to self and others

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2
Q

False Belief tasks

A

Examines theory of mind, ex: Smarties task & Sally-Anne

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3
Q

Gaze following

A

One of the most basic ways to know what someone else is thinking about

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4
Q

Joint attention

A

Two people use gestures and gaze to share attention with respect to interesting objects or events

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5
Q

Artificial neural network

A

Computing systems inspired by biological neural networks. They learn tasks by considering examples

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6
Q

Perceptron

A

Models a neuron, particular supervised learning model

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7
Q

Deep neural networks

A

ANN with multiple hidden layers between input and output layers, supervised learning

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8
Q

Probabilistic Symbolic Models

A

Tool for formal modeling and analysis of systems that exhibit random or probabilistic behavior

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9
Q

Milgram Obedience Experiment

A

Following WWII, tested how far subjects would go while following orders, ethical behavioral study of obedience

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10
Q

Dehoaxing

A

After Milgram Experiment, participants were explained nature of experiment but only if they were visibly agitated

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11
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment (Philip Zimbardo)

A

Studied the roles people play in prison situations, wanted to study the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience

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12
Q

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

A

Study of the natural progression of untreated syphilis in poor African American male sharecroppers, around same time penicillin became available

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13
Q

Office for Human Research Protections

A

Created after Tuskegee Syphilis Study, deals with ethical oversights in clinical research

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14
Q

Insititutional Review Boards

A

Created after Tuskegee Syphilis Study, protects rights and welfare of human research subjects

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15
Q

Belmont Report 3 ethical principles

A

Created for protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research

  1. Respect for persons/autonomy
  2. Beneficence
  3. Justice
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16
Q

Belmont Report: Respect for persons/autonomy

A
  1. Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents

2. Persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection

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17
Q

Belmont Report: Beneficence

A
  1. Do not harm

2. Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms

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18
Q

Belmont Report: Justice

A

Equals ought to be treated equally

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19
Q

3 applications of Belmont Report

A
  1. Informed consent
  2. Assessment of risks & benefits
  3. (Fair) selection of participants
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20
Q

Heuristics

A

Simple, efficient rules which people often use to form judgments and make decisions (mental shortcuts)
Ex: representativeness & availability heuristics

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21
Q

Biases

A

Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another (unfair)
Ex: confirmation & base-rate neglect

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22
Q

Normative accounts

A

Claim that asserts something OUGHT to be the case. Can make value judgments

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23
Q

Descriptive accounts

A

Claim that asserts that something IS the case

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24
Q

Dual-Process Account of Reasoning

A

System 1: fast, lazy

System 2: slow, effortful

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25
Representativeness Heuristic
Developing ideas of how people/situations in certain roles should behave/happen
26
Law of large numbers
As sample size grows, it gets closer to average pop. A large entity that is growing rapidly cannot maintain that growth pace forever.
27
Base-Rate Neglect
People often fail to take in the overall probabilities when problem solving (ex: disease problem)
28
Conjunction Fallacy
Formal fallacy that occurs when it is assumed that specific conditions are more probable than a single general one
29
Stereotyping
Reasoning about a population based on individuals
30
Availability Heuristic
We use how easily something comes to mind as a proxy for frequency, we overestimate the likelihoods of many rare events
31
Retrievability Biases
Individuals base judgment on commonality and easier base strategies
32
Salience
Quality of being particularly noticeable or important; prominence
33
Conformation Bias
Tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories
34
Formal logic
Logic based on argument involving deductively necessary relationships
35
Syllogism
An instance when a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed propositions, each of which shares a term with the conclusion (ex: cookies and pizzelles)
36
Belief Bias
Tendency to judge the strength of arguments based on the plausibility of their conclusion rather than how strongly they support that conclusion (Ex: all cookies are delicious. All desserts are delicious. --> All cookies are desserts)
37
Conversion Errors
Inadvertently converting statements from one non-equivalent form to another (ex: all trees are plants is not the same as all plants are trees)
38
Conditioning Strength
We often assume that if X leads to Y, then X=Y, but there is no logical basis for this
39
Wason's Four Card Task
Evaluate the rule: "if a card has a vowel on one side, it must have an even number on the other side". Correct to turn over: A (positive rule) and 7 (negative rule)
40
Anchoring & Adjustment
We are biased by the initial anchor and adjust away from the anchor as necessary
41
Utility
The relative worth
42
Risk-Averse
Declining or reluctant to take risks. People are risk averse for gains
43
Risk-Seeking
Inclined or eager to take risks. People are risk seeking for losses
44
Sunk-Cost Effect
Tendency for humans to continue investing in something that isn't working, want to avoid failure (ex: going to concert when sick)
45
Framing Effects
The way the info is presented influences how the audience feels about the info and can affect the judgments, frame in terms of gains or losses (ex: vaccines)
46
Temporal Discounting
Tendency of people to discount rewards as they approach a temporal horizon in the future or the past (want it now, rather than later)
47
Anticipation
Sometimes looking forward to something is also rewarding
48
Marshmallow Task
Study was to understand when the control of delayed gratification develops in children
49
Probability Matching
Predictions of class membership are proportional to the class base rates
50
Maximizing
Seeking the best option through an exhaustive search through alternatives, find one that is "good enough"
51
WEIRD
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
52
Ultimatum Game
Two players, proposer and responder, fairness when punishment (rejection) is possible
53
Dictator Game
Similar to ultimatum game, but recipient cannot reject the offer, used to judge baseline fairness
54
Folk Biology
How people classify and reason animals and plants into obvious species-like groups
55
Inductive Projection
Folk biology, if X is a good example of a category, other Y's in that category should share properties
56
Egocentric
Direction relative to self, used in English and other Indo-European languages (ex: the man is on the left of the flagpole)
57
Allocentric
Object centered, every other language (ex: the people are next to the house)
58
Absolute frame
Directional (ex: the people are east of the house), Mayan & Austrailian
59
Antisocial punishment
Some people punish those who contribute more than they did, varies in cultures
60
Holistic
Pay attention to whole, typical of East Asia
61
Analytic Processing
Pay attention to individual parts, typical of Westerners
62
30 million word gap by age 3
Welfare vs professional being exposed to words while growing up
63
Subitizing
The ability to recognize the number of briefly presented items without actually counting
64
Weber's Law
Equal relative increments of stimuli are proportional to equal increments of sensation (ex: have to shout in noisy env vs whisper in quiet room)
65
Weber's Ratios
Gives the perceptual threshold or just noticeable difference between two stimuli, can tell apart smaller ratios easily
66
Relative Magnitude
Property of relative size, more important than absolute difference, size of one number compared to another
67
Absolute difference
Absolute value of their differences
68
Approximate number system (ANS)
Estimation, scale variability, evolutionary ancient
69
Exact number
Counting, arithmetic, human-specific
70
Count-list-knower
Recite counting routine
71
Cardinal Principle (CP) Knower
Children who succeeded on all set sizes while counting (ex: 1-7.....)
72
Hallucination
Vivid sensory experience, appearing in external space, may be mistaken for real stimuli
73
Pseudohallucination
Highly vivid sensory experience, appears in internal space (head), recognized as not real, drugs

BCS 111 (3 decks)

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