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Articulation/Phonology > Exam 1 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Exam 1 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Foot

A

a metrical unit that consists of two or more syllables, can combine to form a lexical word (e.g., macaroni consists of two trochaic feet)

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2
Q

Trochaic foot

A

strong syllable followed by a weak syllable (e.g., baker)

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3
Q

Iambic foot

A

weak syllable followed by a strong syllable (e.g., guitar)

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4
Q

Implicational hierarchy

A

the presence of one feature necessarily implies the presence of another
Child phonology - if a child can produce a fricative, then it is very likely that he or she can produce a stop, stops being easier to produce and generally earlier acquired

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5
Q

Prosodic word

A

unit of language that consists of at least one foot and may or may not coincide with lexical words
E.g., doesn’t, prosodic word that merges two lexical words

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6
Q

Root node

A

a bundle of phonetic features that characterize a single speech sound
manner features are considered to be ‘attached’ to the root

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7
Q

Segment

A

a consonant or vowel

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8
Q

Syllable structure

A

the elements of syllables include onsets and rimes, which, in turn, consist of a nucleus (usually a vowel) and sometimes a consonantal ending (coda)
English - syllables are composed to an optional onset (0-3 consonants), a vowel nucleus, and an optional ending (0-4 consonants)

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9
Q

Acceptability

A

how well speech conforms to expectations for age and sex and the potential to experience social, education, or vocational problems because of speech

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10
Q

Acoustic cues

A

spectral-temporal characteristics of the speech signal that lead to the recognition of articulatory features of sounds, word, and utterance boundaries, utterance type, speaker identity, etc.

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11
Q

Aperiodic sound

A

a sound without regularity in the waveform, heard as “noise”

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12
Q

Articulation

A

the process by which actions of the vocal tract structures create the distinctive acoustic energy patterns for the sequences of consonants and vowels in the speech signal

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13
Q

Articulation testing

A

a clinical procedure to determine which speech sounds are produced correctly and incorrectly and what type of error has been made when a sound is judged to be incorrect

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14
Q

Articulators

A

anatomical structures (e.g., lips, tongue) utilized to generate speech sounds

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15
Q

Co-articulation

A

adjustments of two or more articulators are made simultaneously for two or more speech sounds (reflect the properties of at least two phonemes)

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16
Q

Complex sound

A

A sound that has several component frequencies

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17
Q

Covert Contrast

A

a subtle or incomplete contrast between phoneme targets produced by a child that indicates the child has not fully neutralized the phonemic contrast

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18
Q

Diadochokinetic tasks

A

a task in which rapid repetitive or alternating movements are used to examine the accuracy, range, speech, and coordination of the articulators

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19
Q

Diphthong

A

a vowel whose quality changes within the course of a single syllable (e.g., [au] [ei])

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20
Q

Formant

A

a resonance of the vocal tract

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21
Q

Formant transition

A

a change in the frequency of a formant associated with a change in vocal tract configuration such as the transition between a stop consonant and vowel

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22
Q

Fundamental frequency

A

the lowest frequency or first harmonic of the voice; the number of vocal fold vibratory cycles per second

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23
Q

Harmonics

A

whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency

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24
Q

Independent analyses

A

Analyses that do not involve a comparison of the child’s speech to the target (standard) pronunciation.
E.g., inventories of consonants, vowels, syllable/word shapes

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25
Q

Intelligibility

A

how well a child’s speech can be understood by listeners

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26
Q

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A

a set of alphabetic characters that was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized way to represent the sounds (phonemes) of any spoken language

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27
Q

Maximum performance task

A

a speech-like task used to evaluate the integrity of the speech motor system
e.g., diadochokinetic rate, maximum phoneme duration

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28
Q

Maximum phonation duration task

A

a task requiring prolonged production of a voiced continuant sound in one breath

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29
Q

Monophthong

A

a vowel whose quality does not change throughout the syllable

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30
Q

obstruents

A

consonants that involve a complete or narrow constriction of airflow in the oral cavity
e.g., plosives, fricatives, affricates

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31
Q

peak-clipping

A

a type of waveform distortion that occurs during audio recording when the amplitude of the sound signal to be recorded is too high for the dynamic range of the recording equipment
the “peaks” of the waveforms that are too high in amplitude for the recording equipment are cut-off and therefore the sound in the recording does not represent the amplitude characteristics of the speech signal produced by the talker

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32
Q

periodic sound

A

a sound where there is a regular pattern of component frequencies

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33
Q

phonemic memory

A

storage and retrieval of information about the speech sounds and their serial order in words

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34
Q

phonological processes

A

patterns of errors in children’s speech that affect syllable structures or sound classes
consistent simplification patterns of target sounds often used by children

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35
Q

phonology

A

the sound system of a language

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36
Q

phonotactics

A

the permissible combinations and sequences of sounds in a given language

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37
Q

prespeech vocalizations

A

vocalizations produced by infants prior to the onset of words (e.g., squeals, grunts, quasivowels, grunts)

38
Q

relational analyses

A

analyses that involve a comparison of the child’s speech to the target pronunciation
E.g., PCC, or PVC

39
Q

segmental

A

discrete units of speech (i.e., consonants and vowels)

40
Q

sonorants

A

sounds that have voice as the sole sound source

E.g., vowels, glides, liquids, nasals

41
Q

Source-filter theory

A

two-part process describing speech production
Part 1: creation of the sound source (voice and/or noise) for speech
Part 2: involves the shaping of the sound source through configuration of the vocal tract by the articulators

42
Q

Spectrogram

A

a graphic representation of the frequency, amplitude, and intensity of a selected portion of a waveform over time

43
Q

spectrum

A

a plot that displays the intensity characteristics (Y axis) by the frequency characteristics (x axis) of a selected portion of a waveform

44
Q

speech acoustics

A

a branch of physics that studies the physical properties of speech in terms of the frequency, intensity (amplitude), and duration of sound

45
Q

suprasegmental

A

characteristics of speech that extend beyond individual segmental (or speech sound) components
e.g., lexical and phrasal stress and utterance intonation

46
Q

syllable shapes

A

the structure of consonants and vowels that make up syllables
e.g., CV, VC, CCV, CVC

47
Q

vocal tract

A

the glottis and anatomical structures of the airway used in the production of speech

48
Q

voice onset time

A

a measure of the time between the release of an articulatory closure and the onset of voicing for the following sound

49
Q

waveform

A

a graphic representation of the speech signal showing amplitude over time

50
Q

word shapes

A

the structure of consonants, vowels, and syllables that make up words
e.g., CCVC (i.e., bread), CVC.CVC (two syllable word, i.e., football)

51
Q

canonical babble

A

consonant-vowel (CV or VC) syllables that resemble speech syllables in that they are characterized by rapid formant transitions and full vowels

52
Q

click

A

popping sound created as negative air pressure is equalized

53
Q

closant

A

sound produced with closure along the articulatory tract, resulting in a sound that resembles a consonant

54
Q

cry

A

reflexive expression of distress with a characteristic respiratory pattern; more intense and loud than fuss or whimper

55
Q

egressive

A

direction of airflow from the lungs outward, during exhalation

56
Q

full vowel

A

a vowel with a perceptual quality of a postured articulatory configuration, with deliberate positioning of the mouth and tongue in a speech-like way, yielding a vowel quality distinct from that corresponding to an at rest position of the tract

57
Q

fuss

A

reflexive expression of distress, but less intense and low than crying

58
Q

glottal stop sequence

A

phonation interrupted by at least one glottal stop, producing the perception of distinct syllables

59
Q

goo

A

sounds formed by primitive tongue closure somewhere in the back of the oral cavity, usually occurring phonation and often accompanied by either quasivowels or full vowels
the timing of the primitive articulation in gooing does not resemble that of canonical babbling
gooing can be considered a special case of particularly primitive marginal babbling

60
Q

gibberish

A

babbled productions that resemble conversational speech in terms of intonational and durational aspects but do not include meaningful words
this type of utterance is often also referred to as jargon

61
Q

growl

A

vocalization with either low fundamental frequency or with fundamental frequency in the speaker’s habitual range accompanied by substantial vocal harshness

62
Q

ingressive

A

direction of airflow inward into the lungs, during inhalation

63
Q

laugh

A

a reflexive expression of positivity, which, like cry, has a characteristic respiratory pattern but with distinct contours

64
Q

marginal babble

A

resembles canonical babble except that it does not include rapid formant transitions from consonant-like element to full vowel
can also consist of supraglottal consonant-like element paired with a quasivowel

65
Q

protophone

A

any of the pre-speech vocalizations (not including vegetative sounds or fixed signals such as laugh or cry)

66
Q

quasivowel

A

vowel sound produced with normal phonation and a neutral (unpostured) vocal tract configuration
typically quiet and short, but are not always so
they differ from full vowels in that full vowels are produced with deliberate posturing of the articulatory tract

67
Q

raspberry

A

trills or vibrants formed most often with the lips or the tongue and lips, and occasionally by the tongue body against the toothless alveolar ridge

68
Q

reduplicated babble

A

type of canonical babbling where syllables are perceived to be repeated (e.g., babababababa….), although they are not required to be phonetically identical

69
Q

squeal

A

vocalization produced at a high pitch level, above the habitual range of the vocalizer

70
Q

variegated babble

A

type of canonical babbling where successive syllables are perceived to differ substantially from each other, e.g., [mama] or [mami]

71
Q

vocant

A

vowel-like sound produced by infants (the term encompasses quasivowels and full vowels)
contrast with closants (which are produced with narrowing of the articulatory tract and resemble consonants)

72
Q

vegetative sounds

A

unintentional sounds resulting from non-speech behaviors, e.g., sneezes, coughs, hiccups, and grunts

73
Q

whisper

A

speech or pre-speech utterance that is produced without full voicing

74
Q

yell

A

vocalizations produced at high amplitude, above the habitual amplitude range of the vocalizer

75
Q

canonical syllables

A

syllables that contain a minimum of one consonant and a vowel and are produced with adult-like timing; often represented with “CV” notation

76
Q

feedback loop

A

auditory and articulatory input that a child receives when vocalizing
as a baby vocalizes, he is able to both hear and feel the result of the movement, allowing him to association a specific movement pattern with a specific acoustic signal

77
Q

first words period

A

early stage of language development spanning the period from the child’s acquisition of the first word through an expressive vocabulary of approximately 50 words

78
Q

harmony

A

phonological process resulting in all consonants or vowels in a word being produced with similar articulatory features

79
Q

homophones

A

an adjective referring to words that have different meanings but are produced with the same phonetic form
they may or may not be spelled the same (e.g., wait, weight)

80
Q

protoword

A

a relatively stable sound pattern used by a child in a consistent meaningful context that does not have an identifiable adult target form; often used by children during the transition from babble to meaningful speech

81
Q

inter-word variability

A

variable production of a specific sound when it occurs in different words (e.g., /s/ produced as [s] in the house house but as [t] in the word sun)

82
Q

intra-word variability

A

variable production of a single word

83
Q

lexical selection

A

a child’s preference for words based on their phonological properties

84
Q

phonetic inventory

A

list of all consonants, vowels, and syllable shapes produced by an individual child

85
Q

phonological representation

A

information stored in an individual’s mental lexicon regarding the sound structure of a word

86
Q

reduplication

A

phonological process involving the exact or partial repetition of a syllable

87
Q

sibilant consonants

A

speech sounds that have a hissing-quality

88
Q

template

A

whole word articulatory pattern that a child may use for the production of multiple words

89
Q

vocal motor schemes

A

sound production patterns observed frequently in the babble of an individual child that often carry over into meaningful speech

90
Q

word

A

a true word has a stable semantic referent together with a (relatively) stable phonetic form that in some way resembles the phonetic characteristics of the adult target word

Articulation/Phonology (2 decks)

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