Exam Flashcards
(239 cards)
1
Q
What is Fluoxetine?
A
An SSRI that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin so it stays in synapses longer for receptors to collect and use.
2
Q
what are the indications for fluoxetine?
A
major depressive disorder, OCD, bulimia and panic disorder
3
Q
what is a typical dosage of fluoxetine?
A
10-20mg/day
4
Q
what are overexpression effects of fluoxetine?
A
anxiety, headache, drowsiness, insomnia, increased sweating, tremor, serotonin syndrome, NMS, suicidal thoughts, mania, hypomania
5
Q
what are some nursing considerations when administering fluoxetine?
A
monitor mood changes and SI, monitor for NMS and serotonin syndrome, give in the morning to lower the chance of insomnia
6
Q
what is Venlafaxine?
A
it is an SNRI that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
7
Q
what are the indiciations for venlafaxine?
A
major depressive disorder, GAD, panic disorder, and social anxiety
8
Q
what is a typical dosage of venlafaxine?
A
75 mg/day in 2-3 divided doses
9
Q
what are overexpression effects in venlafaxine?
A
anxiety, dizziness, insomnia, anorexia, nausea, constipation, headache, NMS, serotonin syndrome, suicidal thoughts
10
Q
what are some nursing considerations when administering venlafaxine?
A
assess SI, monitor appetite, assess for serotonin syndrome, administer with food to decrease GI upset
11
Q
what is lithium?
A
a mood stabilizer that alters cation transport in nerve and muscle decreasing incidence of acute mania
12
Q
what are the indications for lithium?
A
acute mania and bipolar I
13
Q
what is a typical dosage of lithium?
A
greater than 12 years = 400-900 mg 2x a day or 300-600 mg 3x a day
14
Q
what are overexpression effects of lithium?
A
fatigue, headache, ECG changes, polyuria, muscle weakness, serotonin syndrome, seizures
15
Q
what are nursing considerations when administration lithium?
A
administer with food, monitor serum lithium levels, assess mental status, monitor intake and output ratios
16
Q
what is the range you want serum lithium levels to be?
A
0.5-1.2 mEq/L
17
Q
what is Lorazepam?
A
a Benzodiazepine that depresses the CNS by increasing the power and effect GABA
18
Q
what are the indications for lorazepam?
A
anxiety disorders, epileptics
19
Q
what is a typical dosage for lorazepam?
A
1-3 mg 2-3x a day (dose can be up to 10mg/day)
20
Q
what are overexpression effects of lorazepam?
A
dizziness, drowsiness, lethargy, constipation, weight gain, dependence
21
Q
what are nursing considerations when administering lorazepam?
A
assess the degree of anxiety, prolonged treatment can lead to dependence. avoid alcoholic beverages for 24-48 hours after, have caution when performing activities requiring attention and coordination until drug effects subside. stopping abruptly may cause withdrawal symptoms
22
Q
what is Ibuprofen?
A
a nonopioid analgesic that inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and decreases pain and inflammation. it blocks both the COX-1 and COX-2
23
Q
what are indications for Ibuprofen?
A
mild-moderate pain, fever, RA, OA
24
Q
what is a typical dosage for Ibuprofen?
A
400-800 mg 3-4x a day for adults
30-50 mg/kg/day in 3-4 divided doses for children 6mo-12 yr
25
what are adverse effects of ibuprofen?
headache, MI, stroke, constipation, nausea, vomiting
26
what are some nursing considerations when administering Ibuprofen?
PO administer with food, assess for skin rash, assess for signs of GI impairment, tablets can be crushed or mix with fluid or foods
27
what is prednisone?
a corticosteroid that suppresses inflammation and normal immune response. it replaces endogenous cortisol in deficiency states. has mainly glucocorticoid properties with minimal mineralocorticoid activity
28
what are the indications for prednisone?
inflammation, autoimmune disorders, allergic, hematologic
29
what is a typical dosage of prednisone?
5-60 mg/day
30
what are adverse effects of prednisone?
depression, euphoria, hypertension, anorexia, nausea, decrease wound healing, adrenal suppression, muscle wasting
31
what are nursing considerations when administering prednisone?
assess involved systems prior to beginning therapy, assess for adrenal insufficiency, monitor intake and output
32
what is Metformin?
a biguanide that encourages the liver to store more glucose and release less and try to make the receptors more sensitive to insulin
33
what are the indications for metformin?
type 2 diabetes
34
what are adverse effects of metformin?
lactic acidosis, bloating, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, decreased vitamin B12 levels, metallic taste
35
what are nursing considerations for metformin?
administer at meals XR tablets must be swallowed whole, assess for lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis
36
what is glyburide?
a sulfonylurea that lowers blood sugar by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas and increasing sensitivity to insulin at receptor sites
37
what are the indications for glyburide?
PO control of blood sugar in type 2 diabetes
38
what are adverse effects of glyburide?
hypoglycemia, aplastic anemia, photosensitivity, increased appetite, nausea, rash, cramps
39
what are nursing considerations for glyburide?
assess for S&S of hypoglycemia, monitor CBC, administer w/meals but do not administer after last meal of day
40
what is pharmocogenetics?
studying the changes in enzyme structure and function based on genetic presentation
41
what are idiosyncratic responses?
how some people respond in an expected and unexplained way to medications
42
what is an allergy to medications?
a hyper-response of the immune system.
signs vary in severity
require a previous exposure to the drug
43
what is toxicity to medications?
```
harmful effects of drugs
can be acute or chronic
reversible or irreversible
effects on the body may vary
some toxicities are managed with antidotes such as Narcan and acetylcysteine for Tylenol overdose
```
44
what drugs cause bone marrow toxicities?
Antineoplastics (chemo), NSAIDs, Anticonvulsants.
| they deplete RBC and WBC's being produced
45
what drugs cause cardiotoxicity?
antineoplastics
46
what drugs cause dermatological toxicity?
penicilins, cephalosporings
47
what drugs cause skeletal muscle toxicities?
statins, they decreases cholesterol
48
what drugs cause hepatotoxicity?
statins, acetaminophen
| Hepatotoxicity causes all drugs to be toxic since the liver won't be able to metabolize drugs
49
what drugs cause nephrotoxicity?
ACE inhibitors, NSAIDs, loop diuretics
| drugs won't get excreted as easily when nephrotoxicity occurs
50
what drugs cause neurotoxicity?
loop diuretics
51
what is pharmcodynamics?
is what the drug does to the body
52
what are receptor sites?
the components on the cell surface that can react with drugs, viruses, and other chemicals
53
what is the therapeutic window?
where the safest and most effective treatment will occur
54
what is a half-life?
the time it takes the drug in the body to reach half its dose
55
what is tolerance?
a biological condition that occurs when the body adapts to a substance after repeated administration. Over time, higher doses are required to produce the same initial effect
56
what are antagonists?
a drug that attaches to a receptor and blocks the normal action of the cell
57
what is a loading dose?
a 'jump start' in order to reach the therapeutic effect of a drug. a higher dose is given at first
58
what are agonists?
a drug that attaches toa. receptor and mimics the normal action of the cell
59
what is polypharmacy?
taking multiple medications concurrently
60
what is affinity?
the binding strength of a medication
61
what is potency?
refers to the amount of medication required to produce a desired effect
62
what is efficacy?
the ability of a medication to produce a desired
| or intended result
63
what is absorption?
occurs after medications enter the body and travel from site of administration into body's circulation
64
what is distribution?
process by which medication is distributed throughout the body
65
what is metabolism?
breakdown of drug molecules
66
what is excretion?
process by which body eliminates waste
67
explain the first-pass effect
drugs that are administered orally or enterally face difficulties in the GI tract. they may be quickly deactivated by enzymes as they pass through the stomach and duodenum. if the drug makes it to the blood from the intestines then part of it will be broken down by liver enzymes. when that happens some of the drug will escape to general circulation and become protein-bound (inactive) or stay free and create action at the receptor site
68
what is transdermal?
drugs delivered enter blood via a meshwork of small arteries, veins and capillaries in the skin
69
what are neonatal and pediatric considerations regarding absorption of medications?
- the acid-producing cells in the stomach are immature until 1-2y/o
- gastric emptying is slow or irregular
- the liver continues to mature experiencing a decrease in first-pass elimination which results in increased drug levels in blood stream
70
what are older adult considerations regarding absorption of medications?
- experience decreased blood flow to tissues in the GI system
- changes in stomach gastric pH alter absorption of some meds
- decreased drug absorption occurs when peripheral circulation is decreased
- variations in available plasma proteins impact drug levels of meds that are protein-bound
71
what happens after a drug enters systemic circulation?
it must be distributed into interstitial and intracellular fluids to reach target cells.
72
what factors is distribution dependant on?
blood flow, plasma protein binding, lipid solubility, blood-brain barrier and placental barriers
73
what is a free drug?
a free drug is what traverses cell membranes and gives desired effects
74
what is a protein-bound drug?
acts as a drug resevoir that release drug slowly and prolong its effect
75
what is the blood-brain barrier?
blockade built from the tightly woven mesh of capillaries that protect the brain from dangerous substances
76
what are neonatal and pediatric considerations regarding distribution?
- fat content is decreased
- liver is still forming and protein binding capacity is decreased
- developing blood-brain barrier allows more drugs through
77
what are older adult considerations regarding distribution?
- body fat is increased meaning longer duration of drug action
- decreased serum albumin levels meaning more active free drug
78
what do the liver enzymes do in regards to metabolism of medications?
each enzyme has a specific job, some breakdown molecules apart and some link molecules into small chains
79
what are prodrugs?
prodrugs have chemical activities of their own
80
what are neonatal and pediatric considerations regarding metabolism of medications?
- developing liver produces decreased levels of microsomal enzymes and causes decreased ability to metabolize meds
- older kids have increased metabolism and need increased doses
81
what are older adult considerations regarding metabolism of drugs?
- hepatic metabolism declines
- first-pass metabolism decreases, meaning they will have increased levels of free circulating drug concentrations which put that at an increased risk for side effects and toxicities
82
what happens to remaining drugs and metabolites in the bloodstream?
they are filtered by the kidneys. a portion is reabsorbed into the bloodstream and a portion is excreted in the urine
83
what does the liver do in excretion of drugs?
some drugs are transported by hepatocytes to bile. as the bile goes through the bile duct into the gallbladder and small intestine, some of the bile gets absorbed by intestine back to the bloodstream and the unabsorbed drugs are excreted in the feces
84
what are neonatal and pediatric considerations regarding the excretion of drugs?
- immature kidneys, and decreased glomerular filtration, resorption and tubule secretion. they don't clear drugs as efficiently
- increased levels of free circulating drugs can cause toxicity
85
what are older adult considerations regarding excretion of drugs?
- decreased kidney and liver function
| - prolonged half-life greater chance for toxicity
86
what is the onset?
refers to when medication first begins to take effect
87
what is peak?
the maximum concentration of medication in the body and the patient shows greatest therapeutic effect
88
what is duration?
length of time medication produces a desired effect
89
what is titration?
working the way up to a dosage that is in the therapeutic window. it is accomplished by monitoring blood levels of a drug
90
when is the peak level of a drug drawn?
drawn at a time when the medication is administered and known to be at the highest level in bloodstream
91
when is the trough level of drugs drawn?
drawn when drug is at its lowest level in bloodstream right before next dose is given
92
what is the therapeutic index?
quantitative measurement of the relative safety of a drug
93
what is dopamine?
it influences impulses, motor impulses, cognition and how you think, and also motivation. increased levels of dopamine cause manic behaviour
94
what is 5HT?
5HT is serotonin. it has to do with levels of alertness, attention, mood. it is an anti-impulsive NT. lower levels result in bipolar, depression and anxiety
95
what is Norepinephrine?
it is the adrenaline of the brain. it increases metabolism. low levels cause depression, panic, and anxiety
96
what is GABA?
it is an inhibitory NT. it exerts it's effects which help calm and settle.
97
what is acetylcholine?
it is an NT that is present with dopamine in a balanced way. it affects motor function and cognition
98
what are antipsychotics?
there are conventional antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics. they primarily block dopamine
99
what are anticholinergic effects of atypical antipsychotics?
when the antipsychotics block too much dopamine and affect the balance of dopamine and acetylcholine which causes overexpression effects such as dystonia.
100
what are anticholinergic agents?
they manage EPS by blocking excitory cholinergic pathways. it restores the dopamine/acetylcholine balance
101
what are anticholinergic overexpression?
dry eyes, urinary retention, constipation, dilated pupils, dry mouth and hypotension
102
what is the antidote to benzodiazepines?
flumazenil. it is a benzo receptor blocker. has a higher affinity so can get to the receptor before the benzo does and reverses its effects
103
what are amino acids?
- they have their own receptors and do not interact with each other
- they are eliminated from the synapse by reuptake, a pump, or neighbouring glial cells so they can be recycled, repackaged and released again
104
what are biogenic amine?
- enzymatically made from amino acids
| - includes dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
105
what are benzodiazepines and the indications for their use?
they bind to specific GABA receptors to potentiate GABA effects. the indications for use are sedation, antianxiety and anticonvulsant effects.
106
difference between conventional antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics?
conventional antipsychotics block dopamine receptors in certain areas and atypical antipsychotics block dopamine 2 receptors and specific serotonin 2 receptors
107
what is NMS?
life-threatening, includes high fever unstable BP, and myoglobinuria
108
what is EPS?
involuntary motor symptoms like akathisia and acute dystonia
109
what is tardive dyskinesia?
involuntary contraction of oral and facial muscles and wavelike movements of extremities
110
what happens when the inflammatory response is activated?
swelling, redness, warmth. it is a normal body process and stimulates nerve fibres which causes pain
111
what are prostaglandins?
they help with the chain events leading to inflammation. they produce pain and fever and have a role in blood clotting
112
what are NSAIDs?
their main action is to inhibit prostaglandin action by blocking COX which is a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins (anti inflammatory)
113
what is COX-1 enzyme?
it is present in many tissues, involved in blood clotting, protecting the stomach and maintaining sodium and H2O balance in kidneys
114
what is COX-2?
it is more active at sites of trauma
115
what are the properties of the NSAID Ibuprofen?
anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic
116
what are overexpression effects of ibuprofen?
more susceptible to stomach issues such as GI upset and ulcers, can cause kidney failure and clotting issues
117
what are effects of glucocorticoids?
- powerful metabolic effects/stress response
- glucose metabolism
- reduce inflammation
- suppression of the immune system
- influence sleep pattern and mood
- decrease bone formation and increase bone breakdown
- increase calcium excretion
- causes lipogenesis
118
what are the effects of mineralocorticoids?
retention of sodium and water and excretion of potassium; essential for maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure and blood volume.
119
what do beta cells do?
they release insulin to decrease blood glucose
120
what do alpha cells do?
they release glucagon to increase blood glucose
121
what is insulin?
it primarily facilitates the transfer of glucose into cells for cellular metabolism. it also promotes storage of glucose as glycogen and inhibits gluconeogenesis
122
what is glucagon?
it is used in an emergency to manage hypoglycemia when oral intake is inappropriate or not possible. it increases serum glucose and encourages glycolysis. overexpression is hyperglycemia
123
what is the release of aldosterone prompted by?
it is prompted by the negative feedback when the hypothalamus triggers release of ACTH
124
what does aldosterone do?
it targets the kidneys and increased excretion of K+ and retention of NA+. causes retenion of H2O which increases BP and blood volume
125
what is a disorder caused by hypersecretion of cortisol?
Cushing's Disease
126
what is a disorder caused by hyposecretion of corticosteroids?
addison's disease
127
what are indications for corticosteroids?
adrenal insufficiency, respiratory conditions
128
what are indications for mineralocorticoids?
regulation of H2O and electrolyte balance
129
what are indications for glucocorticoids?
anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, anti-proliferative
130
what is basal insulin?
long-acting or immediate acting
131
what is prandial insulins?
used w/meals and may be rapid or short acting
132
what is glipizide?
an oral antihyperglycemic that stimulates insulin secretion from beta cells of pancreatic islet tissue. it should be taken at the same time every day
133
what is the onset, peak and duration of humalog (rapid) insulin?
```
onset = within 15 mins
peak = 1-2 hr
duration = 3-4 hr
```
134
what is the onset, peak and duration of Humulin R (short) insulin?
```
onset = 30-60 min
peak = 2-4 hr
duration = 5-7 hr
```
135
what is the onset, peak and duration of Humulin N/NPH (intermediate) insulin?
```
onset = 2-4 hr
peak = 4-10 hr
duration = 10-16 hr
```
136
what is the onset, peak and duration of glargine (basal or long-acting) insulin?
```
onset = 3-4 hr
peak = none
duration = 24 hr
```
137
what is digoxin?
a cardiac glycoside that inhibits Na/K pump and results in increased intracellular Na and influx of Ca into cardiac cells. it causes cardiac muscle fibres to contract more efficiently and increased CO
138
what are the indications for digoxin?
it is a 2nd line treatment for those who have HF or atrial fib
139
what the O/E of digoxin?
bradycardia (the biggest worry)) and fatigue
140
what are nursing considerations for digoxin?
```
nausea and visual changes (halos),
therapeutic level of 0.8-1.2,
monitor serum K levels b/c hypokalemia increases risk for digoxin toxicity
K levels of 3.5-5.0
report pulse <60 BPM
do not mix with other meds
digibind treats digoxin toxicity
```
141
what is nitroglycerin?
it is a nitrate that relaxes smooth muscle and results in vasodilation, slow blood return which decreases work of heart, and arterial dilation which lowers BP
142
what is nitroglycerin used for and what are the O/E?
it is used for angina and the O/E are hypotension and severe headaches
143
what are nursing considerations of nitroglycerin?
can give 3 sprays Q 5 mins
check BP each time
have pt. sit b/c hypotension and teach them the signs of hypotension
goal is 0/10 pain, symptoms vary between genders
144
what is furosemide?
it is a diuretic that inhibits absorption of Na in the loop of Henle which results in fluid losee, loss in NA and other electrolytes like K and Ca
145
what are the uses and O/E of furosemide?
it is used to treat hypertension and edema. the O/E are dehydration, hypotension, electrolyte imbalances (hyponatermia, hypokalemia)
146
what are nursing considerations for furosemide?
may take K+ supplements
assess BP
change positions slowly due to hypotension
drink fluids to decrease dehydration
take in the morning so the need to urinate does not interfere with sleep
if BID, 2nd dose by 4 pm
toxicity includes renal toxicity and ototoxicity
147
what is metoprolol?
it is a beta-blocker that blocks beta 1 receptors in the heart, lowering HR and BP. high doses can block beta 2 receptors which can result in bronchoconstriction
148
what are the uses and O/E of metoprolol?
it is used for HTN, Fast HR, chest pain due to poor BF to heart, and early intervention for MI. the O/E is hypotension, bradycardia, fatigue and SOB (beta 2)
149
what are nursing considerations for metaprolol?
check BP and HR every time and report if <60 bpm or BP is < 100/60
change positions slowly
150
what is lisinopril?
it is an ACE inhibitor that blocks the conversion of Angio 1 to angio 2, leading to vasoconstriction, Na/H20 excretion, which lowers BV and BF, leading to decreased BP. it also retains K+
151
what are the uses and O/E of lisinopril?
it is used for hypertension and HF. the O/E are hypotension, cough and hyperkalemia
152
what are nursing considerations for lisinopril?
monitor BP
switch to ARB if cough is intolerable
watch for hyperkalemia
153
what is Losartan?
it is an ARB that blocks angio 2 receptors to promote vasodilation
154
what are the uses and O/E of losartan?
it is used for hypertension and the O/E is hypotension
155
what are considerations of losartan?
check BP every time
| change positions slowly
156
what is dilitiazem?
it is a calcium channel blocker that inhibits Ca+ during depolarization to decrease workload of the heart and to increase O2 supply to myocardium, it relaxes smooth muscle which results in decreased BP and decreased HR
157
what are the uses and O/E of dilitiazem?
it is used for angina, hypertension, and supraventricular tachycardias. the O/E are hypotension, bradycardia, fatigue and arrhythmias
158
what are nursing considerations for dilitiazem?
take BP and HR each time
change position slowly
no grapefruit juice
159
what is artovastatin?
it is an antilipidemic that inhibits HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol synthesis which lowers LDL
160
what are the uses and O/E of artovastatin?
it is used for hyperlipidemia and prevention of CVD. the O/E are myalgia, and muscle cramps and aches
161
what are nursing considerations for artovastatin?
routine liver assessments
take same time each day
report jaundice and/or muscle weakness
162
what is aspirin?
it is an antiplatelet what inhibits platelet activation and aggregation
163
what are the uses and O/E of aspirin?
it is used for PAD, MI, stroke and those with a history of MI. the O/E is bleeding
164
what are nursing considerations for aspirin?
the effects last the lifetime of the platelet (7-10 days)
avoid NSAID's and alcohol
report tinnitus and bleeding
educate on S&S of bleeding
165
what is warfarin?
it is an anticoagulant that inhibits the synthesis of vit.K dependent clotting factors and anticoagulant proteins
166
what are the uses and O/E of warfarin?
it is used for DVT, and pulmonary emboli. the O/E is bleeding and hemmorhage
167
what are nursing considerations for warfarin?
```
vit K is the reversal agent
monitor PT, want it 2.0-3.5
avoid alcohol, grapefruit juice and sharp objects
floss gently
teach signs of bleeding
```
168
what is heparin?
it is an anticoagulant that inhibits activated coagulation factors involved in clotting sequence (Xa and LLa). it prevents the formation of stable fibrin clots by inhibiting the activation of stabilizing factors but it does not break down existing clots.
169
what are the uses and O/E of heparin?
it is used for DVT, pulmonary emboli and active MI. the O/E is hemorrhage, decreased BP and increased HR
170
what are nursing considerations for heparin?
the antidote is protamine sulfate slow infusion
watch for bruising that spreads and bleeding gums
there is no PO form
171
what is erythmocin?
it is a macrolide that inhibits RNA synthesis and suppresses the reproduction of bacteria
172
what are the uses and O/E of erythmocin?
it is used for respiratory infections, otitis media, pelvic inflammatory infections and chlamydia. the O/E is that it kills good bacteria so can result in nausea, vomiting and GI upset
173
what are nursing considerations for erythmocin?
timing of doses
finish full prescription
take w/food
can cause superinfection as it kills good bacteria
174
what is calcium carbonate?
it is an antacid that neutralizes gastric acid and elevates the pH of the stomach
175
what are the uses and O/E of calcium carbonate?
it is used for GERD and ulcers. the O/E is rebound hyperacidity
176
what are nursing considerations for calcium carbonate?
```
acid rebound effect when used long term
do not give 1-2 hr around other meds
smoking cessation can reduce stomach acid
avoid foods and drinks with high acidity
drink full glass of water after taking
```
177
what is ranitidine?
It is an H-2 receptor antagonists that blocks histamine action at H-2 receptors of parietal cells and lowers production of HCL
178
what are the uses and O/E of ranitidine?
it is used for GERD, peptic ulcer disease, erosive esophagitis, hypersecretory conditions, and upper GI bleeding. it does not have any O/E
179
what are nursing considerations for ranitidine?
may require dose adjustment if preexisting liver/kidney dysfunction
smoking interferes
take 15-60 mins before eating/drinking that might cause heartburn
180
what is pantoprazole?
it is a proton pump inhibitor that binds to the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system in the parietal cells, inhibiting HCL secretion for >24 hrs
181
what are the uses and O/E of pantoprazole?
it is used for GERD, preventing further damage and allowing to heal, and for H.pylori infections. the O/E is too much reduction of produciton of acid
182
what are nursing considerations for pantoprazole?
do not take with other meds, use of GI irritants is discouraged
183
what is lactobacellus?
it is a probiotic that helps replenish normal gut flora
184
what are the uses and O/E of lactobacellus?
it is used to prevent and treat diarrhea. the O/E is gas and bloating
185
what are nursing considerations for lactobacellus?
take this med when taking an antibiotic
186
what is loperamide?
it is an opioid-like medication that decreases flow of fluid and electrolytes in the bowel and slows peristalisis.
187
what are the uses and O/E of loperamide?
it is used for diarrhea and the O/E is constipation
188
what are nursing considerations for loperamide?
do not exceed recommended dose
can lead to abnormal heart rhythm
avoid CNS depressants
189
what is polyethylene glycol?
it is an osmotic agent that causes H2O to be retained in stool, it softens stool an increases number of BM
190
what are the uses and O/E of PEG?
it is used for constipation and the O/E is diarrhea
191
what are nursing considerations for PEG?
stir and dissolve in drink
| produces a BM in 1-3 days
192
what is bisacodyl?
it is a stimulant that stimulants the lining of the stomach to contract and increase peristalsis
193
what are the uses and O/E of bisacodyl?
it is used for constipation and the O/E is diarrhea
194
what are nursing considerations for bisacodyl?
BM within 15 mins
| oral and rectal forms may cause cramps, dizziness and rectal bleeding
195
what is dimenhydrinate?
it is an antihistamine that blocks H1 receptors in vestibular center
196
what are the uses and O/E of dimenhydrinate?
it is used for nausea and vomiting associated with motion. the O/E is drowsiness
197
what are nursing considerations for dimenhydrinate?
contraindicated with glaucoma, enlarged prostate
| avoid CNS depressants
198
what is metocloprimide?
it is a prokinetic that blocks dopamine and increases peristalsis to empty GI and decrease nausea
199
what are the uses and O/E of metocloprimide?
it is used for nausea and vomiting. the O/E are diarrhea, EPS and GI upset
200
what are nursing considerations for metocloprimide?
good for surgery/chemo/anesthesia related nausea
don't use when GI motility is dangerous (blockage, perforation, hemorrhage)
due to EPS, don't use if epileptic
201
what is acetaminophen?
it is a non-opioid analgesic that inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins
202
what are the uses and O/E of acetaminophen?
it is used for mild pain and fever. the O/E is toxicity
203
what are nursing considerations for acetaminophen?
```
do not take with alcohol
do not exceed rec. dosage of 4000 mg/day
3000 mg/day if elderly
2000 mg/day if an alcohol user
check if other meds contain acetaminophen
```
204
what is Salbutamol?
it is a beta 2 agonist bronchodilator that binds to beta 2 adrenergic receptors in airway smooth muscle which results in bronchodilation to open and widen airway
205
what are the use and O/E of salbutamol?
it is used for bronchospasms in asthma pts., COPD and exercise-induced bronchospasm. the O/E are tachycardia and cough
206
what are nursing considerations for salbutamol?
it is used as a rescue med
| give prior to giving to an inhaled corticosteroid
207
what us Ipratropium?
it is an anticholinergic bronchodilator that inhibits cholinergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle resulting in decreased concentrations of cGMP and results in bronchodilation
208
what are the uses and O/E of Ipratropium?
it is used for bronchospasms, and reversible airway obstruction due to COPD and emphysema. the O/E are
209
what are nursing considerations for ipratropium?
give at the same time as salbutamol
caution pt. not to exceed 12 doses in 24 hrs
rinse mouth after use
210
what is amoxicillin?
it is a penicillin antibiotic that binds to bacteria cell wall causing cell death
211
what are the uses and O/E of amoxicillin?
it is used for respiratory infections, skin infections, and sinusitis. the O/E are diarrhea
212
what are nursing considerations for amoxicillin?
it is important to space out the doses (BID, Q12 is best for kids)
take a probiotic to decrease chance of super infection
213
what is fluticasone?
it is an inhaled corticosteroid that is a locally acting anti-inflammatory and immune modifier that decreases frequency and severity of asthma attacks
214
what are the uses and O/E of fluticasone?
it is used for the maintenance treatment of asthma. the O/E are immune suppression, hoarseness and cough
215
what are nursing considerations for fluticasone?
it takes a few days to see changes
pts. need to take everyday
does not have the long-term risks that oral corticosteroids have
216
what is prednisone?
it is an oral corticosteroid that suppresses inflammation and normal immune response
217
what are the uses and O/E of prednisone?
it is used for chronic disease and adrenal insufficiency. the O/E is that it suppresses the immune
218
what are nursing considerations for a prednisone?
monitor input and output ratio
| give in morning as it increases energy and so it is with body's normal secretion of cortisol
219
what is morphine sulfate?
it is an opioid agonist that binds to opioid receptors in the CNS altering the perception of and response to painful stimuli while producing CNS depression
220
what are the uses and O/E of morphine?
it is used for severe pain and the O/E are sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, nausea and vomiting and urinary retention
221
what are nursing considerations for morphine?
extended-release lasts 12 hours and takes longer to work
assess RR before and after
assess LOC and BM
prolonged use can lead to dependence
222
what is ondansetron?
it is an antiemetic/serotonin agonist that blocks the effect of serotonin at receptor sites located in vagal nerve terminals and chemoreceptor trigger zone
223
what are the uses and O/E of ondansteron?
it is used for nausea and vomiting. the O/E are diarrhea, constipation, dizziness, headache and fatigue
224
what are nursing considerations for ondansteron?
monitor for S & S of serotonin syndrome
| assess nausea and bowel sounds
225
what is docusate?
it is a laxative/stool softener that promotes H2O into stool resulting in softer fecal matter, it also promotes electrolyte and water secretion into the colon
226
what are the uses and O/E of docusate?
it is used for constipation and the O/E are diarrhea, cramps, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances
227
what are nursing considerations for docusate?
assess abdominal distension and bowel sounds
give with a full glass of H2O or juice
do not give within 2 hours of other laxatives
228
what is naloxone?
it is an opioid antagonists that attaches to opioid receptors to block and reverse response to opioids
229
what are the uses and O/E of naloxone?
it is used for reversal of CNS and respiratory depression due to opioid overdose. the O/E are nausea and vomiting
230
what are nursing considerations for naloxone?
pt. code status does not alter the administration of naloxone
monitor RR and vitals
assess Signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal symptoms
231
what is haloperidol?
it is a conventional antipsychotic that alters the effects of dopamine in the CNS, it also has anticholinergic and alpha-adrenergic blocking activity
232
what are the uses and O/E of haloperidol?
it is used for schizophrenia, manic states, psychosis and tourettes. the O/E are EPS
233
what are nursing considerations for haloperidol?
assess positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
give w/food and H2O
monitor for akathisa
234
what is rispiradone?
it is an antipsychotic that antagonizes dopamine and serotonin in the CNS and decreases symptoms of psychosis and mania
235
what are the uses and O/E of rispiradone?
it is used for schizophrenia, acute mania and bipolar I. the O/E is EPS
236
what are nursing considerations for rispiradone?
monitor behaviour and signs of EPS
237
what is benzotropine?
it is an anticholinergic agent that blocks cholinergic activity in CNS and restores balance between NT in the CNS
238
what are the uses and O/E of benzotropine?
it is used for extrapyramidal side effects.
239
what are nursing considerations for benzotropine?
give w/food or right after food
