exam Flashcards

Question

the water cycle

Answer 1

- There will never be any more fresh water on the earth than there is now - The water we drink today is the same water that existed when the world began - Water gets cleaned through the natural process called the water cycle

Answer 2

evaporation, condensation, precipitation, interception, infiltration, percolation, transpiration, runoff, and storage.

Answer 3

- Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. - Turning it into glucose & starch, allowing them to function properly and maintain their structure. - The carbon passes up the food chain. - Then through respiration & decomposition, it is recycled back into the atmosphere.

Answer 4

Animals are consumers (heterotrophs) that is they use the bodies of other organisms as a source of food energy. Consumers are further divided into; - Primary Herbivores - Secondary - Tertiary Carnivores or Omnivores Carnivores or Omnivores

Answer 5

decomposers breakdown organic material and use the decomposition products to supply themselves with energy. Without decomposers, important elements such as potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus would permanently remain in dead organisms and therefore remain unavailable for use by new generations of organisms

Answer 6

- day to night - seasons - tides - flood - fire - drought

Answer 7

- migration - climate change - succession

Answer 8

- The intense heat of a fire is needed for some plant seeds to be released from their pods - Ash provides nutrients for new seeds - Encourages new growth that provides food for many animals - Creates hollows in logs and trees that can be used by animals for nesting and shelter. - After a fire more natural light reaches the forest floor and plants that have not been seen for some time can germinate from seed stored in the soil

Answer 9

Obvious ones such as loss of home for both humans and nature, flora and fauna dying through burning and suffocation, loss of habitats, shortage of food which leads to starvation etc

Answer 10

- Fire stick farming is the consistent and repeated use of fire to clear vegetation in a particular place/environment. - We tend to see the idea of lighting fires as destructive and scary but we do actually use fire as a management tool. - Native vegetation has a high fibre content and can decompose slowly, resulting in an accumulation of bushfire fuel. The high concentrations of oils in eucalypts, for example, adds flammability to the vegetation. So by burning areas off occasionally, we decrease the likelihood of a mass devastating fire occurring (wildfire).

Answer 11

- Many indigenous communities in Australia practiced some form of fire stick farming. - They used fire in conjunction with their nomadic/semi nomadic movements. It seemed as though they would light fires as they moved from place to place - Constant use of fire kept the environments looking more like parks than the much dense bush we are familiar with today. This constant burning also made it easier to travel through the environment

Answer 12

A wildfire is a fire that starts, usually by itself, in a wild area such as a forest, and spreads rapidly, causing great damage.

Answer 13

Prescribed burns are part of the department’s fire management program. Prescribed burning is the controlled use of fire to a particular area of landscape. The aim is to reduce fire fuel hazards, manage native vegetation and protected biodiversity in strategic areas of Australia's parks and reserves.

Answer 14

- the protection and maintenance of animal habitats (some species of native animals prefer regenerating vegetation after fire while others like long unburnt habitat. Prescribed burning manages the landscape so that there are a mix of habitats to conserve all species) - the regeneration of plant species and communities that are reliant on fire (Many native plants are reliant on fire for regeneration, and as a result many plants grow quickly after fire from either seed germination or re-sprouting buds from under their bark or roots) - improved biodiversity within parks and reserves.

Answer 15

In Victoria the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) are responsible for the management of Victoria’s public land.

Answer 16

- landform - vegetation types - public and private land - types of parks and reserves - the use of management zones

Answer 17

Land-forming processes create delineations between areas ; this may take the form of a mountain range such as the Great Dividing Range, which creates differing climatic conditions on either side of the range.

Answer 18

native vegetations means plants like trees, shrubs, herbs, and grasses that would have grown naturally in Victoria before European arrival. it does not include plants that originate from other parts of Australia or from other countries.

Answer 19

native vegetation provides ecological services, such as: - providing habitat for plants and animals - preventing land degradation, such as salinity and erosion - minimising impacts of the greenhouse effect - maintaining long-term productive capacity of land - providing shade and shelter on farms, improving crop and stock productivity - protecting water quality and, in some cases, how much water is available - protecting water quality and, in some cases, how much water is available Native vegetation also provides us opportunities for future use of genetic resources; and maintains our distinctive Australian landscape

Answer 20

land vested in or owned by a minister, government department, public authority or municipal council.

Answer 21

Private land means freehold land or an interest in land less than fee simple held from the State under another Act.

Answer 22

There is significant value to protecting land within Victoria. Organisations like Trust for Nature do an amazing job at protecting Victoria’s Private Land. Trust for Nature work with private land owners to protect, preserve, and create awareness surrounding conservation values of (landowners) land.

Answer 23

This refers to how Outdoor Environments were depicted by artists over time. Artists can represent painters, musicians, sculptors ect.

Answer 24

Glover was one of the precursors of an Australian style of painting. He arrived in Tasmania from England in 1831. A talented landscape painter with a strong reputation in England (and France), Glover was never seen as an artist who 'pushed the boundaries’. While he was initially criticised for not paying close enough attention to the 'local characteristics', he did find an individuality in his work through the new landscapes and atmosphere of Tasmania. His depiction of the Tasmanian light as bright and clear, was a departure from his European paintings and gave his paintings a true Australian quality. His body of work made him a pioneer of landscape painting in Australia.

Answer 25

More modern representations of understanding Outdoor Environments are depicted through artists such as: - Midnight Oil - Xavier Rudd - John Butler - Yothu Yindi These artists tend to sing about the plight of the environment, and the impacts that have/could/will occur. They also draw attention to environmental issues, demonstrating an understanding of the need for conservation (and its practices) and the adoption of sustainable practices in the protection of our fragile environment.

Answer 26

John Butler created the song “Kimberley” to make a stand against the Western Australian government gas company, Woolside, from building a gas refinery in the Kimberley region. This region holds great cultural significant to indigenous Australians which would have been destroyed along with the biodiversity of the area.

Answer 27

How you view the land.

Answer 28

How you act in the outdoors.

Answer 29

The effect you have (you always have an effect, but should try to minimise it).

Answer 30

a combination of perceptions, interactions and impacts.

Answer 31

-They believe that they came from the earth and are part of the land. This is confirmed in the ‘Dreaming’ stories of creation. -They live at one with the land and are linked to the land. They are part of the land and it’s part of them. They don’t own it, they are custodians of it! - The central focus of their existence is to care for the land. This view/perception is referred to as ‘custodianship’ or ‘kinship’ (remember these terms). They view the land as a mother.

Answer 32

Indigenous Australians did not stay in one place, they moved around depending on the weather and the seasons. They moved inland to hunt during the colder months and towards the coast to fish during the warmer months.

Answer 33

Refers to the practice of collecting food sources through hunting and collection.

Answer 34

Refers to burning the undergrowth in an area and flushing the animals out. It also aided in the regeneration of land and flora - fire is vital to the Australian landscape.

Answer 35

- Moving around did not use use up all the resources in one area - Allowed time for the environment to regenerate and grow - They only collected what they needed making it more sustainable - Hunter gathering does not require land to be cleared, unlike farming. - Fire stick farming worked like back burning. Meaning that it burnt the undergrowth which enhanced regrowth of vegetation. - Reduces the impact of natural fires when they come through as it reduced fuel sources and flammability of the soil.

Answer 36

Is the preservation, protection, management or restoration of the natural environment.

Answer 37

- Revegetation and Rehabilitation - Establishment of parks and reserves - Scientific investigation - Controlled burning - Community education - Implementation of management strategies (such as creation of walking tracks, designated camping areas)

Answer 38

- Preservation of sensitive vegetation. - Protection of areas of significant value (creation of State and National Parks). - Reduce erosion - due to creation of walkways, paths - Rehabilitation of areas - due to track closures - Reintroduction of species into areas they originally inhabited.

Answer 39

- Vegetation modification - due to controlled fire burning. - Land clearing due to conservation infrastructure - tracks, walkways, toilets, buildings. - Permanent structures - viewing platforms, information buildings, barriers/fences. - Disruption of habitats.

Answer 40

Commercial activities result in profit or gain - utilising the environment.

Answer 41

Include tourism practices, such as - surfing, rafting, horse riding, and rock climbing. Can be positive through the use of education (of environments) by tourism providers.

Answer 42

Negative “commercial” practices - mining, game hunting, development, natural resource extraction. These are known as “Primary Industry” interactions.

Answer 43

Is any activity for enjoyment amusement of pleasure. Can be undertaken as nature based or adventure based.

Answer 44

- Hiking - Bush walking - Rock climbing - Snow shoeing - Surfing - Snorkelling - Camping - Four wheel driving

Answer 45

- Inspiration & Creativity - Artists, musicians and writers have all interacted with our outdoor environments and used them for inspiration. - Aesthetic value - the emotional responses we get from our interactions with the outdoors. How we feel from our connections with environments. - Education - occur through school or group trips. Also include the teachings of OES at Padua College. Learn about the environment and ways that we can protect and conserve it.

Answer 46

Urbanisation refers to the development of towns and cities, and the increasing number of individuals that live in urban areas. An additional component to urbanisation - is the movement of people from rural to metro areas.

Answer 47

Describes expansion of human populations away from central urban areas such as cities into low-density rural areas.

Answer 48

Urban planning ensures municipal development is delivered in a way which is sustainable and liveable communities.

Answer 49

- Gives residents access to shops, schools, parks and jobs within 20 minutes of their home. - Pedestrian friendly and housing close to public transport.

Answer 50

Preservation of habitats due to parks and reserves.

Answer 51

- habitat damage due to building of roads, etc - decline in biodiversity - introduced weeds and feral animals - soil degradation : compaction and erosion - pollution of environment: air, water, land, - soil contamination : detergents, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides.

Answer 52

the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

Answer 53

An approach to farming combining tradition methods with modern technology to achieve higher levels of productivity without increasing the environmental impact.

Answer 54

Human Impacts can be large scale (eg. deforestation, burning of fossil fuels), and/or small scale (littering, walking off tracks, animal litter). Overall these Community-Based actions - are a reminder for us to live in a more sustainable way, and provide awareness of having a positive impact on our own environments.

Answer 55

tree planting, litter removal, counting native species, refusing to use plastic shopping bags (SA), and walking on designated walking paths.

Answer 56

- Conservation Covenants - **Trust For Nature** - Planet Ark National Tree Day - Clean Up Australia Day - Coast care

Answer 57

Is a not for profit organisation that has the objective of reducing environmental impacts through adopting policies, setting targets and developing environmental management strategies to achieve specific goals. - They work in co-operation with Private Land Owners. - Trust for nature is made up of 60 staff and 10 board members.

Answer 58

- Trust for nature manages permanent, legally binding agreements placed on a properties title to ensure that native vegetation on the property is protected forever. - The agreement is voluntary (you can’t be forced to do it) and is negotiated between Trust For Nature and the land owner. - The agreements are referred to as ‘Covenants’

Answer 59

- machinery (associated with farming, agriculture, mining, forestry, - water harvesting, and other commercial enterprises) transportation (cars, buses, planes, boats, hovercraft, snow/sand transport vehicles) - infrastructure (associated with recreation and industry) - communication devices (radios, mobile and smartphones, EPIRBs) - navigational devices (GPSs and PNDs - personal/portable navigation devices) -specialised equipment (canoes, mountain bike frames, climbing ropes, tents, PFDs - personal floatation devices) -materials and clothing (Gore-tex, Smartwool, and other synthetic fabrics)

Answer 60

Direct impacts are those caused by the action and occur at the same time and place, usually observable.

Answer 61

Indirect or deferred impacts are those that are caused by the action, but not immediately. They happen before an event, or later in time but are still reasonably foreseeable.

Answer 62

- Depletion of water sources in order to make fake snow. This negatively impacts the flora and fauna which depend on the water source. - Land clearing required for trucks to enter alpine areas. - The snow season is extended placing extra strain on the environment with little time to regenerate. - Man made snow is waterproof unlike normal snow which results in increased erosion. - Bird communities are being impacted as their habitat is being altered.

Answer 63

- Large amounts of energy are required to produce artificial snow and fossil fuels are burnt, which results in pollution of air, water and ecosystems. - Snow machines are large and costly, manufacturing these can alter ecosystems and landscapes. - Snow making generally occurs when water levels are low, meaning water has to be transported to mountains. This transportation uses a lot of energy burning fuel which pollutes the environment. - Increased energy consumption on the mountain from diesel generators as the snow season is extended (means increase power consumption, pollution and other associated impacts). - Putting in place snow marking machinery can alter landscapes, and modify/change surrounding ecosystems.

Answer 64

- Contributes to atmospheric pollution - Reduces the need to burn timber - Fossil fuels are being used to run the stove - Doesn’t cause fire scars - soil is not damaged - There is no need for timber in the bush to be burnt (consume wood resources) - Doesn’t reduce biomass in an area that is needed to support habitats (wood fires do this)

Answer 65

- Requires fuel that needs to be sourced and refined - Manufacturing requires a lot of energy - Manufacturing requires material from the earths surface to be sourced, in order for the production phase to occur (metals, plastics, paint). - Transportation is another negative to this impact of this product (stove). Products need to be transported (by vehicle) to stores all around the world, and this produces harmful emissions (carbon dioxide). Often products will even be sent from stores via other forms of transport from the store to reach the customer

Answer 66

- Microfibres from the wetsuits - are a key source of microplastics in our ocean - Internal liners of wetsuits shed fibres while wearing in the ocean - leading to the increased amount of microplastic - Patagonia’s neoprene free wetsuits - are an more environmentally friendly alternative - made from natural materials.

Answer 67

- Product is made from a neoprene foam - an unpleasant rubber made from petroleum - The process of producing neoprene requires a lot of energy - Oil based neoprene - is sourced from a vast of oil drilling and transportation (non-renewable) - Limestone based neoprene - involves mining to great depths (non- renewable) - Old wetsuits create a cycle and build up of non-biodegradable waste - Producing neoprene contributes to climate change and that the toxic gasses emitted in the chemical processing plants cause cancer - Patagonia creates renewable natural rubber wetsuits from hevea trees

Answer 68

- Camping on sensitive and fragile ground means that these areas will not recover quickly, such as: native grasses, soft plants, muddy sites, and/or fragile soil layers - Soil erosion can easily occur - so choose durable surfaces to set up tents. Eg. rock, sand, dry grass, or tent platforms. - Using already made tent sites supports the surrounding environment - and follows the “Leave no Trace” principle. Stay within the boundaries too. - Spreading tents out across sites - widens the impact, and makes it easier for the environment to recover after use (instead of setting up heaps of tents within the same area).

Answer 69

- Manufacturing requires a lot of energy - a 3.5kg tent could emit as much as 25kg of carbon dioxide, and contains approximately 8,750 straws worth of plastic. - Manufacturing requires material from the earths surface to be sourced, in order for the production phase to occur (metals, plastics, paint). - Cheap tents are often made out of polyester or nylon with a coating of silicone or acrylic polyurethane, with poles made of carbon fibre and pegs made of aluminium. Synthetic fibres such as nylon and polyester are polymers derived from fossil fuels and generally do not biodegrade. - Synthetic material tents shed microplastics - which can end up in soil, waterways, and impact fauna. - When tents are damaged, instead of being fixed - most end up in landfill. A large amount of waste after festivals is made up of basic tents.

Answer 70

- habitat destruction / fragmentation - increased stormwater runoff that pollutes waterways - disruption to fauna - increased noise pollution

Answer 71

- increased motor vehicle exhaust emissions - which can lead to further/future environmental pollution - more land development and urbanisation, as more people are attracted to the area due to improved access.

exam Flashcards

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