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OUTDOOR ED 1 2 > exam > Flashcards

exam Flashcards

1
Q

what is biodiversity?

A

the variety of all life forms and the ecosystems of which they form a part.

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2
Q

what is community?

A

a group of independent plants and animals inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other

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3
Q

what is an alpine environment?

A

The term ‘alpine’ refers to area’s above a certain altitude that are treeless because of prolonged low temperatures. it is a high mountain area.
example: Mt Stirling

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4
Q

alpine fauna

A

baw baw frog - endangered species
mount pygmy possum - endangered species

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5
Q

what is a coastal environment?

A

The areas where the land masses meet the seas.

Coastal environments include tidal wetlands, estuaries, bays, shallow near-shore waters, mangrove swamps, and in-shore reef systems. The critical habitats of these zones are: feeding, breeding, nursery, and resting areas.
example: YCW beach, phillip island

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6
Q

coastal fauna

A

orange bellied parrot
hooded plover - endangered species
fairy penguin

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7
Q

what is a grassland environment?

A

area in which the vegetation is dominated by a nearly continuous cover of grasses.
example: Mt arapilies

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8
Q

grassland fauna

A

kangaroo
bush stone curlew - endangered species
stumpy tail lizard

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9
Q

safe and sustainable planning (essential knowledge)

A

Good planning and preparation
- Access and evacuation points and emergency plans
- Facilities available at your locations (toilets, shelter, campsites)
- Sensitivities of the flora and fauna
- Sites of cultural significances
- Appropriate clothing, food and equipment
- Expected range of weather conditions
- Access to drinking water
- Camping and fire restrictions
- Access to medical help
- Mobile phone coverage
- Completed risk management/assessment
- Local knowledge updates
- Codes of conduct for recreational activity
- Minimal impact strategies

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10
Q

inputs

A

C02, water and sunlight
fauna, flora, solar energy, chemical energy

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11
Q

processes

A

Photosynthesis
respiration, transpiration, reproduction, succession, decomposition

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12
Q

outputs

A

02, sugar
Water, Seeds, Timber, Gases (O2, CO2),
Heat

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13
Q

Biotic - factors

A

living
examples:
- plants
- animals
- fungi
- bacteria

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14
Q

Abiotic - factors

A

non-living
examples:
- water
- sunlight
- soil
- air
- temperature

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15
Q

what is the atmoshpere?

A

The gas that surrounds the earth.

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16
Q

what is the hydrosphere?

A

all the water on earth

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17
Q

what is the lithosphere?

A

The soil and rocky crust of the earth and it’s core
of molten rock.

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18
Q

what is the bioshpere?

A

There is a shell that surrounds the earth which is
approximately 20 km’s from the deepest ocean to the
highest mountains.

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19
Q

Components of an ecosystem

A
  • organism
  • species
  • population
  • community
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20
Q

what is an organism?

A

Refers to single living thing

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21
Q

what is a species?

A

Is a group of organisms of the same type
that are capable of interbreeding.

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22
Q

what is population?

A

Is a group of organisms of the same
species living together in the one area.

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23
Q

what is a habitat?

A

Refers to the specific place within an ecosystem that is occupied by an organism or population.

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24
Q

what is ecological niche?

A

An ecological niche refers to what an organism consumes, what consumes it, where it lives, and its interactions with the biotic and abiotic components of its environment.
No two species can occupy the same niche.

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25
Q

the water cycle

A
  • There will never be any more fresh water on the earth than there is now
  • The water we drink today is the same water that existed when the world began
  • Water gets cleaned through the natural process called the water cycle
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26
Q

what is the order of the water cycle?

A

evaporation, condensation, precipitation, interception, infiltration, percolation, transpiration, runoff, and storage.

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27
Q

the carbon cycle

A
  • Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.
  • Turning it into glucose & starch, allowing them to function properly and maintain their structure.
  • The carbon passes up the food chain.
  • Then through respiration & decomposition, it is recycled back into the atmosphere.
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28
Q

consumers

A

Animals are consumers (heterotrophs) that is they
use the bodies of other organisms as a source of food
energy.
Consumers are further divided into;
- Primary Herbivores
- Secondary
- Tertiary
Carnivores or Omnivores
Carnivores or Omnivores

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29
Q

what is a decomposer?

A

decomposers breakdown organic material and use
the decomposition products to supply themselves with energy.

Without decomposers, important elements
such as potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus
would permanently remain in dead
organisms and therefore remain unavailable
for use by new generations of organisms

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30
Q

effects of natural changes on people and places (short term)

A
  • day to night
  • seasons
  • tides
  • flood
  • fire
  • drought
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31
Q

effects of natural changes on people and places (long term)

A
  • migration
  • climate change
  • succession
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32
Q

positive effects of fire

A
  • The intense heat of a fire is needed for some plant seeds to be released from their pods
  • Ash provides nutrients for new seeds
  • Encourages new growth that provides food for many animals
  • Creates hollows in logs and trees that can be used by animals for
    nesting and shelter.
  • After a fire more natural light reaches the forest floor and plants that have not been seen for some time can germinate from seed stored in the soil
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33
Q

negative effects of fire

A

Obvious ones such as loss of home for both humans and nature, flora and fauna dying through burning and suffocation, loss of habitats, shortage of food which leads to starvation etc

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34
Q

fire stick farming

A
  • Fire stick farming is the consistent and repeated use of fire to clear vegetation in a particular place/environment.
  • We tend to see the idea of lighting fires as destructive and scary but we do actually use fire as a management tool.
  • Native vegetation has a high fibre content and can decompose slowly, resulting in an accumulation of bushfire fuel. The high concentrations of oils in eucalypts, for example, adds flammability to the vegetation. So by burning areas off occasionally, we decrease the likelihood of a
    mass devastating fire occurring (wildfire).
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35
Q

indigenous communities and fire

A
  • Many indigenous communities in Australia practiced some form of fire stick farming.
  • They used fire in conjunction with their nomadic/semi nomadic movements. It seemed as though they would light fires as they moved from place to place
  • Constant use of fire kept the environments looking more like parks than the much dense bush we are familiar with today. This constant burning also made it easier to travel through the environment
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36
Q

what are wildfires?

A

A wildfire is a fire that starts, usually by
itself, in a wild area such as a forest,
and spreads rapidly, causing great
damage.

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37
Q

what are controlled (prescribed) burns?

A

Prescribed burns are part of the department’s
fire management program. Prescribed burning
is the controlled use of fire to a particular
area of landscape. The aim is to reduce fire
fuel hazards, manage native vegetation and
protected biodiversity in strategic areas of
Australia’s parks and reserves.

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38
Q

what is prescribed burning used for ?

A
  • the protection and maintenance of animal
    habitats (some species of native animals
    prefer regenerating vegetation after fire
    while others like long unburnt habitat.
    Prescribed burning manages the landscape
    so that there are a mix of habitats to
    conserve all species)
  • the regeneration of plant species and
    communities that are reliant on fire (Many
    native plants are reliant on fire for
    regeneration, and as a result many plants
    grow quickly after fire from either seed
    germination or re-sprouting buds from under
    their bark or roots)
  • improved biodiversity within parks and
    reserves.
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39
Q

land management

A

In Victoria the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) are responsible for the management of Victoria’s public land.

40
Q

features that define particular areas

A
  • landform
  • vegetation types
  • public and private land
  • types of parks and reserves
  • the use of management zones
41
Q

what is a landform?

A

Land-forming processes create delineations between areas ; this may take the form of a mountain range such as the Great Dividing Range, which
creates differing climatic conditions on either side of the range.

42
Q

what is native vegetaion?

A

native vegetations means plants like trees, shrubs, herbs, and grasses that would have grown naturally in Victoria before European arrival. it does not include plants that originate from other parts of Australia or from other countries.

43
Q

why is native vegetation important?

A

native vegetation provides ecological services, such as:
- providing habitat for plants and animals
- preventing land degradation, such as salinity and erosion
- minimising impacts of the greenhouse effect
- maintaining long-term productive capacity of land
- providing shade and shelter on farms, improving crop and stock productivity
- protecting water quality and, in some cases, how much water is available
- protecting water quality and, in some cases, how much water is available
Native vegetation also provides us opportunities for future use of genetic resources; and maintains our distinctive Australian landscape

44
Q

what is public land?

A

land vested in or owned by a minister, government department, public authority or municipal council.

45
Q

what is private land?

A

Private land means freehold land or an interest in land less than fee simple held from the State under another Act.

46
Q

what is protected land?

A

There is significant value to protecting land within
Victoria. Organisations like Trust for Nature do an
amazing job at protecting Victoria’s Private Land.
Trust for Nature work with private land owners to
protect, preserve, and create awareness surrounding
conservation values of (landowners) land.

47
Q

what are artistic understandings?

A

This refers to how Outdoor Environments were depicted by artists over time. Artists can represent painters, musicians, sculptors ect.

48
Q

john glover (painter)

A

Glover was one of the precursors of an Australian style of painting. He arrived in Tasmania from England in 1831. A talented landscape painter with a strong reputation in England (and France), Glover was never seen as an artist who ‘pushed the boundaries’.
While he was initially criticised for not paying close enough attention to the ‘local characteristics’, he did find an individuality in his work through the new landscapes and atmosphere of Tasmania.
His depiction of the Tasmanian light as bright and clear, was a departure from his European paintings and gave his paintings a true Australian quality.
His body of work made him a pioneer of landscape painting in Australia.

49
Q

musicians

A

More modern representations of understanding Outdoor Environments are depicted through artists such as:
- Midnight Oil
- Xavier Rudd
- John Butler
- Yothu Yindi
These artists tend to sing about the plight of the environment, and the impacts that have/could/will occur.
They also draw attention to environmental issues, demonstrating an understanding of the need for conservation (and its practices) and the adoption of sustainable practices in the protection of our
fragile environment.

50
Q

john butler

A

John Butler created the song “Kimberley” to make
a stand against the Western Australian
government gas company, Woolside, from building
a gas refinery in the Kimberley region.
This region holds great cultural significant to
indigenous Australians which would have been
destroyed along with the biodiversity of the area.

51
Q

what are perceptions?

A

How you view the land.

52
Q

what are interactions?

A

How you act in the outdoors.

53
Q

what are impacts?

A

The effect you have (you always have an effect, but should try to minimise it).

54
Q

what are relationships?

A

a combination of perceptions, interactions and impacts.

55
Q

indigenous perceptions

A

-They believe that they came from the earth and are
part of the land. This is confirmed in the ‘Dreaming’
stories of creation.
-They live at one with the land and are linked to the
land. They are part of the land and it’s part of them.
They don’t own it, they are custodians of it!
- The central focus of their existence is to care for the
land. This view/perception is referred to as
‘custodianship’ or ‘kinship’ (remember these terms).
They view the land as a mother.

56
Q

what is a nomadic lifestyle ? (indigenous interactions)

A

Indigenous Australians did not stay in one place,
they moved around depending on the weather and the seasons. They moved inland to hunt during the colder months and towards the coast to fish during the warmer months.

57
Q

what is hunter gathering? (indigenous interactions)

A

Refers to the practice of collecting food sources
through hunting and collection.

58
Q

what is fire stick farming? (indigenous interactions)

A

Refers to burning the undergrowth in an area and
flushing the animals out. It also aided in the regeneration of land and flora - fire is vital to the Australian landscape.

59
Q

impacts of indigenous interactions

A
  • Moving around did not use use up all the resources in one area
  • Allowed time for the environment to regenerate and grow
  • They only collected what they needed making it more sustainable
  • Hunter gathering does not require land to be cleared, unlike farming.
  • Fire stick farming worked like back burning. Meaning that it burnt the undergrowth which enhanced regrowth of vegetation.
  • Reduces the impact of natural fires when they come through as it reduced fuel sources and flammability of the soil.
60
Q

what is conservation?

A

Is the preservation, protection, management or
restoration of the natural environment.

61
Q

examples of conservation

A
  • Revegetation and Rehabilitation
  • Establishment of parks and reserves
  • Scientific investigation
  • Controlled burning
  • Community education
  • Implementation of management strategies (such as
    creation of walking tracks, designated camping areas)
62
Q

positive impacts of conservation

A
  • Preservation of sensitive vegetation.
  • Protection of areas of significant value (creation of State and National
    Parks).
  • Reduce erosion - due to creation of walkways, paths
  • Rehabilitation of areas - due to track closures
  • Reintroduction of species into areas they originally inhabited.
63
Q

negative impacts of conservation

A
  • Vegetation modification - due to controlled fire burning.
  • Land clearing due to conservation infrastructure - tracks, walkways, toilets, buildings.
  • Permanent structures - viewing platforms, information buildings, barriers/fences.
  • Disruption of habitats.
64
Q

what is a commercial activity?

A

Commercial activities result in profit or gain - utilising
the environment.

65
Q

examples of positive commercial activities

A

Include tourism practices, such as - surfing, rafting,
horse riding, and rock climbing. Can be positive through the use of education (of environments) by tourism providers.

66
Q

examples of negative commercial activities

A

Negative “commercial” practices - mining, game hunting, development, natural resource extraction. These are known as “Primary Industry” interactions.

67
Q

what is a recreational activities

A

Is any activity for enjoyment amusement of pleasure.
Can be undertaken as nature based or adventure based.

68
Q

examples of recreational activities

A
  • Hiking
  • Bush walking
  • Rock climbing
  • Snow shoeing
  • Surfing
  • Snorkelling
  • Camping
  • Four wheel driving
69
Q

positive impacts of recreational activities

A
  • Inspiration & Creativity - Artists, musicians and writers have all interacted with our outdoor environments and used them for inspiration.
  • Aesthetic value - the emotional responses we get from our interactions with the outdoors. How we feel from our connections with environments.
  • Education - occur through school or group trips. Also include the teachings of OES at Padua College. Learn about the environment and ways that we can protect and conserve it.
70
Q

what is urbanisation?

A

Urbanisation refers to the development of towns and
cities, and the increasing number of individuals that live in urban areas.
An additional component to urbanisation - is the
movement of people from rural to metro areas.

71
Q

what is urban sprawl?

A

Describes expansion of human populations away from central urban areas such as cities into low-density rural areas.

72
Q

what is urban planning?

A

Urban planning ensures municipal development is delivered in a way which is sustainable and liveable communities.

73
Q

what is a 20 minute neighbourhood? (urban planning)

A
  • Gives residents access to shops, schools, parks and jobs within 20 minutes of their home.
  • Pedestrian friendly and housing close to public transport.
74
Q

positive impacts of urbanisation

A

Preservation of habitats due to parks and reserves.

75
Q

negative impacts of urbanisation

A
  • habitat damage due to building of roads, etc
  • decline in biodiversity
  • introduced weeds and feral animals
  • soil degradation : compaction and erosion
  • pollution of environment: air, water, land,
  • soil contamination :
    detergents, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides.
76
Q

what is ecological footprint?

A

the impact of a person or community on
the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

77
Q

what is integrated farming?

A

An approach to farming combining tradition methods with modern technology to achieve higher levels of productivity without increasing the environmental impact.

78
Q

what is community based environmental action?

A

Human Impacts can be large scale (eg. deforestation,
burning of fossil fuels), and/or small scale (littering,
walking off tracks, animal litter).
Overall these Community-Based actions - are a reminder for us to live in a more sustainable way, and provide awareness of having a positive impact on our own environments.

79
Q

examples of community based environmental action

A

tree planting, litter removal, counting native species, refusing to use plastic shopping bags (SA), and walking on designated walking paths.

80
Q

examples of community based approaches

A
  • Conservation Covenants - Trust For Nature
  • Planet Ark National Tree Day
  • Clean Up Australia Day
  • Coast care
81
Q

what is trust for nature?

A

Is a not for profit organisation that has the objective of reducing environmental impacts through adopting policies, setting targets and developing environmental management strategies to achieve specific goals.
- They work in co-operation with Private Land Owners.
- Trust for nature is made up of 60 staff and 10 board
members.

82
Q

what do trust for nature do?

A
  • Trust for nature manages permanent, legally binding
    agreements placed on a properties title to ensure that native vegetation on the property is protected forever.
  • The agreement is voluntary (you can’t be forced to do it) and is negotiated between Trust For Nature and the land owner.
  • The agreements are referred to as ‘Covenants’
83
Q

what does technology refer to?

A
  • machinery (associated with farming, agriculture, mining, forestry,
  • water harvesting, and other commercial enterprises)
    transportation (cars, buses, planes, boats, hovercraft, snow/sand transport vehicles)
  • infrastructure (associated with recreation and industry)
  • communication devices (radios, mobile and smartphones, EPIRBs)
  • navigational devices (GPSs and PNDs - personal/portable navigation devices)
    -specialised equipment (canoes, mountain bike frames, climbing ropes, tents, PFDs - personal floatation devices)
    -materials and clothing (Gore-tex, Smartwool, and other synthetic
    fabrics)
84
Q

what is a direct impact?

A

Direct impacts are those caused by the action and
occur at the same time and place, usually observable.

85
Q

what is an indirect impact?

A

Indirect or deferred impacts are those that are
caused by the action, but not immediately. They
happen before an event, or later in time but are still
reasonably foreseeable.

86
Q

direct impacts of snow making

A
  • Depletion of water sources in order to make fake snow. This negatively impacts the flora and fauna which depend on the water source.
  • Land clearing required for trucks to enter alpine areas.
  • The snow season is extended placing extra strain on the environment with little time to regenerate.
  • Man made snow is waterproof unlike normal snow which results in increased erosion.
  • Bird communities are being impacted as their habitat is being altered.
87
Q

indirect impacts of snow making

A
  • Large amounts of energy are required to produce artificial snow and fossil fuels are burnt, which results in pollution of air, water and ecosystems.
  • Snow machines are large and costly, manufacturing these can alter ecosystems and landscapes.
  • Snow making generally occurs when water levels are low, meaning water has to be transported to mountains. This transportation uses a lot of energy burning fuel which pollutes the environment.
  • Increased energy consumption on the mountain from diesel generators as the snow season is extended (means increase power consumption,
    pollution and other associated impacts).
  • Putting in place snow marking machinery can alter landscapes, and modify/change surrounding ecosystems.
88
Q

direct impacts of fuel stoves

A
  • Contributes to atmospheric pollution
  • Reduces the need to burn timber
  • Fossil fuels are being used to run the stove
  • Doesn’t cause fire scars - soil is not damaged
  • There is no need for timber in the bush to be burnt (consume wood resources)
  • Doesn’t reduce biomass in an area that is needed to support habitats (wood fires do this)
89
Q

indirect impacts of fuel stoves

A
  • Requires fuel that needs to be sourced and refined
  • Manufacturing requires a lot of energy
  • Manufacturing requires material from the earths surface to be sourced, in order for the production phase to occur (metals, plastics, paint).
  • Transportation is another negative to this impact of this product (stove). Products need to be transported (by vehicle) to stores all around the world, and this produces harmful emissions (carbon
    dioxide). Often products will even be sent from stores via other forms of transport from the store to reach the customer
90
Q

direct impacts of wetsuits

A
  • Microfibres from the wetsuits - are a key source of microplastics in our ocean
  • Internal liners of wetsuits shed fibres while wearing in the ocean - leading to the increased amount of microplastic
  • Patagonia’s neoprene free wetsuits - are an more
    environmentally friendly alternative - made from natural materials.
91
Q

indirect impacts of wetsuits

A
  • Product is made from a neoprene foam - an unpleasant rubber made from petroleum
  • The process of producing neoprene requires a lot of energy
  • Oil based neoprene - is sourced from a vast of oil drilling and transportation (non-renewable)
  • Limestone based neoprene - involves mining to great depths (non- renewable)
  • Old wetsuits create a cycle and build up of non-biodegradable waste
  • Producing neoprene contributes to climate change and that the toxic gasses emitted in the chemical processing plants cause cancer
  • Patagonia creates renewable natural rubber wetsuits from hevea trees
92
Q

direct impacts of tents

A
  • Camping on sensitive and fragile ground means that these areas will not recover quickly, such as: native grasses, soft plants, muddy sites, and/or fragile soil layers
  • Soil erosion can easily occur - so choose durable surfaces to set up tents. Eg. rock, sand, dry grass, or tent platforms.
  • Using already made tent sites supports the surrounding environment - and follows the “Leave no Trace” principle. Stay within the boundaries too.
  • Spreading tents out across sites - widens the impact, and makes it easier for the environment to recover after use (instead of setting up heaps of tents within the same area).
93
Q

indirect impacts of tents

A
  • Manufacturing requires a lot of energy - a 3.5kg tent could emit as much as 25kg of carbon dioxide, and contains approximately 8,750 straws worth of plastic.
  • Manufacturing requires material from the earths surface to be sourced, in order for the production phase to occur (metals, plastics, paint).
  • Cheap tents are often made out of polyester or nylon with a coating of silicone or acrylic polyurethane, with poles made of carbon fibre and
    pegs made of aluminium. Synthetic fibres such as nylon and polyester are polymers derived from fossil fuels and generally do not biodegrade.
  • Synthetic material tents shed microplastics - which can end up in soil, waterways, and impact fauna.
  • When tents are damaged, instead of being fixed - most end up in landfill. A large amount of waste after festivals is made up of basic tents.
94
Q

direct impacts of transport

A
  • habitat destruction / fragmentation
  • increased stormwater runoff that pollutes waterways
  • disruption to fauna
  • increased noise pollution
95
Q

indirect impacts of transport

A
  • increased motor vehicle exhaust emissions - which can lead to further/future environmental pollution
  • more land development and urbanisation, as more people are attracted to the area due to improved access.
96
Q
A

OUTDOOR ED 1 2 (2 decks)

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