Exam

Question 1

Ingroup

Answer 1

Group under investigation in a cladistic analysis

Question 2

Sister groups

Answer 2

Two taxa more closely related than either is to a third taxon

Question 3

Outgroup

Answer 3

Used for comparison

Question 4

Parsimony

Answer 4

Given a choice between two explanations, choose the simplest which requires the fewest assumptions

Question 5

Cladistics

Answer 5

A method of classification that groups taxa hierarchically into nested sets

Question 6

Synapomorphies

Answer 6

Shared characters that indicate a common evolutionary origin

Question 7

Phenotypic plasticity

Answer 7

The ability to respond phenotypically to changes in the environment

Question 8

Advantages of molecular data

Answer 8

Character numbers, discrete states, genetic basis of most molecular characters known, wide range of substitution rates

Question 9

Advantages of morphological data

Answer 9

More thorough sampling, fossils

Question 10

Unique character in Plantago

Answer 10

Parallel venation

Question 11

Theorized role of shiny, entire leaves with drip tip in tropics

Answer 11

Lets water run off the prevent growth of algae, moss, etc.

Question 12

Disc floret

Answer 12

Radial bisexual flower with five connate petals with short lobes

Question 13

Ray floret

Answer 13

Bilateral and sterile or carpellate flower with a flat corolla and 2-3 apical lobes or teeth

Question 14

Ligulate floret

Answer 14

Bilateral bisexual flower with a flat corolla and 5 apical lobes or teeth

Question 15

Pappus

Answer 15

Reduced, modified calyx that make take the form of hairs, bristles, etc. used for seed dispersal

Question 16

Chaff

Answer 16

Collective term for receptacle bracts that subtend florets in some Asteraceae

Question 17

Resupinate

Answer 17

Flower begins growing at top and twists 180 degrees towards ground

Question 18

Difference between Juncus and Luzula

Answer 18

Seeds numerous per capsule in Juncus, three per capsule in Luzula

Question 19

Eleocharis

Answer 19

Single spike/spikelet, tubercule, and bristles in Cyperaceae

Question 20

Androgynous vs gynaecandrous

Answer 20

Male flowers vs female flowers on top in Cyperaceae

Question 21

Auricle

Answer 21

Leaf base where two leaves reach around culm in Poaceae

Question 22

Ligule

Answer 22

Tiny flap of hair or membrane rising from top of leaf blade where it joins the sheath in Poaceae

Question 23

Lodicule

Answer 23

Structures that inflate and deflate with water to open a floret

Question 24

Classifications should be…

Answer 24

Easy to use, stable, an aid to memory, predictive, and concise

Question 25

Englerian system

Answer 25

Primitive flowers apetalous and unisexual, pollinated by wind

Question 26

Besseyian system

Answer 26

Primitive flowers polypetalous with many free, equal parts, bisexual, pollinated by insects

Question 27

Current hypothesis of archaic flower traits

Answer 27

Perianth with tepals, low but variable number of parts, imperfect angiospermy

Question 28

Hypothesized most basal angiosperm

Answer 28

Amborella trichopoda

Question 29

Difference in ovule in rosids vs asterids

Answer 29

Two integuments vs one integument

Question 30

Floristic realms

Answer 30

Try to account for evolutionary relationships over large areas and related to historical factors

Question 31

Plant hardiness zones

Answer 31

Correlate with length of growing season (water not frozen)

Question 32

Deciduous forest species

Answer 32

Plantanus occidentalis, Magnolia acuminata

Question 33

Great Lakes St. Lawrence species

Answer 33

Pinus strobus, Acer saccharum

Question 34

Acadian species

Answer 34

Picea rubens, Abies balsamea

Question 35

Boreal forest species

Answer 35

Pinus banksiana

Question 36

Boreal forest and barren species

Answer 36

Picea mariana, Populus balsamifera