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1
Q

metagenomics

A

what is there

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2
Q

metatranscriptomics

A

what they are doing

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3
Q

metaproteomics

A

what they are doing and for what purpose

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4
Q

metabonomics

A

what they leave behind

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5
Q

bioinformaticians

A

dry lab researchers, computers and data

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6
Q

holger jannasch

A

discovered unculturable marine biology

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7
Q

humus

A

substance left over after organisms undergo long process of decomposition, top few inches of soil

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8
Q

streptomyces

A

smell of soil, major genus of soil bacteria, diversity of antibiotics

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9
Q

streptococcus mutans

A

bacteria in tooth enamel

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10
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

factory for lymphoid cells

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11
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

stations for antigen encounters

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12
Q

3 complement activation pathways

A

classical, lectin, alternative

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13
Q

TLR1

A

lipopeptides, bacteria

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14
Q

TLR2

A

glycolipids, lipoteichoic acids, bacteria

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15
Q

TLR3

A

double stranded RNA, viruses

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16
Q

TLR4

A

lipopolysaccharide, heat shock proteins, bacteria

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17
Q

TLR5

A

flagellin, bacteria

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18
Q

TLR6

A

diacyl lipopeptides, mycoplasma

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19
Q

TLR9

A

unmethylated CpG residues in DNA, bacteria

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20
Q

NOD1

A

component of G- peptidoglycan, G- bacteria

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21
Q

NOD2

A

peptidoglycan component, bacteria

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22
Q

NLRP-3

A

peptidoglycan, bacteria

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23
Q

NLRP-4

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A

flagellin, CpG, ATP, dsRNA, bacteria

24
Q

inflammasome

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A

protein complex allows rapid secretion of cytokines

25
immunogenicity
effectiveness at which an antigen elicits and immune response
26
influenza A
most common, pregnant and elderly most susceptible
27
influenza B
narrower range than A, can be serious but mutates slowly
28
influenza C
narrower range than A, mostly mild and doesn't spread easily
29
influenza D
never detected in humans, swine or cattle
30
H7N9
very serious, currently only transmissible bird-person
31
virion structure
no capsid, shell of matric proteins surround 8 RNA fragments, matric surrounded by envelope
32
viral envelope proteins
hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) stud surface of virus
33
8 negative sense RNA segments
coated in nucleocapsid proteins, each encodes 1 protein, undergo splicing to encode 2 further proteins
34
RNA dependent RNA polymerase complex
enzyme that catalyzes the transcription of the viral genome
35
each host cell can produce
10,000 virions
36
segmented genome
allow for re-assortment of genetic information generating new strains more quickly
37
hemagglutinin
18 subtypes, forms trimer complex with N-terminal fusion peptide
38
hemagglutinin fusion to host cell
C-terminal binds to host cell sialic acid receptor, triggers uptake of virion by endocytosis, endocytic vesicle exposes N-terminal fusion
39
neuraminidase
cuts virion loose from host glycoproteins to release into extracellular space, 11 variants
40
drifting
ability of influenza to mutate, usually caused by RNA replication errors in HA/NA
41
shifting
change in structure of virus, can be caused by jumping of virus into new species or reassortment of genes from 2 viruses
42
biofilms
complex communities of microbes surrounded in a sticky extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrix
43
trapped in EPS
bacterial secreted proteins and extracellular DNA
44
how are biofilms formed
1. attachment of planktonic bacteria 2. bacteria form microcolonies 3. EPS secretion 4. biofilm maturation 5. dissolution and dispersal
45
quorum sensing
process of assessing bacterial density, uses signaling molecules (autoinducers)
46
fungi cell wall
glucans and chitin
47
fungi cell membrane
ergosterol, similar to animal cholesterol
48
saprotrophs
decomposers of organic matter
49
mycelium
mass of hyphae
50
yeast
unicellular, grows via budding, some form hyphae
51
group I double stranded DNA
uses its own or host DNA polymerase for replication
52
group II single stranded DNA
requires DNA polymerase
53
group III double stranded RNA
requires RNA dependent RNA polymerase
54
group IV + single stranded RNA
requires RdRp to make template for mRNA and replication
55
group V - single stranded RNA
requires RdRp to make mRNA and replicate it
56
group VI retrovirus
packages its own reverse transcriptase to make dsDNA
57
group VII double stranded DNA pararetrovirus
requires plant host reverse transcriptase to make dsDNA

Microbiology (3 decks)

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