Midterm 1 Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
miasma theory
A
theory that diseases were caused by bad air, until 19th century
2
Q
bubonic plague
A
spread by fleas and rodents, infection in the lymph nodes
3
Q
small pox
A
skin lesions, highly contagious, airborne
4
Q
Cholera
A
infection of small intestine, contaminated food/water
5
Q
robert hooke
A
first compound microscope, first to see and record eukaryotic microbes
6
Q
antonie van leeuwenhoek
A
magnifying glasses up to 500x, first to observe single cell organisms
7
Q
spontaneous generation
A
theory that living creatures could arise from non living matter
8
Q
germ theory
A
some diseases are caused by microorganisms
9
Q
florence nightingale
A
founder of professional nursing and medical statistics, convinced british government to take better care of soldiers
10
Q
louis pasteur
A
showed microbes fail to appear spontaneously using swan necked flasks, first artificial vaccine against anthrax
11
Q
robert koch
A
founder of scientific method of microbiology
12
Q
koch’s postulates
A
- the microbe is found in all cases of the disease
- microbe is isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture
- when microbe is introduced to health host same disease occurs
- same strain of microbe is obtained from newly diseased host
13
Q
julius petri
A
contributor to koch’s work, developed petri dish
14
Q
angelina and walter hess
A
contributor to koch’s work, first to develop solid medium to culture bacteria
15
Q
joseph lister
A
discovered gangrene and death after surgery were due to infection, made surgeons wash hands and wear gloves
16
Q
edward jenner
A
created concept of vaccines and created first vaccine ever for smallpox
17
Q
carl woese
A
studied microbes adapted to life in extreme conditions, named it archaea
18
Q
alexander fleming
A
discovered first effective antibiotic, named it penicillin
19
Q
infection and diseases concerns
A
- microbial resistance
- changing susceptibilities (compromised immune systems)
- population density
- climate change
20
Q
AMR crisis
A
antimicrobial drug resistance, caused by increase in antibiotic usage and bacteria/viruses mutate much faster than humans
21
Q
endosymbiont theory
A
theory to explain origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms
22
Q
first endosymbiotic event
A
prokaryotic organism consumed aerobic bacteria that evolved into mitochondria, made heterotrophic eukaryotes
23
Q
second endosymbiotic event
A
prokaryotic organism consumed photosynthetic bacteria that evolved into chloroplasts, made phototrophic eukaryotes
24
Q
phototrophic
A
uses visible light as primary source of energy, autotrophs and heterotrophs
25
chemotrophs
obtain energy from CO2 and other inorganic sources
26
carolus linnaeus
creates taxonomy, system for naming and classifying organisms
27
Svedberg units
if 16S rna has 95% similarity organisms are same genus
28
bacteria
prokaryotic, nearly every habitat, most are harmless or beneficial, cell walls of peptidoglycan
29
coccus
round shape, 200µm
30
bacillus
thick tube shape
31
vibrio
thin curved tube shape
32
coccobacillus
round oval shape, 2µm
33
spirillum
thick slight corkscrew shape
34
spirochete
thin corkscrew shape, 500µm
35
archaea
prokaryotic, found almost anywhere, many extremophiles, no known human pathogens, cell walls of pseudopeptidoglycan
36
protists
eukaryotic, not plants animals or fungi, massive subcategory
37
algae
protist, uni or multicellular, wide appearance variety, cell walls of cellulose, photosynthetic
38
protozoa
protists, move with cilia or flagella, some photosynthetic, parasitic or pathogenic
39
fungi
eukaryotic, uni or multicellular, non photosynthetic, cell walls of chitin, yeasts and molds
40
yeast
unicellular, food production and safety
41
molds/filamentous fungi
multicellular, critical role in decomposition and pharmaceuticals
42
viruses
acellular (cannot replicate themselves), proteins and genetic material, requires host cell
43
microscopy
field using microscopes to view object not visible to naked eye
44
resolution requirements
contrast, wavelength, magnification
45
light interactions
absorption, reflection, refraction, scattering
46
light microscopy
resolves images according to light absorption, bright field, dark field, phase-contrast and fluorescence
47
electron microscopy
uses beams of electrons to resolve smaller details, smaller than wavelengths of visible light
48
atomic force microscopy
uses intermolecular forces to map 3D features of cell
49
x-ray crystallography
detects interference patterns of x-rays entering the crystal lattice of a molecule
50
oil immersion microscopy
putting drop of oil between lens and object to minimize loss of refracted light and increase resolution
51
resolution
ability to distinguish between 2 separate points
52
contrast
difficult to distinguish small structures in microorganisms due to transparency, increasing contrast allows detection of these
53
magnification
ability of lens to enlarge object
54
numerical aperture
tells resolution, higher NA higher resolution
55
bright field microscopy
most common, object appears as dark silhouette, resolution limit ~1000x
56
wet mount
observe microbes by placing in a drop of water and adding a coverslip
57
simple stain
bright field, adds dark color to cell but not surrounding tissue
58
differential stain
bright field, stains one type of cell but not another
59
gram positive stain
differential stain, purple color because of thicker cell walls
60
gram negative stain
differential stain, pink/red color
61
acid fast staining
differentiates two types of gram positive cells, those with waxy mycolic acids in cell walls and those without, pink and blue
62
capsule/negative staining
stains surrounding media but not the capsule
63
endospore staining
structures that allow bacteria to survive harsh conditions, highly resistant to normal staining, method used to detect their presence
64
phase-contrast microscopy
exploits difference in refractive index between cytoplasm and surrounding medium or different organelles
65
fluorescence microscopy
specimen absorbs light of defined wavelength and emits light of lower energy
66
autofluorescence
cell components that naturally fluoresce under specific light wavelengths, no stain required
67
fluorophores
fluorescent compounds or proteins that can fluoresce
68
immunofluorescence
used to identify disease causing microbes by observing whether fluorescent antibodies bind to them
69
electron microscopy
uses beams of electrons instead of light for visualization, up to 100,000x
70
scanning electron microscope
creates image by detecting reflected electrons
71
transmission electron microscope
uses electrons that are passing through thin sections of sample to create a image
72
essential macronutrients
C N P H O S Mg2+ Fe2+ K+ Ca+ Na+
73
essential micronutrients
Co2+ Cu+ Mn2+ Mo2+ Ni2+ Zn2+
74
anabolism
build molecules, endergonic reactions requires energy
75
metabolism
catabolism + anabolism
76
catabolism
breakdown molecules, exergonic reactions releases energy
77
autotroph
organism that can produce its own food for energy
78
heterotroph
organism that consumes other plants or animals for energy
79
nitrogen fixers
diazotrophs, converts inorganic nitrogen N2 to ammonium NH4+
80
binary fission
vertical gene transfer, parent cell increases in size then splits into 2 equal daughter cells, formation of division septum by FtsZ proteins
81
budding
asymmetrical bacteria division
82
binary fission equation
Nf=Nox2^n
83
obligately symbiotic
cannot grow/survive separated from their partners, therefore we cannot grow pur culture in a lab
84
intracellular parasites
evolved to live inside other cells
85
liquid culture media
cells are in suspension, pure culture and large number of cells
86
solid media culture media
solidified with agar, grow as colony forming units, used to separate bacteria in sample and obtain a pure culture
87
complex/rich media
nutrient rich
88
minimal defined media
obtain only essential nutrients for growth of a microbe
89
enriched media
complex media, specific factors are added that the microbe needs to grow but is incapable of making itself
90
selective media
favor the growth of one organism over another
91
differential media
use media to reveal differences between two species that grow equally well, ex. adding dyes
92
dilution streaking
sterilized loop and the process we did in lab
93
spread plates
dilute liquid culture, select plates with ~30-300 cfus and calculate bacteria in original sample
94
optical density (OD)
measurement of the degree of light scattering caused by bacteria within a culture
95
batch liquid culture
flask in a closed system where media and nutrients are not replenished
96
microbial growth cycle
measured as OD or cell counts per time, 4 phases of growth
lag, log, stationary, death
97
lag phase
cells take time to adjust to growth conditions, bacteria is maturing and not yet dividing
98
exponential log phase
cells doubling at fastest rate, 2 sub phases early and late
99
stationary phase
growth plateaus due to depletion of nutrients and/or formation of inhibitory product
100
death phase
toxic byproducts and/or lack of nutrients causes cells to die off
101
chemostat
creates continuous culture system by adding/removing equal amounts of culture medium
102
basic prokaryotic cell structure
cytoplasm and cytoplasmic membrane, no mitochondria, nucleoid (packaged chromosomes), cell wall, flagellum
103
atrichous
no flagella
104
monotrichous
one flagella
105
amphitrichous
2 flagella, one from each end
106
petritrichous
multiple flagella, all directions
107
lophotrichous
multiple flagella from one end
108
cephalotrichous
multiple flagella specifically from each end
109
pili
prokaryotic structure, small hair like structure for attachment and exchange of genetic material (conjugation)
110
fibriae
prokaryotic structure, shorter versions of pili, common for adhesion
111
stalks
prokaryotic structure, attachment to organelles, anchors cell in environment to grow
112
planktonic cells
single cells that travel away from original location
113
prokaryotic genetic material
chromosomes and plasmids
114
plasmids
extra-chromosomal DNA, replicate autonomously, contains additional genetic info not required for everyday function
115
horizontal gene transfer
transfer of genes between organisms outside of typical reproduction, only prokaryotes
116
genetic diversification
specific to bacteria, necessary due to asexual reproduction
117
transformation
cells uptake DNA from environment
118
transduction
DNA transfer through bacteriophages that infect bacteria
119
conjugation
direct transfer of DNA between bacteria through pili
120
fluid mosaic model
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, prevents free movement, proteins facilitate transfer
121
amphipathic
phospholipids, hydrophilic head on outside and hydrophobic tails on inside
122
saturated lipids
melt at high temps, increase rigidity, common at high temps
123
unsaturated lipids
lower melting point, increase fluidity, compress together at low temps increasing rigidity
124
planar molecules
fill gaps in membrane structure, sterols in eukaryotic and hopanoids in bacteria
125
archaea membrane
long chains with side chains, ether bond joins lipid tails, some have monolayer to make it more rigid
126
bacteria membrane
straight chains of fatty acids with no branches, ester bond join tails
127
prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane
diffusion barrier and facilitates transport, Thin lipid bilayer that separates internal and external environment, anchor proteins, site of proton motive force
128
cell envelope
protective layer and structural support
129
gram positive bacteria
thick cell wall, multi layers of peptidoglycan, threaded by teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids to increase support, more susceptible to cell wall attacks and antibiotics
130
gram negative bacteria
thin cell wall, two membranes separated by periplasm, thin PD layer of 1-2 sheets, transmembrane protein porin allows molecules to diffuse, outer membrane of LPS
131
mycobacteria
complex multilayered cell wall, rich in mycolic acids, waxy mycomembrane
132
peptidoglycan
specific to bacteria cell wall, withstand osmotic pressure, target for antibiotics
133
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
gram negative, endotoxin, harmless when pathogen is intact but become toxic when immune response is activated
134
S layer
in most prokaryotic cell walls, monomolecular layer of proteins that encloses whole cell
135
archaeal cell wall
pseuopeptidoglycan, S layer, NAT, methanochondroitin
136
capsule
exterior cell wall add on in gram positive or negative, protection
137
cyanobacteria
oxygenic (produces oxygen), photoautotrophic, thylakoids conduct photosynthesis, carboxysomes fix carbon, gas vesicles, fix N2 in hetrocysts
138
thylakoids
gram negative, photosynthetic, packed with chlorophyll
139
carboxysomes
gram negatives, fix CO2
140
gas vesicles
allows microbes to float, aquatic phototrophs and some heterotrophs
141
hyperthermophile
above 80C
142
thermophile
between 50C and 80C
143
mesophile
between 15C and 45C
144
psychrophile
below 15C
145
alkaliphile
above pH 9
146
neutralophile
between pH 5 and 8
147
acidophile
below pH 3
148
halophile
high salt
149
halotolerant
high salt not required but can grow in it
150
aerobe
only grows in O2
151
facultative anaerobe
can grow with or without O2 ability to combat ROS, all forms or respiration
152
anaerobe
only grows without O2
153
microaerophile
needs low amounts of O2, cannot perform anaerobic respiration, ROS defense system not strong
154
barophile
high pressure
155
barotolerant
lower pressure
156
aerotolerant anaerobes
can grow in any oxygen level but does not need it, only performs fermentation
157
aerobic respiration
uses ETC and ATP synthase to make ATP, O2 is final electron acceptor, reactive oxygen species
158
anaerobic respiration
fermentation, glycolysis to make ATP, any other molec is final electron acceptor, cannot tolerate O2
159
proteobacteria
alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, all share common structure, diverse metabolism
160
alphaproteobacteria
endosymbionts (live in other plant cells), nitrogen fixers, rod shaped with aerobic metabolism
161
gammaproteobacteria
enteric (live in humans) so many pathogens, gram negative rods with flagella, facultative anaerobes but only fermentation
162
bacteroidetes
non-spore forming, gram negative rods, aerobic and anearobic, ~25% of gut microbiome
163
firmicutes
gram positive, rod shaped, endospores
164
non spore forming firmicutes
staphylococcus and streptococcus
165
euryarchaeota
syperphyla of archaea, most divergent
166
methanogens
euryarchaeota, key role in ecosystems for anaerobic removal of H2, produces methane
