Exam

Question 1

Who proposed the continental drift hypothesis?

Answer 1

Alfred Wegener in 1915

Question 2

What supercontinent did Wegener propose existed 200 million years ago?

Answer 2

Pangaea

Question 3

What evidence supported the continental drift hypothesis?

Answer 3

Continental fit, fossil similarity, geological and structural similarities, paleoclimate data

Question 4

Who proposed the theory of seafloor spreading?

Answer 4

Harry Hess in 1960

Question 5

Who unified continental drift and seafloor spreading into Plate Tectonics Theory?

Answer 5

Tuzo Wilson in 1967

Question 6

How many major tectonic plates are there?

Answer 6

Seven

Question 7

What does a tectonic plate include?

Answer 7

Continental and oceanic crust

Question 8

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

Answer 8

Divergent, Convergent, Transform

Question 9

What is formed at divergent boundaries?

Answer 9

New lithosphere, such as mid-ocean ridges

Question 10

What occurs at convergent boundaries?

Answer 10

Subduction, mountain formation, trenches

Question 11

What are transform boundaries?

Answer 11

Where plates slide past each other without creating or destroying lithosphere

Question 12

What geological discipline studies crustal deformation?

Answer 12

Structural geology

Question 13

What is stress in geology?

Answer 13

Force acting on a rock to change its shape or volume

Question 14

What is strain?

Answer 14

Deformation resulting from stress

Question 15

What are the three main types of stress?

Answer 15

Compression, Tension, Shear

Question 16

What are the three types of deformation?

Answer 16

Elastic, Ductile, Brittle

Question 17

Which deformation is reversible?

Answer 17

Elastic deformation

Question 18

Which deformation results in folding?

Answer 18

Ductile deformation

Question 19

Which deformation results in fracturing?

Answer 19

Brittle deformation

Question 20

What factors affect how rocks deform?

Answer 20

Environmental conditions, mineral composition, and time

Question 21

What is a fault?

Answer 21

A fracture with displacement

Question 22

What is a joint?

Answer 22

A fracture with no displacement

Question 23

What type of fault forms due to tension?

Answer 23

Normal fault

Question 24

What type of fault forms due to compression?

Answer 24

Reverse or thrust fault

Question 25

What type of fault forms due to shear stress?

Answer 25

Strike-slip fault

Question 26

What structure is formed by multiple normal faults?

Answer 26

Horst and Graben

Question 27

What is a thrust fault?

Answer 27

A low-angle reverse fault (<45°)

Question 28

What major structure do thrust faults contribute to?

Answer 28

Mountain ranges like the Pyrenees

Question 29

What is a transform fault?

Answer 29

A strike-slip fault that offsets mid-ocean ridges

Question 30

What are joints often filled with?

Answer 30

Minerals, forming veins

Question 31

What is a fold?

Answer 31

Bending of rock layers due to ductile deformation and compressional stress

Question 32

What are the parts of a fold?

Answer 32

Limbs, hinge line, axial plane, axis

Question 33

What is a plunging fold?

Answer 33

A fold where the hinge line is not horizontal

Question 34

What are symmetrical, asymmetrical, and overturned folds?

Answer 34

Types of folds based on limb angles

Question 35

What is a nappe?

Answer 35

A large overthrust fold or recumbent fold moved kilometers from origin

Question 36

What are mixed structures in tectonics?

Answer 36

Associations of folds and faults like fault-bend folds and nappes

Question 37

What is the crystalline basement?

Answer 37

Metamorphic or igneous rock beneath sedimentary layers

Question 38

What is the sedimentary cover?

Answer 38

Younger sedimentary layers overlying the basement

Question 39

What is the Germanic deformation style?

Answer 39

Extensional, fault-dominated

Question 40

What is the Jurassic deformation style?

Answer 40

Thin-skinned, affects only sedimentary cover

Question 41

What is the Alpine deformation style?

Answer 41

Thick-skinned, with folds, nappes, and thrust faults

Question 42

Name a mountain range with Alpine style deformation.

Answer 42

The Alps or Pyrenees

Question 43

What kind of stress causes folds?

Answer 43

Compressional stress

Question 44

What is a hinge line in a fold?

Answer 44

Line of maximum curvature

Question 45

What is an axial plane?

Answer 45

Imaginary plane through hinge lines

Question 46

What is a geologic structure from shear stress?

Answer 46

Strike-slip fault

Question 47

What is a geologic structure from compressional stress?

Answer 47

Reverse fault or fold

Question 48

What causes ductile deformation?

Answer 48

Slow and continuous stress over time

Question 49

What geological map resource shows stress patterns?

Answer 49

World Stress Map