Exam 1a - Lecture 1 (through pg 28) Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
the study of the morphology of those structures that make up an organism. It is a
diverse area of study that consists of many subdivisions.
A
ANATOMY
2
Q
the study of cells, tissues, and organs as
viewed with a light, electron, or scanning microscope.
A
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
3
Q
the study of the cellular and
structural changes occurring during the growth and development of an organism.
A
DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY
4
Q
the macroscopic study of structures with the aid of dissection.
A
GROSS ANATOMY
5
Q
the microscopic and macroscopic study of the nervous system.
A
NEUROANATOMY
6
Q
the study of the microscopic and macroscopic
morphology as it relates to the functions or processes of an organism.
A
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
7
Q
the microscopic and macroscopic study and identification of diseases.
A
PATHOLOGY
8
Q
the application of gross anatomy to surgical procedures and interventions.
A
SURGICAL ANATOMY
9
Q
the study and identification of structures visible or palpable on the outside surface of an organism.
A
SURFACE ANATOMY
10
Q
ANATOMICAL POSITION
A
standing with the torso straight, the head facing straight forward, the arms at the sides of the
body with the palms of the hand facing forward, the legs straight and together, and the feet
parallel or slightly toed out.
11
Q
ANTERIOR
A
toward the front of the body, forward, opposite of posterior (dorsal).
12
Q
POSTERIOR
A
toward the back, behind, backward, opposite of anterior.
13
Q
VENTRAL
A
toward the abdomen, toward the front of the body, same as anterior in the anatomical position, opposite of dorsal.
14
Q
DORSAL
A
toward the back or vertebral column, same as posterior in the anatomical position, opposite of ventral.
15
Q
SUPERIOR
A
upward, above something else, opposite inferior.
16
Q
INFERIOR
A
downward, below something else, opposite of superior.
17
Q
CRANIAL
A
toward the head, same as superior in the anatomical position, opposite of caudal.
18
Q
CAUDAL
A
toward the end of the spine, toward the tail bone (coccyx), same as inferior in the anatomical position, opposite cranial.
19
Q
MEDIAL
A
toward the midline, commonly used in reference to another structure.
20
Q
LATERAL
A
away from the midline, commonly used in reference to another structure.
21
Q
PROXIMAL
A
point nearest the trunk, near the start or origin of a structure, opposite of distal.
22
Q
DISTAL
A
point away from the trunk, away from the origin or start of structure, opposite of proximal.
23
Q
SUPINE
A
lying face up, hands positioned palms up, opposite of prone.
24
Q
PRONE
A
lying face down, hands positioned palms down, opposite of supine.
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on one side.
UNILATERAL
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on both sides.
BILATERAL
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on the same side.
IPSILATERAL
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on the opposite side.
CONTRALATERAL
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below the surface, underneath another structure, opposite of superficial.
DEEP
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pertaining to the surface, near or at the surface, opposite of deep.
SUPERFICIAL
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toward or near the middle of a body or structure, opposite of peripheral.
CENTRAL
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away from the center, towards the periphery, opposite of central.
PERIPHERAL
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toward the interior of an organ, structure or cavity, inside, enclosed by other structures.
INTERNAL
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toward the exterior of an organ, structure or cavity, outside.
EXTERNAL
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pertaining to the wall of a cavity.
PARIETAL
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pertaining to internal organs lying in a cavity.
VISCERAL
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pertaining to the body or trunk or to the structure of the body wall, opposite of visceral.
SOMATIC
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SAGITTAL PLANES (YZ plane)
divide the body into right and left parts.
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MID-SAGITTAL or MEDIAN SAGITTAL PLANE
lies on the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left halves
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PARASAGITTAL PLANES
divide the body into unequal right and left parts.
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FRONTAL or CORONAL PLANES (XY plane)
divide the body into front and back parts and may be located anywhere between the front and back limits of the body.
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TRANSVERSE or HORIZONTAL PLANES (XZ plane)
divide the body into upper and lower parts and may lie anywhere between the top of the head and the bottom of the feet.
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LONGITUDINAL (vertical)
| SECTIONS
cut the body or body parts lengthwise.These sections may run along the frontal or sagittal planes, or they may run obliquely to these planes.
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TRANSVERSE SECTIONS or
| CROSS SECTIONS
cut the body or body parts horizontally. These sections may run along transverse planes that are at right angles or oblique to the long axis of the body or body parts.
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TRIPLANAR
Joint movement diagonal to all three cardinal planes. Is the result of a combination of flexion or extension in the sagittal plane, abduction or adduction in the frontal plane and rotation in the transverse plane.
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ONE DEGREE OF JOINT FREEDOM.
Movement in one cardinal plane
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RANGE OF MOTION (ROM)
The amount of joint movement in each plane.
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The study and description of joint motion relative to the velocity, acceleration, direction and type of motion.
KINEMATICS
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The study of gross motions of the limbs, trunk and head in space relative to each other.
OSTEOKINEMATICS
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The study of movement between two adjacent articular surfaces is called.
ARTHROKINEMATICS
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ROTATORY JOINT MOVEMENTS
rotational and angular movements
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TRANSLATORY JOINT MOVEMENTS
linear movement
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Translation of a flat articular surface along an
| opposing flat surface.
GLIDING or SLIDING
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Gliding/sliding that occurs in combination with rotation.
CURVILINEAR MOVEMENT
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ACTIVE RANGE OF MOTION (AROM)
motion produced by active muscle contraction at a joint.
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PASSIVE RANGE OF MOTION (PROM)
motion produced by external forces (gravity, a machine, another person) without voluntary
muscle action.
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END-FEEL
The resistance felt at the end range of PROM.
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FLEXION
a bending movement in the sagittal plane about a transverse (X) axis, decreasing the angle at a joint by moving the bones forming that joint toward each other, opposite of extension.
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EXTENSION
a straightening movement in the sagittal plane about a transverse axis, increasing the angle at a joint by moving the bones forming that joint away from each other, opposite of flexion.
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DORSIFLEXION
a) a bending at the wrist so that the hand moves toward the dorsum (back) of the hand, same as extension of the wrist, opposite of palmar flexion; b) upward movement of the ankle so that the foot moves towards the dorsum (top) of the foot,
opposite of plantar flexion.
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PALMAR FLEXION
a forward movement of the wrist so that the hand moves toward the palm of the hand, same as flexion of the wrist, opposite of dorsiflexion.
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PLANTAR FLEXION
a downward movement of the ankle so that the foot moves toward the plantar surface (bottom) of the foot, opposite of dorsiflexion.
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THUMB FLEXION
medial movement of the thumb towards the index finger at the carpometacarpal joint, also called RADIAL ADDUCTION of the thumb.
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THUMB EXTENSION
lateral movement of the thumb away from the index finger at the carpometacarpal joint, also called RADIAL ABDUCTION of the thumb.
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ABDUCTION
moving away from the midline of the body, hand, or foot in the frontal plane about an anterior to posterior axis, opposite of adduction.
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THUMB ABDUCTION
anterior movement of the thumb away from the palm at the carpometacarpal joint, also called PALMER ABDUCTION of the thumb.
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ADDUCTION
moving toward the midline of the body, hand or foot in the frontal plane about an anterior to posterior axis, opposite of abduction.
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THUMB ADDUCTION
posterior movement of the thumb toward the palm at the carpometacarpal joint, also called PALMAR ADDUCTION of the thumb.
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OPPOSITION
rotation of the thumb which brings the distal palmar pad of the thumb in contact with the pad of any one of the fingers, a palmar pinch-like movement.
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PRONATION
a) medial turning (rotation) of forearm so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly (downward if the elbow is flexed); b) a combined triplanar movement at the
ankle and at the foot consisting of dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction; c) opposite of
supination.
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SUPINATION
a) lateral turning (rotation) of the forearm so that the palm of the hand aces anteriorly (upward if the elbow is flexed); b) a combined triplanar movement at the ankle and at the foot consisting of plantar flexion, inversion and adduction; c) opposite of pronation.
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ULNAR DEVIATION
medial movement of the hand in the frontal plane at the wrist joint, movement of the hand to the side of the ulna and little finger.
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RADIAL DEVIATION
lateral movement of the hand in the frontal plane at the wrist joint, movement of the hand to the side of the radius and thumb.
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MEDIAL ROTATION
rotation toward the midline in a transverse plane about a longitudinal (vertical) axis.
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LATERAL ROTATION
rotation away from the midline in a transverse plane about a longitudinal (vertical) axis.
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CIRCUMDUCTION
a circular movement produced by combining flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction.
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RETRACTION
a) moving backward; b) horizontal movement of the scapula toward the midline of the body, same as scapular adduction; c) posterior movement of the mandible and clavicle; d) opposite of protraction.
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PROTRACTION
a) moving forward; b) horizontal movement of the scapula away from the midline of the body, same as scapular abduction; c) anterior movement of the
mandible and clavicle; d) opposite of retraction.
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ELEVATION
upward movement, movement of a body part superiorly, opposite of depression.
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DEPRESSION
downward movement, movement of a body part inferiorly, opposite of elevation.
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INVERSION
inward turning of the foot so that the plantar surface (bottom) of the foot faces medially and the great (big) toe moves cranially, opposite of eversion.
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EVERSION
outward turning of the foot so that the plantar surface (bottom) of the foot faces laterally and the great (big) toe moves caudally, opposite of inversion.
83
Name the three structural classifications of joints
FIBROUS, CARTILAGINOUS and SYNOVIAL
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SYNARTHROSES
Fibrous and cartilaginous joints. (1) the mating bones interconnect by fibrous tissue or cartilage, (2) there is no joint cavity, and (3) movement is absent or very limited.
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DIARTHROSES
Synovial joints. freely moveable.
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SUTURES and SYNDESMOSES are what type of joints?
fibrous joints.
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SUTURE
the union of two interdigitating bones by a thin fibrous layer of tissue.
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SYNOSTOSIS
the bony fusion of a suture.
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SYNDESMOSIS
the joining of two adjacent bones by ligamentous tissue with no bony interdigitation between the mating bones. (e.g. the interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna)
90
SYMPHYSES and SYNCHONDROSES are what type of joints?
cartilaginous joints.
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SYMPHYSIS
unites two bones by a disc of fibrocartilage.
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AMPHIARTHROSIS
cartilaginous connections with slight
motion in all directions. (e.g. intervertebral joint
between vertebral bodies. also a symphysis)
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SYNCHONDROSES
two bones united by a region of hyaline cartilage. (e.g. The epiphyseal growth plates of developing long bones)
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4 characteristics of SYNOVIAL JOINTS
(1) a joint space which may or may not be divided by a fibrous interarticular disc or meniscus,
(2) a synovial membrane lining the joint cavity which produces synovial fluid for joint lubrication and nutrition,
(3) a fibrous joint capsule which may be 24
reinforced by joint ligaments, and
(4) a thin layer of articular cartilage, usually hyaline, without perichondrium covering the articular surfaces of the mating bones.
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6 types of SYNOVIAL JOINTS
1) Plane
2) Hinge
3) Pivot
4) Condyloid
5) Saddle
6) Ball and Socket
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CLOSE PACKED POSITION
The position in which these opposing joint surfaces approximate congruency. In this position, the joint is very stable and its joint capsule and ligaments are mostly tight. The joint is in its most efficient position for load bearing.
97
LOOSE PACKED POSITION
The position where the joint capsule is most slack and the ligaments are most lax. In the loose packed position, the joint is considered to be unlocked and inefficient for load bearing. Joint mobilization and the determination of joint mobility are best performed in the loose packed position.
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PLANE JOINTS
(ARTHRODIAL JOINTS) Joints that have relatively flat articular surfaces that permit gliding movements in any plane.
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HINGE JOINTS
(GINGLYMUS JOINTS) Joints that have one concave articular surface and an opposing convex articular surface. They allow mainly uniaxial movement in the sagittal plane.
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PIVOT JOINTS
(TROCHOID JOINTS) Joints that have one concave articular surface, one convex surface. They allow mainly uniaxial joint rotation in the transverse plane.
101
CONDYLOID JOINTS
(ELLIPSOID JOINTS) Joints that have an oval concave articular surface and an opposing oval convex articular surface. They allow biaxial movement in sagittal and frontal planes. Rotation is restricted by the curvature of the opposing joint
surfaces.
102
SADDLE JOINTS
(SELLAR JOINTS) In this joint, each articular surface has a concave and convex surface. The plane of the concave surface is at a right angle to the plane of the convex surface. The position of the concave and convex surfaces on one articular surface is reversed on the opposing articular surface. This joint may permit biaxial or triaxial
movement.
103
BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS
(ENARTHRODIAL JOINTS) Joints that have one concave articular surface and one convex articular surface. The curvature of each articular surface is
similar in all planes. These joints permit movements in all three cardinal planes (triaxial).
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CONCAVE/CONVEX RULE
convex on concave = gliding movement is opposite as the observed osteokinematic motion.
concave on convex = gliding movement is the same as the observed osteokinematic motion.
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LOAD
An external force is applied to any material, causing forces to develop within that material and the material to deform.
106
STRESSES
The transmitting and resistive forces within the material as a result of an applied LOAD. Expressed as the applied force per area.
107
STRAIN
The deformation resulting from an applied LOAD. Expressed as the change in size or angle as compared to the original configuration.
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TENSILE LOAD
the forces that pull away from a structure or object (e.g. pull of a tendon on a bone by a contracting muscle)
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TENSILE STRAIN
When the tensile stresses are greater than the resisting compressive stresses, causing the material to elongate.
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COMPRESSION LOAD
When forces act towards each other. (as when an intervertebral disc is compressed between adjacent vertebral bodies)
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COMPRESSIVE STRAIN
When the compressive stresses are greater than the tensile stresses, causing the material to be squeezed or compressed
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SHEAR LOAD
When forces act in parallel planes but in opposite directions (as in the tearing or cutting action of paper)
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SHEARING STRAIN
When the shear stresses are greater than the resistance of the material to shear, than these stresses cut or tear the material in a scissor-like
action.
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BENDING of bone, cartilage and other structures
When tensile stresses and strains are applied on
| the convex side of the bending material and compressive stress and strain on the concave side.
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TORSIONAL STRAIN
Produced by rotational shear stress, resulting in the twisting of the material.
116
What is FRICTION and what three things relate to its magnitude?
resists movement between contacting surfaces. Its magnitude is related to 1) the amount of force pressing the contacting surfaces together, 2) the amount of surface area in contact between surfaces, and 3) the surface texture of the materials in contact.
117
TORQUE
(MOMENT) The force producing rotation about an axis in any lever. Occurs at a joint when muscle contraction produces a force that results in rotation at the joint. It is equal to the magnitude of the applied force times the perpendicular distance from the force to the axis of rotation.
