Exam 2

Question 1

when doing calculations for liquid dosage forms, do you have to calculate the amount to qs with?

Answer 1

no just qs the final volume

Question 2

when is equivalence used

Answer 2

applicable to hydro-ionizable compounds upon dissolution ( molecules that dissassociate in solution) ex. NaCl

Question 3

does equivalence apply to non ionizable compounds?

Answer 3

no

examples: sucrose, dextrose

Question 4

what is valence

Answer 4

the number of bonds formed by an atom in a covalent compound

Question 5

how much is a mole?

hint: Avogadros number

Answer 5

6.022 x 10^23

Question 6

how to deriv equivalence

Answer 6

take the molecular weight of the compound
(g/mol) and divide it by the valence (Eq/mol).
(g/mol)/(eq/mol)= g/Eq or mg/ mEq

Question 7

what is mg %

how to convert from ratio strength to mg%

Answer 7

mg % per 100 mL of solution
ex of how to convert from ratio strength to mg% 
1:20,000= 1000 mg/ 20,000 mL
1000 mg/20,000 mL=xmg/ 100 mL
x=(100x1000)/20,000
x=5 mg%

Question 8

ratio strength

ex of how to convert from mg% to ratio strength

Answer 8

1 g :mL

5mg%

5 mg/100mL= 1000/ x mL
x= (100x1000)/5=20,000 mL
ratio strenth= 1:20,000

Question 9

how to measure amounts that are below minimum weighable quantity ( MWQ) (aka serial dilution)

Answer 9

create a solution and perform dilutions in order to get the amount of drug needed.

for example. (kind of ) need to make multiple dilutions. for ex.
1. make a concentrated solution.
take a small portion of that and calculate how much solute is in it.
3.qs that to a new volume in order to create a more diluted solution. repeat until u can determine how much solution you need for desired mass of solute.

Question 10

which products must always be refined

Answer 10

salicylic acid, suffer ppt, calamine, and zinc oxide

Question 11

what is a suspension

Answer 11

liquid preparation that consist of solid particles dispersed through a liquid phase in which the particles are NOT soluble

Question 12

what dosage form are suspensions NOT useful as

Answer 12

IV because they can cause an embolism

Question 13

what’s dosage forms are suspensions useful as

Answer 13

oral
topical
opthalmic
IM

Question 14

TYPES of liquid dosage forms

Answer 14

solutions, suspensions, emulsions

Question 15

what are the purpose of suspensions

Answer 15

to provide a liquid form for H2O insoluble drugs

and provides an alternative to EtOH based solutions

Question 16

why are oral suspensions usually formed in an aqueous base

Answer 16

because physiology is water based and water is inexpensive and ubiquitous

Question 17

what kind of liquid dosage forms are oil soluble drugs made into sometimes

Answer 17

emulsions

Question 18

can suspensions have soluble components

Answer 18

yes. however if all of the components dissolve, it is not a suspension, it is a solution

Question 19

advantages of tablets/ capsules as drug source for suspensions

Answer 19

rapid decomposition

particle size already appropriate

Question 20

disadvantages of tablets/ capsules as a drug source for suspensions

Answer 20

drug can be soluble in solvent, and could have been made into a solution if it were not for the excipients

tabs/capsules used in suspensions are generally more expensive

Question 21

which part of a suspension is subject to (increased degredation)

Answer 21

only the portion in the solution

Question 22

are drugs more stable in a suspension form or solution form? why?

Answer 22

drugs are more stable in suspension form because in solution form, drugs in solutions are subject to increased degredation

Question 23

advantages of suspensions over sol.

Answer 23

1. drugs are more stable
2. much higher drug concentrations can be achieved
3. alcohol can be avoided in many cases

Question 24

disadvantages of suspensions over sol.

Answer 24

suspending agents are usually required
compounding procedures is more complicated
cant qs in graduate cylinder (due to settling of particles on the bottom)
must be shaken prior to administration

Question 25

where do you qs a suspension

Answer 25

pre calibrated dispensing container

Question 26

how do you qs a suspension

Answer 26

# fill a graduated cylinder to a level corresponding to the final product volume transfer graduates contents to the dispensing container with dispensing container on smooth level surface, use grease pencil to mark the fluid level empty /drain the dispensing container

Question 27

what is levigation

Answer 27

wetting of insoluble powder agent in a minimal amount of qs media or levigating agent forming a smooth homogenous paste

Question 28

what tools do you use to levigate

Answer 28

mortar and pestle | ointment slab and spatula

Question 29

what is the purpose of suspending agents?

Answer 29

increase the products viscosity and decrease particle settling rate

Question 30

are suspending agents soluble in the qs media

Answer 30

may or may not be soluble in the qs media

Question 31

difference between ratio strength and parts notation

Answer 31

ex: notation 3:4 ratio strength means 3 g of ingredient per 4 total grams of product. total 4 g of product parts notations means 3 parts ingredient PLUS 4 parts of ingredient

Question 32

ratio strength notation

Answer 32

X:Y

Question 33

Tools used to achieve appropriate particle size for proper absorption for suspensions

Answer 33

sieves micron gauge feel

Question 34

what determines sedimentation rate of particles

Answer 34

varies directly with particle size and particle density, but varies indirectly with suspension viscosity

Question 35

sedimentation time

Answer 35

varies indirectly with particle size and density, varies directly with suspension viscosity

Question 36

what is caking

Answer 36

tight aggregates particles interact with echother and makes it difficult or not possible to resuspend

Question 37

what is important thing to remember before using suspension

Answer 37

SHAKE WELL

Question 38

flucculation

Answer 38

formation of a loose aggregation of discrete particles held together how to remember amy (they are flocked together??)

Question 39

deflocculated suspension pro and con

Answer 39

pro: long sedimentation time con: dense; difficult cake formed

Question 40

flocculated suspension pro and con

Answer 40

pro: redisperses easily con: short sedimentation time

Question 41

physician order terminology for community pharmacy and institutional pharmacy

Answer 41

community: fill prescriptions | institutional pharmacy: execute medication orders

Question 42

10% rule for parenteral products

Answer 42

if a volume to be added to an IV basis greater than 10% of the bas rated capacity, a volume equivalent to the add must be removed from the bag prior to the addition. if it is less than 10%, withdrawal prior to addition is not necessary

Question 43

what technique should be used for parenteral compounding

Answer 43

aseptic technique

Question 44

before beginning parenteral compounding, make sure to wat

Answer 44

take off jewelry, wash hands, and clean hood

Question 45

after adding components to IV bag, make sure to what...

Answer 45

gently shake IV bag to check fo rparticulates and leakes

Question 46

what is a tamper seal

Answer 46

added to IV bags additive port

Question 47

when determining CrcL for peds, do we se the cockgraft- gault eq?

Answer 47

NO. that eq is for adults

Question 48

how to do a serial dilutoin

Answer 48

1. see that required KMNO4 id below minimal weighable quantity 2. (confines must weight btw 200 +300 mg, must measure btw 5 and 100 mL) 3. pick a # btw 100 and 300. lets say an ex. 225 4. Part 1. a.initial dissolution. weigh tout 225 mg of kmno4 place in beaker b. dissolve in min amount of water c. quantitatively transfer to a 50 mL GC w. purified water. d. qs to 50 mL. conc: 225 mg/50 mL 5. part 2: first dilution a. measure 5 mL of initial dissolution, place in a clean 100 mL graduate. 225 mg/50mL=x/5 mL? ;X=22.5 mg 2. qs to 100 ml with purified water. mix by pouring conc: 22.5/100mL 6. 2nd dilution. 22.5mg/100 mL=4.5 mg/X, X=20mL a. measure 20 mL of the first dilution, place in clean 100 ml GC b. qs graduate to 90 mL with purified water. mix by pouring conc: 4.5 mg/90 mL= x/100 mL. x=5 g 5 mg /90 mL= x/100 mL; x=5%= 1:20,000

Question 49

particle size for fine suspensions and emulsions

Answer 49

0.5-10 microns

Question 50

particle size for ordinary suspensions and emulsions

Answer 50

10-50 microns

Question 51

in suspension prescriptions, if an ingredient says it is to be qs, and it is not the qs media, what do u use it for

Answer 51

use a minimal amount levigate with it.

Question 52

in solution prescriptions, if an ingredient says it is to be qs, and it is not the qs media, what do u use it for

Answer 52

dissolve the above ingredient in just enough solvent. figure out how much solvent by using the solubility. then add +10% so it could be dissolved.