Exam 2 Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
What is the typical prevalence of ASD?
A
1/59 births.
4x more likely to impact boys.
The rate has risen significantly in the last decade.
2
Q
Symptoms associated with ASD:
A
- Not showing interest in objects, people, and/or environments.
- Having difficulty relating with others.
- Challenges understanding others’ feelings.
- Lack of eye contact.
- Prefer not to be touched.
- Unusual reactions to sensations.
- Repetitive actions of speech.
- Lose communication abilities as they develop–difficulty expressing needs.
- Challenges adapting to changes in routine.
3
Q
Risk factors for ASD?
A
- Genetic.
- Chromosomal abnormalities.
- Exposure to certain meds in utero.
- Having old parents.
4
Q
Early signs of ASD:
A
- No smiling by 6 months.
- No words by 16 months.
- No meaningful gestures by 1 year.
- Poor eye contact.
- Doesn’t respond to sounds, voices, or names.
5
Q
ASD: Common meds prescribed.
A
- Antipsychotics
- Antidepressants
- Anti-anxiety
- Anticonvulsants (if seizing present)
- Stimulants
6
Q
Prevalence of CP
A
Most common childhood diagnosis
1.5-4/1000 newborns/year
7
Q
Spastic CP:
A
Increased muscle tone–awkward movement.
8
Q
Dyskinetic CP:
A
- Inability to control movement.
- Affects sitting & walking.
- If face is affected, speech & eating may be impacted.
- Fluctuates for hyper to hypotonia.
9
Q
Ataxic CP:
A
- “Shakiness.”
- Imbalance, poor coordination.
- Difficulty walking, writing, & reaching.
10
Q
Mixed CP:
A
Combination of 1 or more types of CP:
• Spastic & Dyskinetic is most common.
11
Q
Spastic CP Types:
• Hemiplegia/Hemiparesis
A
One entire side of body is affected.
•Arms > Legs
12
Q
Spastic CP Types:
* Diplegia/Diparesis:
A
Effects are mostly within legs.
• Scissoring walking pattern
13
Q
Spastic CP Types:
• Quadriplegia/Quadriparesis
A
Most severe type of CP
• All 4 limbs
• Often accompanied by intellectual disabilities, seizures, issues with vision, speech, & hearing.
14
Q
What is the cause of Down Syndrome (DS)?
A
Having an extra copy of chromosome 21
15
Q
What is the trend of DS diagnoses of 18-60 year olds? Why?
A
Incerased dramatically over past few decades because significant increases in life expectancy.
16
Q
Specific Mental Function issues common in DS
A
- Cognitive decline and memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s.
- Mood & behavioral changes associated with depression.
17
Q
Global Mental Function issues common in DS
A
• Sleep disturbances associated with obstructive sleep apnea.
18
Q
Sensory Function issues common in DS
A
• Diminished hearing associated with conductive and/or sensorineural hearing loss.
19
Q
Issues with the Functions of Joints & Bones common in DS
A
- Increased risk of fractures–osteoporosis.
- Neck joint instability–cervical spine disease.
- Decreased joint mobility–osteoarthritis.
20
Q
Muscle function issues common in DS
A
Hypotonia
21
Q
Cardiovascular System Function issues common in DS
A
• Endurance, and fatigue associated with congenital heart disease.
22
Q
Digestive, Metabolic, and Endocrine system function issues common in DS
A
- Increased risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Type 2 Diabetes, and Cancer due to excess body fat.
- Digestive problems–celiac disease.
- Metabolic disturbances–diabetes mellitus.
- Endocrine dysfunction–hypothyroidism.
23
Q
Who would the interdisciplinary team for DS be comprised of?
A
Health Educators, Public Health Officials, Dietitians, & Caregivers (may include training).
24
Q
Adults with DS are less likely to receive __________, increasing risk of developing ________.
A
Less likely to receive preventative care, increasing risk of developing secondary health conditions.
25
How can OTs play a role in reducing secondary health risks?
Client and policy Advocacy, Preventative Care Services, conduct Screenings at residential, vocational, & day treatment programs, Assistive Tech or Environmental Modifications.
26
CP Risk Factors
```
Congenital issues:
• Assisted reproductive treatments
• Oxygen in birth
• Birth weight
• Premature birth
• Multiple births
• Birthing complications
• Infections during pregnancy
```
27
Common Meds for CP
* Anticholinergics: uncontrolled movement.
* Antispastic: relaxing muscles.
* Antiinflammatories: pain.
* Anticonvulsants: seizures.
* Stool softeners: dodoo.
28
Purpose of the DSM
* Diagnose mental health disorders.
* Treatment.
* Influence disability status–social service support.
* Involved in court–criminal activity related to mental health conditions.
29
Mental Disorder:
• Cognition, emotion, behavior reflecting dysfunction in psychological, biological or developmental process.
• Always–distress or disability in social, occupational or other important activities
* Does NOT include deviance that solely conflicts with societal, political, religious, or sexual norms UNLESS a result of dysfunction.
30
Components of the DSM
* Diagnostic criteria & features.
* Prevalence.
* Risk & prognostic factors.
* Development & course.
* Functional consequences.
* Comorbidities.
31
Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders?
19.1% (females > males)
32
Types of Anxiety
* GAD
* Panic disorder
* Phobic disorders
* OCD
* PTSD
33
Signs of GAD
Displaying excessive anxiety on most days of 6 months.
34
Symptoms of GAD
```
Symptoms:
• Feeling restless
• Fatigue
• Difficulty concentrating
• Irritability
• Muscle tension (unique)
• Sleep disturbances
```
35
Risk factors for Anxiety
* Shyness or behavioral inhibition.
* Stressful life or environmental events in early childhood.
* Family history.
* Health conditions (thyroid disorder) & use of substances/meds.
36
Common meds for Anxiety
* Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.
* Antidepressants.
* Benzodiazepines.
* Beta Blockers.
* Oxidase inhibitors.
37
Prevalence of Depression & Bipolar disorder in adults?
* Major depressive disorders affect 7.1% of adults (females>men).
* 2.8% of adults have bipolar disorder (males=females).
38
Types of Depressive disorder
* Depression: persistent depressive disorder or dysthymia. Depressed mood lasts at least 2 years.
* Postpartum depression: within a few weeks of having baby.
* Psychotic depression: so severe that person develops delusions or hallucinations.
* Seasonal affective disorder: depression during winter months when there is less natural light.
39
Types of Bipolar disorder
• Bipolar disorder I: Manic episodes more than 7 days & depressive episodes lasting a few weeks.
• Bipolar disorder II: Depression & hypomanic episodes that don't turn into major manic episodes.
• Cyclothymic disorder: Hypomanic symptoms with periods of depression lasting more than 2 years.
(There are bipolar disorders that don't fit into specific categories).
40
Signs & Symptoms of Depression:
```
Feeling:
• Hopeless (unique)
• Pain without cause (unique)
• Guilty (unique)
• Irritable
• Empty
• Fatigued
• Restless
• Difficulty concentrating
• Changes in appetite
• Thoughts of suicide
```
41
Signs & Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder
* Periods of Intense Emotion
* Changes in sleep patterns & activity levels
* Unusual behaviors
42
Manic Bipolar episodes
* Feeling very high, elated (unique)
* Lots of energy (unique)
* Talking quickly (unique
* More active than usual)
* Irritable
* Racing thoughts
* Risky behavior
43
Meds for Depression & Bipolar disorder
```
Depression:
• Serotonin & Norepinephrine inhibitors
• Antidepressants
• Dopamine inhibitors (unique)
• Natural remedies
```
Bipolar disorder:
• Mood stabilizers: Lithium (unique), Antipsychotics, Antidepressants, Antianxiety.
44
What are OTs areas of focus with regard to anxiety disorders?
* Education
* Play & Leisure
* Social participation
* ADLs
* IADLs
* Sleep & Rest
* Work
45
When is Anxiety problematic vs beneficial
* Beneficial when: helping cope with challenging situation, such as a test through motivation to study.
* Problematic: Anxiety is constantly present & appears to be an irrational fear of familiar activities or situations–no longer coping mechanism but disabling condition.
46
When can Anxiety disorders begin?
• Can begin in childhood as early as 6, or in adolescence.
47
Effective treatment of Anxiety disorders
* Family-based CBT
| * Social skills training
48
Components of emotional health that are affected by anxiety
* Self-esteem
* Self-image
* Habits
* Routines
* Roles
49
OTs role in addressing Anxiety in Children
Settings: Schools, communities, & home.
Intervention areas: routines & habits, activities, symptom management strategies.
50
OTs role in the Home with Anxiety
* Routines
* Educate about symptoms
* Coping strategies
* Encourage Activities
51
Prevalence of PTSD
* 3.6% of adults
| * Females > Males
52
PTSD Risk Factors
* Dangerous events
* Getting hurt
* Seeing another get hurt
* Childhood trauma
* Lack of social support after a traumatic event
* Excessive stress after traumatic event
* History of mental illness
* History of substance abuse
53
PTSD Symptoms
All of the following for at least a month:
• 1 Reoccurring symptom (flashbacks, bad dreams, frightening thoughts)
• 1 Avoidance symptom
• 2 arousal/reactivity symptoms (easily startled, tense, sleeping, anger)
• 2 Cognitive & Mood symptoms (memory, negative thoughts, guilt or blame, loss of interest in activities)
54
Meds for PTSD
• Prazosin
55
Prevalence of Schizophrenia
.25-.64% of the population
• Still one of the top causes of disability worldwide despite the low prevalence.
56
Signs & Symptoms of Schizophrenia
* Positive Symptoms: Psychotic behaviors (hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, movement disorders)
* Negative Symptoms: Inappropriate emotional & behavioral symptoms (flat affect, depressive symptoms, attentiveness, decreased talking).
* Cognitive Symptoms: Executive functioning, attentiveness, memory.
57
Risk Factors for Schizophrenia
* Genetics
* Viruses
* Malnutrition before birth
* Birthing complications
* Psychosocial factors
* Alterations in brain chemistry & structure
58
Schizoaffective disorder
Similar to Schizophrenia: Hallucinations, delusions but ALSO symptoms of Mood Disorder (e.g., depression or *bipolar*)
59
Meds for Schizophrenia
• Antipsychotic: Haloperidol
60
Prevalence of Eating Disorders
1. 2% have Bing-eating disorder (females 2x than men)
0. 3% have Bulimia (females 5x)
0. 6% anorexia (females 3x)
61
Signs & Symptoms: Anorexia
* Severe food restriction.
* Appear abnormally thin
* Lack of nutrition: bones, muscles, hair, nails, skin, bp.
* Possible brain damage due to lack of nutrition
62
Signs & Symptoms of Bulimia
* Unusual large amount of food consumption followed by means of purging.
* May be slightly underweight, normal, even overweight.
* Typically have chronic sore throats, swollen glands, difficulty with teeth, gastrointestinal issues, chronic dehydration.
63
Signs & Symptoms: Binge-Eating Disorder
* Unable to control overeating episodes
| * Typically overweight or obese
64
Risk Factors for Eating Disorder
• Typically develop in early teen years
Cause:
• Genetic, Biologic, Psychological, Social factors, Family history.
High comorbidity with Anxiety Disorders
65
Prevalence OCD
1.2%
Females > Males
66
Risk factors for OCD
• Typically diagnosed in late-teens.
Cause: Genetics, brain structure & function, environment
•PANDAS
67
Signs & Symptoms for OCD in adults
* Urges or mental images that cause Anxiety (fear of germs or needing to have things perfect.
* Symptoms tend to develop overnight, out of the blue.
68
Meds for OCD:
```
Serotonin inhibitors (higher doses than depression)
Antipsychotic
```
69
Prevalence for Substance Abuse Disorders
7. 6% over 18
3. 4% have comorbidities
of the 18.7 million with substance abuse:
• 36% were addicted to drugs
• 75% were addicted to alcohol
• 11% to both.
70
Meds for substance abuse
```
Buprenorphine
Methadone
Naltrexone
Acamprosate
Disulfiram
Naltrexone
```
