EXAM #2

Question 1

Race

Answer 1

A group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups.

Question 2

Ethnicity

Answer 2

Term that describes shared culture - the practices, values and beliefs of a group.

Question 3

Prejudice

Answer 3

The thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes that someone holds about a group.

Question 4

Stereotypes

Answer 4

Oversimplified generalizations that people hold about a certain group. (Ex. Race, gender, age, sexual orientation.) Even positive stereotypes are harmful.

Question 5

Racism

Answer 5

A set of values, beliefs, or practices that are used to justify that somehow one racial group is superior to others.

Question 6

Discrimination

Answer 6

Prejudiced action against a group of people. An act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or a group.

Question 7

Individual discrimination

Answer 7

Person-to-person or face-to-face discrimination; the negative treatment of individuals by others. Thomas theorem: the idea that if people define situations as real then they become real in their consequences.

Question 8

Institutional discrimination

Answer 8

Negative treatment of a minority that is built into a society’s institutions. Also known as systemic discrimination. Powerful because it affects a large number of people.

Question 9

Contact theory

Answer 9

The idea that negative stereotypes decrease and racial-ethnic relations improve when people from different backgrounds interact regularly.

Question 10

Colorism

Answer 10

The belief that one type of skin tone is superior or inferior within a group. Studies suggest that darker skinned African Americans experience more discrimination than lighter skinned ones.

Question 11

Genocide

Answer 11

The deliberate annihilation of a targeted group because of their assumed race or ethnicity.

Question 12

Segregation

Answer 12

The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions.

Question 13

Racine profiling

Answer 13

The use of race alone to determine whether to detain or investigate somebody.

Question 14

The social construction of race

Answer 14

The school of thought that race is not biologically identifiable. There is no universal agreement on what constitutes a specific race. Society has made race to be socially significant.

Its social meaning is socially and culturally constructed through ideas and beliefs about differences.

Question 15

Culture of prejudice

Answer 15

The theory that prejudice is imbedded in our very culture. Stereotypes, expressions of racism, and prejudice have been around us our whole lives.

Question 16

Explusion

Answer 16

The act of a dominant group forcing a subordinate group to leave a certain area or even the country.

Question 17

Social class

Answer 17

A group that shares common social status based off of things such as wealth, income, education, and occupation. The social standing of our parents is an occupational structure. Cultural values and beliefs support and perpetuate social inequalities. No clear-cut definition.

Question 18

Social stratification

Answer 18

A socioeconomic system that divides society’s members into categories ranked from high to low, based on such things as wealth, power, and prestige.

Question 19

Income

Answer 19

The money one earns from work or investments. (Ex. Wages, rent, business, interest, royalties.)

Question 20

Wealth

Answer 20

The value of money and assets a person has from, for example, inheritance. Total value of everything someone owns, minus the debts.

Question 21

Social mobility

Answer 21

Movement up or down the social class ladder.
Intergenerational - the change that a family makes from one generation to the next.
Upward - movement up the social class.
Downward - movement down the social class.
Structural - movement that is based more off of the structures in society than the actions of the individual.

Question 22

Meritocracy

Answer 22

An ideal system where personal effort - or merit - determines ones social standing. Everyone has a chance to succeed. Economic inequality based off of others reaching their potential while others are just lazy.

Question 23

Life chances

Answer 23

The resources and opportunities that people have to provide themselves with material goods and favorable life experiences.

Question 24

Power

Answer 24

The ability to carry out your will, even at the resistance of others.

Question 25

Prestige

Answer 25

Respect or regard. Level of esteem associated with one's statutes and social standing.

Question 26

Consequences of social class

Answer 26

Physical health: the higher you rise, the healthier you are. Mental health: coping resources. Family life: choice of partner, divorce, child-rearing. Education Religion: social classes tend to cluster around religion. Politics Crime and criminal justice.

Question 27

Horatio Alger Myth

Answer 27

The belief that due to limitless possibilities, anyone can get ahead if they try hard enough. Places blame on the individual and stabilizes the society.

Question 28

Sex

Answer 28

A term that denotes physical or physiological differences between males and females. Biological characteristics.

Question 29

Gender

Answer 29

A term that refers to the social or cultural distinctions that are considered either male or female. The behaviors and attitudes that a society deems proper for its males or females. A person's sex does not always correspond with their gender.

Question 30

Gender identity

Answer 30

A person's deeply held internal perception of his or her gender.

Question 31

Gender expression

Answer 31

The communication of a person's gender identity to others through fashion, behavior, hairstyle etc.

Question 32

Gender dysphoria

Answer 32

A condition listed in the DSM-5 in which people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one that they choose to identify with. The condition replaces "gender identity disorder." Feeling of disconnection, discomfort, or distress surrounding the conflict between the gender assigned at birth and gender identity.

Question 33

Transgender

Answer 33

An adjective that describes individuals who identify with the behaviors and characteristics that are other than their biological sex. Twice as likely to encounter hate crimes.

Question 34

"Lolita Effect"

Answer 34

Girls don't choose boys, boys choose girls, but only sexy ones. There's only one kind of sexy - slender, curvy, white beauty. Girls should work to be that sexy. The younger a girl is, the sexier she is. Sexual violence can be attractive.

Question 35

Masculinity

Answer 35

The properties and characteristics that are associated with men. Boys learn to be boys in part by learning not to be like girls.

Question 36

Sexism

Answer 36

The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over the other.

Question 37

Gender stratification

Answer 37

Males and females unequal access to power, property, and prestige. The systematic and unequal distribution of power and resources in a society between men and women. Men still dominate positions of power in society.

Question 38

Doing gender

Answer 38

The performance of tasks based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in truth, ourselves. Something we do or perform, not something we are.

Question 39

Gender and education

Answer 39

According to the Census Bureau, women are more likely to have a college education than male. Young women are driving the change. College majors are gender linked: MEN - engineering, mathematics, physical sciences. WOMEN - education, psychology, health professions

Question 40

Glass cieling

Answer 40

The often invisible barrier created by individual and institutional sexism that prevents qualified women from advancing to high levels of leadership and advancement.

Question 41

"Child penalty"

Answer 41

Women who are more likely to use family leave, work part time, or leave workforce all together to care for children. The second shift - phenomenon of women still having responsibility for housework and childcare.

Question 42

Gender stereotypes

Answer 42

"He's firm; she's stubborn." | "He's careful about details; she's picky."

Question 43

Feminism

Answer 43

The philosophy that men and women should be politically, socially, and economically equal. Organized activities based off of this principal. 1st wave - Activists working on behalf of women's social and political rights. 2nd wave - Protest against gender inequalities such as pay, changing policies on violence against women, and legalizing abortion. 3rd wave - Promotion of female self empowerment and self esteem.

Question 44

Double standard

Answer 44

The concept that inhibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men.

Question 45

Marriage

Answer 45

A group's approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual of some sort. A legally recognized contract between two people, traditionally based on a sexual relationship and implying permanence.

Question 46

Marriage and health

Answer 46

``` Longer life expectancy Fewer strokes and heart attacks Less of a chance of depression Less like to have cancer at diagnosis and better chance of survival Survive major operation more often ``` Support shared Behavior improves with marriage Mental health is better

Question 47

Endogamy

Answer 47

The practice of marrying within one's group.

Question 48

Exogamy

Answer 48

The practice of marrying outside of one's group.

Question 49

Propinquity theory

Answer 49

Marry people we know. Nearness is a factor in personal attraction. Attracted to people who live near you.

Question 50

Exchange theory

Answer 50

Cost benefit analysis - calculating the value of a relationship in terms of potential rewards vs potential costs.

Question 51

Never married adults

Answer 51

Percentage is at a historic high. Marrying later in life. Cohabitation. Shifting public attitudes. Hard economic times. Never married adults does not mean single. For young adults who want to get married, financial security is a major issue.

Question 52

Family

Answer 52

Socially recognized groups of individuals who may be joined by blood, marriage or adoption, and who form an emotional bond. Culturally defined.

Question 53

Functions of family

Answer 53

- Social stability - Material aid - Inheritance and descent - Care and socialization of independents - Sexual regulation - Emotional support

Question 54

Traditional (conjugal) family

Answer 54

Family structure that consists of a man, woman, and one or more of their biological children. Percentage of families has declined. Represent stability, low divorce rates, and well-mannered children.

Question 55

Non-traditional family

Answer 55

General term to talk about all other types of families that are non traditional.

Question 56

Cohabitation

Answer 56

The sharing of a household by unmarried persons whp have a sexual relationship. Surge likely due to a decrease in social stigma. Rates of cohabitation have risen.

Question 57

Nuclear family

Answer 57

Family consisting of a husband, wife, and children.

Question 58

Intersectionality

Answer 58

A theoretical perspective in sociology that stresses the cross-cutting, linked nature of inequality and multiplicity of statuses that people occupy. Suggests that we cannot separate the efforts of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, or other attributes. Multiple layers of disadvantage intersect to create the ways that a person experiences discrimination.