GENERAL

Question 1

Sociology

Answer 1

The process through which people are taught to be proficient members of a society. It describes the ways that people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values.

Question 2

Moral development

Answer 2

The way people learn what society considered to be “good” and “bad,” preventing people from acting on unchecked urges, instead considering what is right for society and good for others.

• preconventional
• conventional
• postconventional.

Question 3

Nuture

Answer 3

The relationships and caring that surround us.

Question 4

Nature

Answer 4

The idea that belief, our temperaments, interests, and talents are set genetically before birth.

Question 5

Peer group

Answer 5

Made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests.

Question 6

Resocialization

Answer 6

Old behaviors that were helpful in a previous role are removed because they are no longer of use.

Question 7

Self

Answer 7

A person’s distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction.

Question 8

Primary socialization

Answer 8

Socialization that occurs during childhood

• Before age 5
• Race, ethnicity, gender, geographic location, social class, etc.
• Toddlers mimic parents.

Question 9

Secondary socialization

Answer 9

Socialization that occurs throughout life course.

-Peers & media become a bigger influence.

Question 10

Biological determinism

Answer 10

Contends that biology, specifically our genetic makeup, almost completely shapes human behavior.

Question 11

Social determinism

Answer 11

Contends that culture and the social environment almost completely shape human behavior.

Question 12

Cognitive development

Answer 12

A person’s ability to think and reason.

Question 13

Workplace resocialization

Answer 13

The process of learning the informal norms associated with the type of employment.

Question 14

Gender

Answer 14

A term that refers to the social or cultural distinctions of behaviors that are considered male or female.

Question 15

Culture shock

Answer 15

The experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life.

Question 16

Ethnocentrism

Answer 16

The practice of evaluating another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture.

Question 17

Folkways

Answer 17

Norms without any moral underpinnings, direct appropriate behavior in day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture.

Question 18

Formal norms

Answer 18

Established, written rules.

Question 19

High culture

Answer 19

The cultural patterns of society’s elite.

Question 20

Pop culture

Answer 20

Mainstream, widespread patterns among a society’s population. Trends, social activities, and shared experiences of everyday people.

Question 21

Material culture

Answer 21

Physical objects or belongings of a group of people that distinguish them.
-Clothing, food, architecture, etc.

Question 22

Non-material (symbolic) culture

Answer 22

The ideas, attitudes, or beliefs of a society.

-Common patterns of behavior, language, ethics, etc.

Question 23

Language

Answer 23

A symbolic system of communication. The basis of a culture, used to communicate past, present, and future.

Question 24

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Answer 24

The way that people understand the world based on their form of language.

Question 25

Subculture

Answer 25

A smaller culture within a larger culture. People's experiences give them a distinctive way of looking at the world.

Question 26

Symbols

Answer 26

Gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture.

Question 27

Values

Answer 27

A culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society.

Question 28

Norms

Answer 28

The visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured. - Formal - Informal - Folkways

Question 29

Xenocentrism

Answer 29

A belief that another culture is superior to one's own.

Question 30

Conflict theory

Answer 30

Reproduces inequality from one generation to the next by passing down cultural norms that perpetuate inequality. Conflicting parties use culture to advance their interests and socialize people into dominant and submissive norms and value

Question 31

Functionalism

Answer 31

Essential for a society to pass down how members should act in the social world.

Question 32

Symbolic interactionism

Answer 32

Concerned with face-to-face interactions and symbolism of communication. Through the use of symbols, people create culture based on their interpretation of reality.

Question 33

Cultural imperialism

Answer 33

The deliberate imposition of one's own cultural values on another culture.

Question 34

Cultural universal

Answer 34

Patterns or traits that are common to all societies.

Question 35

Gestures

Answer 35

The ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another. Varies between cultures.

Question 36

Mores

Answer 36

Norms that embody the moral views of a group.

Question 37

Sanctions (positive & negative)

Answer 37

A way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors.

Question 38

Ideal culture

Answer 38

The standards society would like to embrace and live up to.

Question 39

Real culture

Answer 39

The way that society is really based on what actually occurs and exists.

Question 40

Counter culture

Answer 40

A type of subculture that rejects some of the larger culture's norms. Opposition to the broader culture.

Question 41

Functional theory

Answer 41

Culture represents the consensus values and norms of a society into which individuals are socialized.