Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Cocci
A
Sphere shaped Prokaryote
2
Q
Rod Shaped Prokaryote
A
Baccili
3
Q
Spiral shaped prokaryote
A
spirals
4
Q
Peptidoglycan
A
a network of sugar polymers in bacterial cell walls
5
Q
What is a Gram Stain used for?
A
to classify bacteria by cell wall composition
6
Q
What kind of cell appears blue-violet after a gram stain?
A
Gram-Positive
7
Q
What kind of cell wall do gram positive bacteria have?
A
simple cell wall with a thick cell wall with a large amount of peptidoglycan
8
Q
what kind of cell wall do gram negative have?
A
an outer membrane and an inner membrane separated by a thin peptidoglycan layer
9
Q
what is a capsule
A
a protein layer that covers many prokaryotes
10
Q
what is a frimbriae
A
prokaryote “hair” that allow them to stick to their substrate or other prokaryotes
11
Q
Sex Pili
A
Kinda like a tail that sticks to other prokaryotes to exchange DNA
12
Q
Endospores
A
a bunker for prokaryotes to live in when they are in harsh conditions; this can last for centuries
13
Q
taxis
A
the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus
14
Q
Flagella
A
a tail like thing that allows bacteria to propel
15
Q
nucleoid
A
a region where a prokaryote’s chromosome is homed
16
Q
plasmids
A
smaller rings of DNA in bacteria
17
Q
How do prokaryotes reproduce
A
binary fission
18
Q
What domain of life has a nuclear membrane
A
Eukarya
19
Q
What domain of life has membrane enclosed organelles
A
Eukarya
20
Q
What domain of life has peptidoglycan in their cell wall
A
Bacteria
21
Q
What domains of life have several kinds of RNA polymerase
A
Archaea and Eukarya
22
Q
What domain of life has circular chromosome
A
Bacteria and Archaea
23
Q
What domain of life has no growth at temperatures > 100 degrees Celsius
A
Bacteria and Eukarya
24
Q
What domain of life’s growth isn’t inhibited from the antibiotics: streptomycin and chloramphenicol
A
Archaea and Eukarya
25
What is the initiator amino acid for protein synthesis in Archea and Eukarya
Methionine
26
what the initiator amino acid for protein synthesis for Bacteria
formyl methionine
27
What are the three factors that contribute to genertic diversity in prokaryotes
Rapid Reproduction, Mutation, and Genetic Recombination
28
Transformation
prokaryotic cell incorporating foreign DNA from the surrounding environment (usually through trauma)
29
Transduction
the movement of genes between bacteria through infection
30
Conjugation
genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells through a pilus
31
Phototrophs
capture energy from sunlight
32
Chemotrophs
harnessing energy stored in chemicals
33
Autotrophs
obtain carbon atoms from carbon dioxide
34
Heterotrophs
obtain carbon atoms from organic compounds from other organisms
35
modes of nutrition
how prokaryotes obtain energy + how prokaryotes obtain carbon
36
Photoautotrophs
obtain energy from sunlight and use carbon dioxide for carbon
37
photohetertrophs
obtain energy from sunlight but get their carbon atoms from organic molecules
38
chemoautotrophs
harvest energy from inorganic chemicals and use carbon dioxide for carbon
39
chemoheterotrophs
acquire energy and carbon from organic molecules
40
Obligate aerobes
require O2 for cellular respiration
41
Obligate anaerobes
cannot live in O2 and use fermentation (anaerobic respiration)
42
Facultative anaerobes
can survive with or without O2
43
Nitrogen fixation
Prokaryotic function where they convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)
44
Biofilms
colonies of prokaryotic species that work together; some photosynthesize the other fixate nitrogen
45
Bioremediation
using prokaryotic organisms to remove pollutants from the environment
46
What do prokaryotes do for Research and Technology
They can be used to make plastics, make vitamins, antibiotics, and hormones
47
Exotoxins
toxins that are secreted and cause disease when when the prokaryote that produced it is dead (will flush out quickly)
48
Endotoxins
released toxins when bacteria die and their cell wall is broken down (inside the bacteria and only harmful when the cell dies)
49
Pathogens
bacteria that cause disease
50
benign
beneficial or does not effect
51
symbiosis
two species that live in very close contact with each other: consists of a larger host and smaller symbiont
52
Mutalism
both organisms benefit
53
commensalism
one organism benefits while the other is uneffected
54
Parasitism
organism (Parasite) harms their host
55
What is a beneficial function of chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes
they are decomposers that breakdown dead organisms and waste products
56
extremophiles
archaea that live in extreme environments
57
Extreme halophiles
live in very salty environments
58
extreme thermophiles
live in very hot environments
59
methanogens
produce methane as a waste product and live in: digestive tracts of plant eating mammals, decomposing materials in landfills, and muck under standing water
60
Chlamydias
These bacteria are parasites that live within animal
cells
61
Spirochetes
these bacteria are helical heterotrophs; spiral shaped
62
Cyanobacteria
These are photoautotrophs that generate O2
63
algae
plastid bearing lineage of protists evolved into photosynthetic protists; catch all name for photosynthetic protist (photoautotrophic)
64
Serial endosymbiosis
mitochondria evolved before plastids through a sequence of endosymbiotic events
65
Primary endosymbiosis
- prokaryote eats a chloroplast
- symbiont prokaryote
66
secondary endosymbiosis
- eating algae and incorporating it into the cell
- symbiont eukaryote
67
What is a feature that all excavates have?
modified mitochondria and unique flagella
68
Diplomonads
- excavata
- sister taxa with parabasilids
lack plastids
- most live in anaerobic environments
- modified mitochondria
- chemoheterotrophic
- parasitic
69
Parabasalids
- excavata
- sister taxa with diplomonads
- reduced mitochondria
- disease causing
- hydrogenosomes
70
hydrogenosomes
generate energy anaerobically
70
hydrogenosomes
generate energy anaerobically
71
Euglenozoans
have flagella but has a spiral or crystalline rod inside
- in excavata
72
kinetoplastids
- single mitochondria
- all chemoheterotrophic
- some are free-living
- Trypanosoma
73
Euglenids
one or two flagella that emerge from one pocket at the end of the cell
74
Stramenopiles
- paired flagella (one smooth one hairy)
- pulls out carbon dioxide and puts it into the ocean
75
Diatoms
- unicellular algae with a unique two part glass wall of silicon dioxide
- photosynthetic
- Sister taxa with Golden algae and Brown algae
- Strameopilies
- SAR Clade
76
Golden Algae
- yellowish cast
- most are unicellular
- can form colonies
- Sister taxa with diatoms and brown algae
- Stramenopiles
- SAR Clade
77
Brown algae
- largest and most complex
- kelp or seaweeds
- Sister taxa with golden algae and diatoms
- Stramenopile
- Has holdfast, stope and blades
may look like plants but are not; analogous evolution
Supergroup: SAR Clade
78
Holdfast
root like
79
stipe
stem like thing
80
stipe
stem like thing
81
Blades
leaf like thing
82
Alveolates
have membrane enclosed sacs under the plasma membrane
Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, and cillates
83
Dinoflagellates
- two flagella and is reinforced by cellulose plates
- can be in fresh or salt water
- red tide
- sister taxa apicomplexans
- Aveolate
- Supergroup: SAR Clade
84
apicomplexans
- parasites of animals and some human diseases
- Plasmodium
- causes malaria
- Sister taxa is dinoglagellates
- Aveolates
- Supergroup: SAR Clade
85
Ciliates
- large varied group of protists named for use of cilia to move and feed
- hair like things
- results from conjugation
- Aveolate
- Supergroup: SAR Clade
86
Rhizarians
- many in this group are amoebas
- protists that move and feed by pseudopodia
- any part of its body can be extracted and retracted
- thread-like pseudopods
- Farams
- Cercoaoans
- Radiolarians
87
radiolarians
- skeletons made of silica
- moving body out of their shell to grab food
- Rhizarian
- Supergroup: SAR Clade
88
Foraminiferans (forams)
extend through the pores in the test
sister taxa with cercozoans
Rhizarian
supergroup: sar clade
89
tests
porous, generally multichambered shells
90
cercozoans
- threadlike pseudopods
- Rhizarian
- Supergroup: SAR Clade
91
Archaeplastida
supergroup that contains red algae, green algae, and land plants
92
Red algae
- red in color due to pigment phycoerythrin
- but do have green pigment but is masked
- most are multicellular; seaweed
- Supergroup: archaeplastida
93
green algae
- green chloroplasts
- chlorophytes and charophytes
- live in freshwater and marine environments
94
Charophytes
- Sister taxa is land plants
- Supergroup: archaeplastida
- kingdom plantae are descendent from green algae
95
land plants
* terrestrial
* sister taxa with charophytes
* Sipergroup: Archeplastida
96
Amoebozoans
- lobe shaped pseudopodia instead of threadlike pseudopod
- slime mods, tubulinids and entamoebas
97
plasmodial slime mold
- ambeozoan
- unikonta
- extends pseudopodia through decomposing material and engulfs food
98
Cellular slime mold
- multicellular
- sends chemicals to form a multicell entity called a slug if there is no food (individual cells)
99
Tubulinids
- amoebas are in this group
- little predators
- Amoebozoan
- sister taxa with Entamoebas and slime molds
- Supergroup: Unikonta
100
Entamoebas
- parasitic
- histolytica causes amebic dysentery
- Sister taxta with Tubulinids and Slime Molds
- Amiebozoan
- Unikonta
101
Opisthoknots
* Nucleariids
* Fungi
* Choanoglagellates
102
Nucleariids
* single celled protists that are
closely related to fungi
* sister taxa with fungi
* Opisthokonts
* Supergroup: Unikonta
103
Choanoflagellates
* single celled protists that
are closely related to animals
* sister taxa with animals
* opisthokonts
* Supergroup: unikonta
104
plasmodium causes...
malaria
105
pfiesteria Shumway is a dinoflagellate that causes...
fish kills (red tide)
106
phytophthora ramorum causes
sudden oak death
107
phytophthora infectans caused...
the potato blight
