Exam 2

Question 1

what is cell theory?

Answer 1

the fundamental theory of biology
- All organisms consist of one or more cells
- The cell is the smallest unit of life
- Each new cell arises from another cell
- A cell passes hereditary information to its offspring

Question 2

What is the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 2

A cell membrane can be considered a two dimensional fluid of mixed composition

Question 3

What is the difference in the nuclear matter in Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes

Answer 3

Prokaryotes – nucleoid – region of cytoplasm where DNA is concentrated
Eukaryotes – nucleus – organelle with two membranes that holds the cell’s DNA

Question 4

What is the importance of cellular junctions?

Answer 4

They enable communication and reduce stress placed on cells

Question 5

What is osmosis?

Answer 5

Net diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane between two fluids with different water concentrations

Question 6

How does osmosis affect everyday life?

Answer 6

Osmosis assists plants in receiving water, and plants affect our lives

Question 7

what are the tonics?

Answer 7

Hypotonic – low solute concentration relative to another fluid
Hypertonic – high solute concentration relative to another fluid
Isotonic – same solute concentration relative to another fluid

Question 8

What are the 4 base pairs of amino acids for DNA and RNA?

Answer 8

DNA – 2 strains
- Adenine & Thymine
- Guanine & Cytosine
RNA – 1 strain
- Adenine & Uracil
- Guanine & Cytosine

Question 9

what is the process of Translation?

Answer 9

Process by which a polypeptide chain is assembled from amino acids in the order specified by an mRNA

Question 10

What is the process of Transcription?

Answer 10

Process by which an RNA is assembled from nucleotides using the base sequence of a gene as a template

Question 11

What is a master gene?

Answer 11

Affect expression of many other genes

Question 12

Mitosis is completed to achieve what function?

Answer 12

The cell divides in half (asexual reproduction)

Question 13

Meiosis is completed to achieve what function?

Answer 13

Goal is to get half a chromosome (sexual reproduction)

Question 14

What are the 3 main phases of cell?

Answer 14

• Mitosis
• Cytoplasm division
• Interphase (longest)

Question 15

What are the 4 phases of mitosis?

Answer 15

• Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase

Question 16

What are the 3 phases of Interphase?

Answer 16

G1 – 1st interval of cell growth before DNA replication – cell grows
S – time of synthesis (DNA replication) -
G2 – 2nd interval when the cell prepares to divide – cell prepares to divide

Question 17

Why is meiosis important for sexual reproduction?

Answer 17

Meiosis produces a gamete that is used for sexual reproduction

Question 18

What is crossing over?

Answer 18

Happens early in meiosis prophase 1
When chromosomes close to its homologue they exchange corresponding pieces of DNA

Question 19

How do cancers reproduce and spread?

Answer 19

There is a loss of control; cells divide quickly and without stopping – cancer requires so much energy

Question 20

what are phenotypes and genotypes?

Answer 20

Phenotype – observable traits
Genotype – alleles carried by an individual

Question 21

what are dominate and recessive alleles?

Answer 21

Dominate – an allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele
Recessive – an allele with an effect that is masked by a dominant allele

Question 22

how do dominate and recessive alleles effect phenotypes and genotypes?

Answer 22

Dominate alleles win over versus recessive alleles. So, if there is a dominant allele within the pair, then the dominant allele will show through and be the trait. Recessive alleles can only be seen when they are paired with another second recessive allele.

Question 23

What is codominance?

Answer 23

2 alleles that are both fully expressed in heterozygous individuals

Question 24

What is incomplete dominance?

Answer 24

One allele is not fully dominant over the other, so the heterozygous phenotype is between the homozygous phenotype

Question 25

Know basics of epistasis and pleiotropy

Answer 25

Epistasis – a trait is influenced by the products of multiple genes Pleiotropy – a gene whose product influences multiple traits

Question 26

What are the differences between disease and syndrome?

Answer 26

A syndrome does not have an identified reason A disease has an identified reason for illness

Question 27

What is the difference between autosomal dominant and recessive disorders?

Answer 27

Only one autosomal dominant gene is necessary and to have an autosomal recessive disorder, both genes need to be recessive: recessive = more rare

Question 28

What sex is the carrier of x linked disorder AND what sex is effected by X linked disorders?

Answer 28

Carrier of x link disorders – female Effected by x link disorders – male

Question 29

How are sexual chromosome abnormality children treated?

Answer 29

Generally treated with hormone therapy

Question 30

What two types of testing is completing after the baby is growing in the mother?

Answer 30

chorionic villi sampling – cells that help form the placenta fetoscopy – photos of the fetus

Question 31

What is a PCR machine do?

Answer 31

Mass produces copies of a particular DNA fragment for study

Question 32

Electrophoresis needs how many tandem sets to be solid proof in the court of law?

Answer 32

13

Question 33

What is the basic cycle of the plant reproduction cycle?

Answer 33

Pollination, germination, penetration of the ovule, and fertilization

Question 34

What plant type has sperm that swims like a human sperm?

Answer 34

Angiosperms

Question 35

What plant takes over a year to fertilize after the male gametophyte has landed on the female gametophyte.

Answer 35

Gymnosperms

Question 36

Hyphae makes what?

Answer 36

mycelium

Question 37

When do plants release their seedlings?

Answer 37

after fertilization/plant's fertilized seeds are dispersed by wind, water, or animals, and the whole process begins again

Question 38

Why was cDNA cloning so essential with DNA testing and the human genome project?

Answer 38

Is: DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the enzyme reverse transcriptase Enabled scientists to sequence more than 3 billion bases of the human genome

Question 39

GMOs are created for what purpose?

Answer 39

to help farmers prevent crop and food loss and control weeds

Question 40

How are GMO animals helping humans medically?

Answer 40

used in research, medicine, and industry transgenic animals may one day provide a source of organs and tissues for transplantation into humans