Exam 2

Question 1

what is memory?

Answer 1

Memory is the process of storing and then remembering the information.

Question 2

What are the three stages of memory?

Answer 2

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 3

What is encoding?

Answer 3

It’s the elaboration process of storing information by linking it to some personal experiences.

Question 4

What is storage?

Answer 4

It’s the memory consolidation that links information to the existing network. It can be strengthened by repetition.

Question 5

What is retrieval?

Answer 5

It depends upon contextual information or cues and how effectively the information was encoded and stored into memory. ​

Question 6

(True or False) Nondeclarative memory in long-term memory is hippocampus dependent.

Answer 6

False

Question 7

What is semantic memory?

Answer 7

It is the organized memory of the world, including memory gained from educational setting.
Ex.) Winter is cold.

Question 8

Explain: Filled delay

Answer 8

It means harder tasks like saying things backward.

Question 9

Explain: Unfilled delay

Answer 9

It doesn’t require anything.

Question 10

What is primacy effect?

Answer 10

First items presented remember better than middle.

Question 11

What is recency effect?

Answer 11

Last items presented remember better than middle.

Question 12

List one non-verbal visual memory task.

Answer 12

Corsi Block-tapping test

Question 13

What component was added in working memory according to Baddeley from the initial model?

Answer 13

Episodic buffer

Question 14

Nondeclarative memory

Answer 14

Hippocampus independent; things you know that you can show by doing

Question 15

What is executive function?

Answer 15

The cognitive abilities that control and regulate most of what we do in everyday life.

Question 16

What are the components of EF?

Answer 16

Initiate, plan, organize, set goals, resolve problems, regulate emotions, and monitor actions/behaviors

Question 17

Which component is the highest level of EF?

Answer 17

Self-monitoring/awareness

Question 18

According to the Miyake et al, what are three components of EF? List three factors with an example for each.

Answer 18

• Shifting: plus - minus
• Updating: letter memory
• Inhibition: stroop

Question 19

Why is EF critical in our life?

Answer 19

Our life requires problem solving, decision making, planning, regulating and maintaining goals in every moment.

Question 20

Describe mild EF deficits

Answer 20

Difficulties following directions, judging adequacy, appropriateness of behaviors, carrying activities through completion. They are compliant but passive.

Question 21

Describe moderate EF deficits.

Answer 21

Carry out familiar and highly practiced activities. Don’t spontaneously do things that require planning and long-term goals.

Question 22

Describe severe EF deficits

Answer 22

Don’t independently act or satisfy wants and needs unless instructed by others or impelled by discomfort.

Question 23

What does the tower test measure in EF?

Answer 23

Problem solving

Question 24

Provide one example of a “planning” task in EF.

Answer 24

Five-point test: 40 squares with identical 5 points. Clients have 5 minutes to design as many different ways of connecting points as possible.

Question 25

“Fred is taller than Bill, and George is taller than Fred. Is George taller than Bill?” This is an example of ________ reasoning in EF.

Answer 25

Verbal reasoning

Question 26

What are general characteristics of RHD?

Answer 26

Insensitive to others, preoccupied with self. Insensitive to abstract or implied meaning. Unable to grasp the significance/meaning of complex events. Verbose, tangential, rambling in speech. Oblivious to social conventions. Unaware or inattentive to physical or mental limitations Unaware of overall significance of complex events

Question 27

What are top two symptoms prevalence in RHD?

Answer 27

Visual neglect, hemi-inattention

Question 28

What are common symptoms of neglect? In other words, how could you figure out whether RHD has neglect?

Answer 28

- failure to respond to people, sounds, and objects to the left of the body’s midline - attending only to the right in self-care activities - failure to move or attend to the left arm and leg - bumping into walls and doorways on the left - reading only the right-side of printed materials - displacing writing to the right side of the page - diminished awareness of physical/cognitive impairments - disinterest and lack of participation in rehabilitation

Question 29

What is the focus of the pragmatics treatment in RHD?

Answer 29

The focus is to make patients aware of deficits and structures practice to improve.

Question 30

What are the goals for pragmatic impairment in RHD?

Answer 30

Turn taking, eye contact, topic maintenance

Question 31

How would you approach “denial of impairment” in RHD? What kind of treatment would you administer? Provide examples of the treatment.

Answer 31

We will use awareness based treatment. We can watch videos of the client and identify errors and make strength and weakness lists.

Question 32

What is visual scanning treatment?

Answer 32

It directs partial attention via consciously scanning the environment. Approaches: - using stimuli or task compelling enough to elicit head turns to the left - a visual anchor to draw attention - slow pacing - repetition, to turn the strategy into a habit

Question 33

VST activities

Answer 33

- cancellation tasks - reading tasks - mealtime activities - visual search tasks

Question 34

How would you treat emotion in RHD? Comprehension

Answer 34

show pictures of different emotions or listen to recordings of emotions to identify the correct emotion.

Question 35

How would you treat emotion in RHD? Production

Answer 35

have patients imitate the clinician’s expression of emotion - tone of voice, facial expression, body language

Question 36

What is scanning training in RHD with neglect issue?

Answer 36

It is to teach patients to attend to the left side of texts. Use colors, rulers or other tools to draw attention to left.

Question 37

What is small step treatment?

Answer 37

Small step treatment is to break the big task into small steps, and you ask yourself “have you finished” after every step.

Question 38

6 ways to improve generalization

Answer 38

1. Provide enough training trials to consolidate and stabilize responses so that patients can produce them in novel or stressful context. 2. Train a variety of responses. Loose training (let stimuli and responses vary within a range), make them use alternatives 3. Train response and strategies in variety of tasks and present the task in a variety of contexts 4. Incorporate aspects of the target environment in treatment activities 5. Train self-instruction and verbal mediation 6. Enlist the help of family members, friends, and caregivers

Question 39

What is forgetting curve (Ebbinghaus)? Explain it.

Answer 39

It means the longer the elapsed time, the lower the percentage of memory retention when it occurs. We can prevent is by repetitions.

Question 40

Explain N-back task. How does this task work?

Answer 40

It means that you have to recall the letters that are a certain step apart from each other. It may be in an increasing order. If you say “t, p, p” and ask the patient to raise hand when she hears “p,” then that will be 1 back target, because p and p is just one step from each other.