what is memory?
Memory is the process of storing and then remembering the information.
What are the three stages of memory?
Encoding, storage, retrieval
What is encoding?
It’s the elaboration process of storing information by linking it to some personal experiences.
What is storage?
It’s the memory consolidation that links information to the existing network. It can be strengthened by repetition.
What is retrieval?
It depends upon contextual information or cues and how effectively the information was encoded and stored into memory.
(True or False) Nondeclarative memory in long-term memory is hippocampus dependent.
False
What is semantic memory?
It is the organized memory of the world, including memory gained from educational setting.
Ex.) Winter is cold.
Explain: Filled delay
It means harder tasks like saying things backward.
Explain: Unfilled delay
It doesn’t require anything.
What is primacy effect?
First items presented remember better than middle.
What is recency effect?
Last items presented remember better than middle.
List one non-verbal visual memory task.
Corsi Block-tapping test
What component was added in working memory according to Baddeley from the initial model?
Episodic buffer
Nondeclarative memory
Hippocampus independent; things you know that you can show by doing
What is executive function?
The cognitive abilities that control and regulate most of what we do in everyday life.
What are the components of EF?
Initiate, plan, organize, set goals, resolve problems, regulate emotions, and monitor actions/behaviors
Which component is the highest level of EF?
Self-monitoring/awareness
According to the Miyake et al, what are three components of EF? List three factors with an example for each.
- Shifting: plus - minus
- Updating: letter memory
- Inhibition: stroop
Why is EF critical in our life?
Our life requires problem solving, decision making, planning, regulating and maintaining goals in every moment.
Describe mild EF deficits
Difficulties following directions, judging adequacy, appropriateness of behaviors, carrying activities through completion. They are compliant but passive.
Describe moderate EF deficits.
Carry out familiar and highly practiced activities. Don’t spontaneously do things that require planning and long-term goals.
Describe severe EF deficits
Don’t independently act or satisfy wants and needs unless instructed by others or impelled by discomfort.
What does the tower test measure in EF?
Problem solving
Provide one example of a “planning” task in EF.
Five-point test: 40 squares with identical 5 points. Clients have 5 minutes to design as many different ways of connecting points as possible.
“Fred is taller than Bill, and George is taller than Fred. Is George taller than Bill?” This is an example of ________ reasoning in EF.
Verbal reasoning
What are general characteristics of RHD?
Insensitive to others, preoccupied with self.
Insensitive to abstract or implied meaning.
Unable to grasp the significance/meaning of complex events.
Verbose, tangential, rambling in speech.
Oblivious to social conventions.
Unaware or inattentive to physical or mental limitations
Unaware of overall significance of complex events
What are top two symptoms prevalence in RHD?
Visual neglect, hemi-inattention
What are common symptoms of neglect? In other words, how could you figure out whether RHD has neglect?
- failure to respond to people, sounds, and objects to the left of the body’s midline
- attending only to the right in self-care activities
- failure to move or attend to the left arm and leg
- bumping into walls and doorways on the left
- reading only the right-side of printed materials
- displacing writing to the right side of the page
- diminished awareness of physical/cognitive impairments
- disinterest and lack of participation in rehabilitation
What is the focus of the pragmatics treatment in RHD?
The focus is to make patients aware of deficits and structures practice to improve.
What are the goals for pragmatic impairment in RHD?
Turn taking, eye contact, topic maintenance
How would you approach “denial of impairment” in RHD? What kind of treatment would you administer? Provide examples of the treatment.
We will use awareness based treatment. We can watch videos of the client and identify errors and make strength and weakness lists.
What is visual scanning treatment?
It directs partial attention via consciously scanning the environment.
Approaches:
- using stimuli or task compelling enough to elicit head turns to the left
- a visual anchor to draw attention
- slow pacing
- repetition, to turn the strategy into a habit
VST activities
- cancellation tasks
- reading tasks
- mealtime activities
- visual search tasks
How would you treat emotion in RHD? Comprehension
show pictures of different emotions or listen to recordings of emotions to identify the correct emotion.
How would you treat emotion in RHD? Production
have patients imitate the clinician’s expression of emotion - tone of voice, facial expression, body language
What is scanning training in RHD with neglect issue?
It is to teach patients to attend to the left side of texts. Use colors, rulers or other tools to draw attention to left.
What is small step treatment?
Small step treatment is to break the big task into small steps, and you ask yourself “have you finished” after every step.
6 ways to improve generalization
- Provide enough training trials to consolidate and stabilize responses so that patients can produce them in novel or stressful context.
- Train a variety of responses. Loose training (let stimuli and responses vary within a range), make them use alternatives
- Train response and strategies in variety of tasks and present the task in a variety of contexts
- Incorporate aspects of the target environment in treatment activities
- Train self-instruction and verbal mediation
- Enlist the help of family members, friends, and caregivers
What is forgetting curve (Ebbinghaus)? Explain it.
It means the longer the elapsed time, the lower the percentage of memory retention when it occurs. We can prevent is by repetitions.
Explain N-back task. How does this task work?
It means that you have to recall the letters that are a certain step apart from each other. It may be in an increasing order. If you say “t, p, p” and ask the patient to raise hand when she hears “p,” then that will be 1 back target, because p and p is just one step from each other.
