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Health Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of Sleep

A

Alpha waves
Stages 1 & 2
Delta waves:
Stages 3 & 4
REM sleep

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2
Q

Alpha waves

A

Awake; low voltage, high frequency

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3
Q

Delta waves

A

High amplitude, low frequency

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4
Q

Stages 1 and 2

A

NonREM
Frequency slows, amplitude increases
Muscle activity, heart rate, and body temperature increase

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5
Q

Stages 3 and 4

A

MOST RESTORATIVE STAGE
Deep sleep
Deep, rhythmic breathing

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6
Q

REM Sleep

A

Awake-like EEG
Dreams, skeletal muscle paralysis

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7
Q

How much do we dream?

A

2 hours per night

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8
Q

How many cycles of sleep do we go through a night?

A

4 to 5 per night, lasting 90 to 110 each

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9
Q

How much sleep do we need?

A

Childhood: 14 to 17 hours
Adolescence: 8 to 10 hours
Adulthood: 7 to 9 hours

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10
Q

Brain Elasticity Theory

A

Sleep is correlated to changes in structure and organization of the brain

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11
Q

Restorative Theories

A

Sleep helps restore, repair, and rejuvenate

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12
Q

Adenosine Theory

A

Buildup of adenosine causes us to feel tired
Sleeping clears this buildup

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13
Q

Adaptive/Evolutionary Theory

A

Inactivity helps us survive by keeping us out of harm’s way while particularly vulnerable

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14
Q

Energy Conservation Theory

A

Sleep reduces energy demand and expenditure

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15
Q

Sleep deprivation consequences

A

Irritability, apathy, disinhibition
Flattened emotional responses
Major Depressive Disorder
Can’t multitask or concentrate
Increased blood pressure, diabetes, obesity
Reduced brain volume

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16
Q

Insomnia

A

Prevalence: 10-15% of all adults
Inability to fall or stay asleep
Doubling of mortality rate

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17
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Extreme tendency to fall asleep in relaxing surroundings

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18
Q

How to improve sleep?

A

Pharmatherapy (serious side effects)
Chronobiological (bright lights)
CBT
Stimulus control
Sleep hygiene and restriction

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19
Q

What is a stressor?

A

Any event that evokes a stress reaction

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20
Q

Four types of stress

A

Biochemical - release of hormones
Physiological - blood pressure
Cognitive - beliefs about the stressor
Behavioral - flight or fight

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21
Q

Sources of stress

A

Early life experiences
Chronic stressful conditions
Workplace stress

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22
Q

Characteristics of a stressor

A

Negative
Uncontrollable
Unpredictable
Ambiguous
Overload

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23
Q

Two types of cognitive reactions to stressors

A

Appraisals: what is going on?
Anticipations: anxiety

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24
Q

Mobilizing response

A

Flight, fight, or freeze

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25
Q

Affiliative response

A

Tend and befriend

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26
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Alarm: immediate reaction
Resistance: adaptation to the stressor
Exhaustion: breakdown of adaptation

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27
Q

Four pathways to illness

A

Physiology
Psychosocial resources
Use of health services
Health behaviors

28
Q

Five components of PTSD

A

Stressor
Intrusion
Avoidance
Cognition and Mood
Arousal

29
Q

Coping styles

A

Approach v. avoidance
Approach leads to better adjustment
Problem focused v. emotion focused
Emotion focused develops in early adolescence
Proactive v. reactive

30
Q

Pain

A

Motivates us to protect

31
Q

Prevalence of pain?

A

3o to 50 million Americans
80% of physician visits
$100 billion annually
7/10 average pain for chronic pain patients

32
Q

Acute

A

Adaptive: triggers help seeking behavior

33
Q

Chronic

A

Maladaptive: Lasts past normal, expected healing period
Associated with emotional distress

34
Q

What are pain receptors called?

A

Nociceptors

35
Q

Where are pain receptors located?

A

Free nerve endings in tissues throughout the body

36
Q

What are the three types of pain?

A

Mechanical
Thermal
Chemical

37
Q

Chemical

A

Environmental toxins, irritants

38
Q

Mechanical

A

Excess pressure, incision, physical deformation

39
Q

Thermal

A

Temperature exposure

40
Q

A-delta fibers

A

Sharp pain
Myelinated

41
Q

C-fibers

A

Dull, aching pain
Unmyelinated

42
Q

What is the body’s natural pain suppression system?

A

Endogenous Opioid Peptides
Endorphins

43
Q

Is measuring pain easy?

A

No, it is hard to measure and difficult to understand

44
Q

Pain as input or output?

A

Output of the brain

45
Q

Traditional view of pain

A

Passively perceived by the brain

46
Q

Modern view of pain

A

Created by the brain

47
Q

Biopsychosocial view of pain

A

Physical and psychological experience
Context it’s experienced in
Social component

48
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

Perception of pain is somewhat under voluntary control

49
Q

Harm and Pain

A

Not equal
Can be modulated by factors unrelated to harm

50
Q

Body and Pain

A

Body can overreact

51
Q

Mental Health and Pain

A

Depression can increase pain
Associated with anxiety and substance abuse

52
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Therapeutic intent
Can occur even when the patient is aware

53
Q

Situational Determinants to the Placebo Effect

A

Setting where administered
Shape, size, color, taste, quantity
Provider behavior
Patient characteristics
Communication
Social norms

54
Q

What is nocebo?

A

Harmless substance with harmful effects

55
Q

What classifies a chronic illness?

A

3 months or more
Can’t be prevented by vaccines
Can’t be cured by medication
Will not spontaneously recover

56
Q

Prevalence of chronic illness

A

50% of the population
More than 33% of younger adults
80% of older adults

57
Q

EVIDENCE: Brain Plasticity Theory

A

Sleep is crucial to brain development in infants
Children sleep 13-14 hours/night

58
Q

EVIDENCE: Adenosine Theory

A

Caffeine blocks adenosine and keeps us alert

59
Q

EVIDENCE: Restorative Theories

A

Animals deprived of sleep suffer in immune function and die within a few weeks
Restorative functions occur primarily during sleep

60
Q

EVIDENCE: Evolutionary/Adaptive Theory

A

No evidence

61
Q

EVIDENCE: Energy Conservation Theory

A

Metabolism is a lot slower during sleep

62
Q

Benefits of Sleep

A

Weight control​
Improved heart health​
Reduce inflammation​
Improved athletic performance​
Improved muscle health​
Improved sex drive​
Improved mood​
Improved self-efficacy, self-esteem​
Improved cognitive functioning
Increased creativity​
Increased productivity​
Improved long-term mood (e.g., less depression/anxiety)​

63
Q

Components of CBT interventions for sleep

A

Sleep hygiene
Stimulus control
Sleep restrictions

64
Q

Perceived Stress Scale measures

A

how people perceive nonspecific stressors

65
Q

What are Holmes’ and Rahe’s 3 highest scoring events on their Inventory of Stressful Life Events?​

A

Early life experiences
Chronic stress conditions
Workplace stress

66
Q

WHat is important about coping strategies?

A

Use similar strategies as stress coping techniques​
Use fewer active coping methods​
Use more passive coping methods​
WHY?​
Many chronic illnesses are uncontrollable in nature​

Health Psychology (1 decks)

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