Exam 2 Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
Animal body plans
A
body symmetry, number of embryonic germ layers, and structure of body cavities
2
Q
How are animal body plans typically assigned?
A
based on the external appearance of an animal; can require dissections and microscopy
3
Q
Three main categories of body plans
A
asymmetrical, radial, bilateral
4
Q
Asymmetrical body plan
A
has no symmetrical pattern
5
Q
What are the only two Phylums to have an asymmetrical body plan?
A
Porifera, Placozoa
6
Q
Where was Placozoa first discovered?
A
an aquarium tank in 1883
7
Q
What size are Placozoa?
A
2-3 mm
8
Q
Where are Placozoa found?
A
marine
9
Q
What are the three genera for Placozoa?
A
Trichoplax, Hoilungia, Polyplacotoma
10
Q
Radial body plan
A
can be divided in half by two or more planes
11
Q
What two Phylums are radially symmetrical?
A
Ctenophora, Cnidaria
12
Q
How do Ctenophores swim?
A
fused cilia (combs)
13
Q
What and how do Ctenophores eat?
A
zooplankton caught with tentacles
14
Q
How many Cnidarian species are freshwater?
A
20
15
Q
How old is Phylum Cnidaria?
A
over 500 millions years old
16
Q
Bilateral body plan
A
two mirrored halves
17
Q
What planes can bilateral animals be divided on?
A
transverse, sagittal, frontal (coronal)
18
Q
What are the five classes in Echinodermata?
A
crinoidea (sea lilies), sea stars, sea urchins and sand dollars, brittle and basket stars, sea cucumbers
19
Q
How old is Phylum Echinodermata?
A
540 million years old
20
Q
How do body plans develop?
A
from different germ layers
21
Q
Germ layer
A
layers of cells formed in the earliest stages of embryonic development; tissues are derived from these cells
22
Q
Diploblastic
A
two germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm)
23
Q
Triploblastic
A
three germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm)
24
Q
Ectoderm
A
outermost germ layer of developing embryos; precursor to nerve and skin cells
25
Mesoderm
middle germ layer; precursor to muscle, blood cells, parts of the kidneys
26
Endoderm
innermost germ layer; precursor to gut lining, many organs
27
Three body cavity plans
coelomate, pseudocoelomate, acoelomate
28
Coelom
body cavity surrounded by mesoderm
29
Tagma
body segments that group together to form larger units
30
Metamerism
segmented body plans
31
What organisms can have metamerism?
annelids, arthropods, chordates
32
Porifera
no germ layers or cavities
33
Cnidaria and Ctenophora
diploblastic
34
Conserved traits
Characteristics that are shared among different taxonomic/phylogenetic groups; reflects common ancestry
35
Cephalization
sensory organs and specialized appendages localized in the head end of an animal
36
What are instances that cephalization was lost in bilateria?
echinoderms, bivalve mollusks, brachiopods
37
Tetrapods
four-limbed animals; amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
38
In what tetrapod groups have limbs been lost?
snakes
39
Sarcopterygii
lobe-finned fishes
40
Actinopterygii
ray-finned fishes
41
Chondrichthyes
cartilaginous fishes
42
How are sponges supported?
"skeletons" made of calcium carbonate or silica spicules and spongin
43
How are anemones and jellyfish (Cnidaria) supported?
hydrostatic skeleton
44
How are stony corals (Cnidaria) supported?
calcium carbonate exoskeleton
45
How are worms supported?
cuticle and hydrostatic pressure
46
How are Echinoderms supported?
endoskeleton made of calcium carbonate
47
How are mollusks and brachiopods supported?
exoskeleton shell
48
Vestigial structures
structures that have lost functionality but remain from a previous ancestor
49
How are arthropods supported?
chitinous exoskeleton
50
How are chordates supported?
internal structures of cartilage and bone
51
Notochord
cartilaginous rod that supports the body of chordates; develops into spine in vertebrates
52
Vertebral column
encloses spinal cord and the fluid surrounding it
53
Sexual reproduction
the production of individuals from the fusion of gametes from two parents
54
Gamete
reproductive cell
55
Advantages of sexual reproduction
reshuffling of genetic diversity and selection is more effective
56
Disadvantages of sexual reproduction
need a mate and transmission of sexually transmitted diseases
57
How are gametes produced?
meiosis
58
Spermatogenesis
results in four haploid sperm cells
59
Oogenesis
results in a haploid egg cell and polar bodies
60
Diploid zygote
produced by fertilization, going on to develop into an embryo
61
Clown fish functional hermaphroditism
male to female to fit social structure
62
Wrass functional hermaphroditism
female to male, larger males at an advantage
63
Sexual dimorphism
large differences between size, shape, color, etc. of males and females
64
Sexual selection
natural selection on traits that increase an organism's ability to reproduce
65
Oviparous
eggs are produced outside the body before fertilization or before embryonic development
66
Oviparous mammals
monotremes (platypus, echidna)
67
Ovoviviparous
eggs are produced and offspring hatch inside the parent's body
68
Viviparous
embryo develops inside the parent, live birth
69
Reproductive trade-off for many eggs
low cost per egg, low chance all survive
70
Reproductive trade-off for less eggs
fewer offspring, higher likelihood of survival
71
Gonads
organs that produce gametes
72
Protostome
mouth forms before anus
73
Deuterostome
anus forms before mouth
74
Two major clades within Protostomes
Lophotrochozoa/Spiralia, Ecdysozoa
75
Spiralia
have spiral cleavage
76
Animals in Lophotrochozoa
segmented worms (annelids), mollusks, bryozoans, brachiopods, phoronids, nemertea
77
Phoronida
horseshoe worms
78
Nemertea
ribbon worms
79
Ecdysozoa
radial cleavage
80
Animals in Ecdysozoa
arthropods, nematodes, oncyophora, tardigrades, priapulida, kinorhyncha
81
Tardigrades
water bears
82
Priapulida
penis worms
83
Kinorhyncha
mud dragons
84
Deuterostome cleavage
radial, spiral, discoidal, rotational
85
Amniotes
embryos with fluid-filled membranes, including the amnion
86
What animals are amniotes?
mammals, birds, reptiles
87
Respiration
gaseous interchange between an organism and its surrounding medium
88
Respiratory system in Porifera, Cnidarians, and Ctenophores
no true respiratory systems
89
How does Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora obtain oxygen?
water
90
Choanocytes
moves water through body of Porifera
91
How are true respiratory systems linked?
circulatory systems
92
How do segmented polychaete worms obtain oxygen?
using gills
93
How do annelids respirate?
exchange gases through their skin
94
What is the name of the gills in aquatic Mollusks?
ctenidia
95
Pneumostome
opening in terrestrial mollusks (that use lungs) that lets in oxygen
96
How do nematodes respirate?
no true respiratory system; diffusion through the skin
97
How do sea spiders (Pycnogonida) respirate?
take in oxygen through legs, distribute oxygen through stomach
98
How do insects respirate?
spiracles and a tracheal system
99
How do scorpions and spiders respirate?
book lungs
100
How do Echinoderms respirate?
gas exchange through the skin, tube-like feet, and simple gill projections
101
Lungfish
have lungs derived from swim bladders
102
Lamellae
rows of filaments that increase the surface area for gas exchange in the gills
103
Bronchus
passages that go through the lungs
104
Alveoli
Air sacs where gas exchange occurs
105
How do amphibians respirate?
through lungs and their skin
106
Circulatory system
Tissues and organs used to transport nutrients (including oxygen) to cells and remove waste from cells
107
What type of vascular system do proferans, cnidarians, and ctenophores have?
lack vascular system
108
Open circulatory system
blood is moved into a body cavity
109
Closed circulatory system
blood is transported to cells completely within enclosed vessels
110
What type of circulatory system do mollusks have?
open or closed
111
What type of circulatory system do cephalopods have?
closed
112
Mollusks--copper in hemocyanin
blue blood
113
What type of circulatory system do non-cephalopod mollusks have?
open
114
How many chambers are in the heart of mollusks?
two
115
What type of circulatory system do annelids have?
closed
116
Annelid--erythrocruorin
green blood
117
Brachiopods--hemerythrin
purple blood
118
What type of circulatory system do arthropods have?
open
119
How many chambers are in the heart of arthropods?
one
120
What type of circulatory system do chordates have?
closed
121
Parasite
organism that obtains nutrients by living on an organism of a different species
122
Pathogen
organism that causes disease in another organism
123
Innate
"built in" mechanisms
124
Acquired
mechanisms that develop during an organism's lifetime
125
Physical innate defense
skin, exoskeleton, shell, mucous membrane
126
Physically removing ectoparasites in birds
pectinate claw, dust baths, allopreening
127
Chemical innate defense
antimicrobial slime in fish, host defense peptides, pH
128
Innate defense in Cnidarians
antimicrobial enzymes in ectodermal and endodermal layers
129
Cellular innate defense
Phagocytosis
130
Where do innate immune cells in vertebrates originate?
bone marrow
131
Granuolcytes
a type of leukocyte (white blood cell)
132
What do bilaterian invertebrates use for phagocytosis?
hemocytes
133
Phagocyte in Poriferans
Archaeocyte
134
Phagocyte in Cnidarians, Annelids, Mollusks, etc.
Ameobocytes
135
Key component of innate immune response
inflammation
136
What does acquired immunity involve?
lymphocytes, antibodies
137
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
a group of genes that code proteins that help immune cells recognize invaders from non-invaders
138
How do non-jawed vertebrates recognize themselves?
cell receptors, antimicrobial peptides, innate phagocytosis
139
Nervous systems
sensing and responding to environmental stimuli
140
Synapses
the process of electrical pulses are transmitted between neurons or between neurons and muscle tissue
141
What kind of nervous system do Poriferans have?
no nerve cells or brains
142
What kind of nervous system do Cnidarians and Ctenophores have?
have "nerve nets" but lack brains
143
Thyroid glands
growth hormones
144
Pancreas
insulin
145
Adrenal glands
cholesterol, aldosterone, cortisol
146
Pituitary gland
hormones involved in many different processes
