Final Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Metazoa
A
often synonymous with animals
2
Q
Opisthokanta
A
Group consisting of animals, fungi, and some unicellular eukaryotes
3
Q
Where does the word “science” originate from?
A
latin word “scientia” (knowledge)
4
Q
What is science?
A
System of observations and experiments to gain knowledge about how the universe works
5
Q
Epistemology
A
the study of how we know what we know
6
Q
Inductive reasoning
A
specific observations to make generalizations
7
Q
Deductive reasoning
A
using generalizations to make specific observations
8
Q
Whigism
A
the idea that now is better than the past
9
Q
Who originated the idea of falsifiability?
A
Karl Popper (1902-1994)
10
Q
Falsifiability
A
the idea that science never ends because we can find endless new information
11
Q
Who originated the idea of paradigm shifts?
A
Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996)
12
Q
Paradigm shift
A
the idea that science could end, scientific knowledge is not constantly linear with time, and with new knowledge comes a shift in the paradigm
13
Q
Scientific method
A
the hypothetico-deductive method
14
Q
Is the scientific method inductive or deductive reasoning?
A
inductive
15
Q
Control
A
repetitions of the experiment without treatments
16
Q
Treatment
A
changing a variable to test for an effect (independent variable)
17
Q
What are the two approaches to test a hypothesis?
A
Experimental and comparative
18
Q
Law
A
a description (often mathematical) of how things act
19
Q
Theory
A
An explanation based on several facts, hypotheses, and perhaps laws (rigorously tested)
20
Q
Hypothesis
A
An explanation for an observation
21
Q
Fact
A
Observation
22
Q
What unique organelles do animal cells have?
A
plasma membrane
23
Q
What does the nucleus do?
A
ribosome synthesis
24
Q
What does rough endoplasmic reticulum do?
A
protein synthesis
25
What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
lipid synthesis
26
True/False: Cytoplasm and cytosol are the same thing.
True
27
What does the golgi apparatus do?
packages and prepares proteins for secretion
28
Endosymbiotic Theory (1967)
introduces the idea that descendants of mitochondria were likely free-living alphaproteobacteria that were incorporated into ancient eukaryotic cells roughly 2 billion years ago
29
Lynn Margulis
developed the idea of endosymbiosis
30
Monocercomonoides
the only eukaryote that does not have mitochondria
31
Connective tissue
bone, blood, cartilage
32
Epithelial tissue
skin, organ cavities
33
Muscle tissue
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles
34
What are the four types of tissues in animals?
Connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
35
What cells found in fish have similar functions to the alveoli tissue in the lungs of mammals?
lamella in gills
36
Are there nuclei in the red blood cells of most vertebrates?
Yes
37
Are there nuclei in the red blood cells of mammals?
No
38
Do liver cells or red blood cells contain hundreds of mitochondria?
liver cells
39
True/False: The average size of cells is different among organisms.
False
40
Unicellular eukaryote Amoebozoa
closest relatives of animals and fungi
41
Unicellular eukaryote Choanoflagellates
closest living relatives of Metazoa (animals)
42
What is the order of Central Dogma?
DNA->RNA->Protein
43
What is completed in order for DNA to become mRNA in Central Dogma?
transcription
44
What is completed in order for mRNA to become a protein in Central Dogma?
translation
45
Where is DNA found in the cell?
nucleus and mitochondria
46
What is a nucleic acid made up of?
phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base
47
Which sugar is found in RNA?
ribose
48
What sugar is found in DNA?
deoxyribose
49
What are the purine nitrogenous bases?
Adenine and Guanine
50
What are the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases?
Thymine (DNA), Uracil (RNA), Cytosine
51
Where do nucleic acids link together?
along a phosphate backbone
52
Which nitrogenous bases link together with 2 hydrogenous bases?
Adenine and Thymine
53
What nitrogenous bases link together with 3 hydrogen bonds?
Cytosine and Guanine
54
What do complementary strands of DNA form?
double helixes and chromosomes
55
How do you know something is an enzyme?
ends in -ase
56
What is translation?
converting mRNA into proteins
57
What does a set of three nitrogenous bases become?
codons
58
Gene
a sequence that codes for a functional polypeptide or RNA sequence
59
Costs of social behavior
more likely to be spotted by predators and spread parasites/disease
60
Altruism
behaviors that appear to benefit others at one's own expense
61
Kin selection
closely related individuals are more likely to engage in altruistic behaviors
62
Monogamous mating
restricted to one mate
63
Social monogamy
a pair bond that is not sexually exclusive
64
Polygyny
one male, several females
65
Polyandry
one female, several males
66
Innate behavior
instinctive
67
Learned behavior
flexible, based on experience
68
Proximate explanation for behavior: "How?"
neurons that control their behavior
69
Ultimate explanation for behavior: "Why?"
innate and learned behaviors
70
Behavior ecology
study of behaviors to promote survival and reproduction in natural habitat
71
Behavior
an organism's response to external stimuli
72
Why is predicting future animal distributions important?
for conservation and agricultural purposes
73
How are insects displaced to a new area?
wind currents and attaching to humans or animals
74
Vicariance
separation via physical barrier
75
Dispersal
movement to a new geographic location
76
What are the ways animal distribution can change?
dispersal and vicariance
77
Historical biogeography
seeks to reconstruct past distributions and understand how they got to where they are today
78
How is historical biogeography typically approached?
from a phylogenetic perspective
79
Food web
relating species according to how they acquire nutrients
80
Community
combination of different species
81
What model is used to compare the population sizes of predators and prey?
Lotka-Volterra Model
82
What can competition for resources lead to?
specialization and resource partitioning
83
Community ecology
interactions among populations
84
Carrying capacity (K)
maximum number of individuals that can persist under specified environmental conditions
85
Can K change over time?
yes
86
Intrinsic limit to growth (r)
unlimited rate of growth; births - deaths per generation
87
Demography
properties of the rate of growth and age of a population
88
Metapopulation
two or more geographically distinct demes
89
Deme
a local population of closely related individuals
90
Biotic
living components
91
Abiotic
non-living components
92
Environment
combinations of biotic and abiotic factors
93
Niche
the role of an organism in its environment
94
Ecology
study of relationships between organisms and their environment
95
What does modern taxonomy use a combination of?
genetics and morphology
96
Taxa
plural
97
Taxon
singular
98
-idae
animal family ending
99
Linnaean Classification System
hierarchical classification system; DKPCOFGS
100
"L" in modern papers
name was first used by Linnaeus
101
Taxonomy
study of principle of scientific classification; systemic ordering and naming of organisms
102
Morphology
traits vs. genetics
103
Chronogram
branch lengths are unit of time
104
Phylogram
branch lengths represent rates of change
105
Cladogram
branch lengths only show relationships
106
Clade
common ancestor and all of its descendants
107
Root
most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree
108
Node
represent common ancestors for all descendent lineages
109
Phylogeny
hypothesis about evolutionary history of a lineage
110
Macroevolution
large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time
111
MIcroevolution
evolutionary change within a small group of organisms, especially over a short period
112
Evolution
combination of random and non-random changes in allele frequencies over time
113
Allele
mutated gene
114
Mutation
random change in allele with respect to needs of organism
115
Selection
non-random change in allele depending on an organism's environment
116
Genetic drift
random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations
117
What three components does natural selection need?
heritability, variation, and difference in fitness
118
Fitness
measure of how well organism functions in environment
119
Heritability
offspring resemble parents more than random individuals
120
What changed in Darwin's finches based on the type of food that was available?
beak size
121
Natural selection
process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment
122
Darwin
evolution occurs through shared common ancestry
123
Polygenic
multiple genes involved in a trait
124
What did Gregor Mendel work with?
pea plants
125
Gametes
a haploid (n) reproductive cell
126
What does a slight allele change lead to?
dramatic genotypic or phenotypic change
127
Genome
the total amount of DNA in a haploid set of chromosomes (or organelle)
128
Ploidy
the number of copies of chromosomes in a cell or organism
129
What is a eukaryote?
cell that contains membrane-enclosed nuclei
130
Animal body plans
body symmetry, number of embryonic germ layers, and structure of body cavities
131
How are animal body plans typically assigned?
based on the external appearance of an animal; can require dissections and microscopy
132
Three main categories of body plans
asymmetrical, radial, bilateral
133
Asymmetrical body plan
has no symmetrical pattern
134
What are the only two Phylums to have an asymmetrical body plan?
Porifera, Placozoa
135
Where was Placozoa first discovered?
an aquarium tank in 1883
136
What size are Placozoa?
2-3 mm
137
Where are Placozoa found?
marine
138
Radial body plan
can be divided in half by two or more planes
139
What two Phyla are radially symmetrical?
Ctenophora, Cnidaria
140
How do Ctenophores swim?
fused cilia (combs)
141
What and how do Ctenophores eat?
zooplankton caught with tentacles
142
How many Cnidarian species are freshwater?
20
143
How old is Phylum Cnidaria?
over 500 million years old
144
Bilateral body plan
two mirrored halves
