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Intro to Sociology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Socialization

A

the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group, by which we become functioning members of society.

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2
Q

Self

A

one’s conscious experience of a personal identity.

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3
Q

id

A

basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive psychic energy. Its goal is to achieve pleasure and avoid pain. Selfish unrealistic part of the mind.

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4
Q

ego

A

realistic aspect of the mind that balances the forces of the id and superego

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5
Q

superego

A

represents the internalized ideals of society

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6
Q

Looking-glass self

A

the notion that the self develops through our perception of others’ evaluations and appraisals of us.

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7
Q

Preparatory stage

A

Children mimic or imitate others

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8
Q

Play stage

A

children pretend to play the role of the particular or significant other

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9
Q

Particular significant other

A

the perspectives and expectations of a particular role that a chidlren learns and internalizes

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10
Q

game stage

A

children play organized games and take on the perspective of the generalized other

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11
Q

generalized other

A

perspectives and expectations of a network of others that children learn and then take into account when shaping their own behavior.

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12
Q

Dual nature of the self

A

the idea that we experience the self as both the subject and object “i” and “me”

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13
Q

Thomas Theorem

A

if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences

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14
Q

Definition of the situation

A

an agreement with others about “what is going on” in a given circumstance; this consensus allows us to coordinate our actions with others and realize goals

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15
Q

expressions of behavior

A

small actions such as an eye roll or head nod that serve as an interactional tool to help project our definition of the situation to others

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16
Q

expressions given

A

expressions that are intentional and usually verbal, such as utterance

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17
Q

expressions given off

A

observable expressions that can be either intended or unintended and are usually nonverbal

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18
Q

impressions management

A

the effort to control the impressions we make on others so that they form a desired view of us

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19
Q

front

A

the setting or scne of performance that helps establish the definition of the situation

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20
Q

Front

A

the setting or scne of performance that helps establish the definition of the situation

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21
Q

Region

A

the context in which the performance takes place

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22
Q

Personal front

A

tactics we use to present ourselves to others, including appearance, costume, and manner

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23
Q

Backstage

A

the places where we rehearse and prepare for our performances

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24
Q

frontstage

A

the places where we deliver our performances to others

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25
Q

resocialization

A

replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones

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26
Q

Total institutions

A

institutions where ppl are cut off from the rest of the society so thay they can be controlled and regulated for the purpose of stripping away previous roles and identities in order to create new ones

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27
Q

status

A

a position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations

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28
Q

ascribed status

A

a status that is inborn

29
Q

embodied status

A

a status embodied by physical characteristics

30
Q

achieved status

A

a status earned through individual effort or imposed by others

31
Q

master status

A

a status that is always relevant and affects all other statuses we posses

32
Q

role taking emotions

A

emotions such as sympathy, embarrassment , or shame that require that we assume the perspective of another person or group and respond accordingly

33
Q

feeling rules

A

norms regarding the expression and display of emotions; expectations about the acceptable or desirable feelings in a given situation

34
Q

emotional labor

A

the process of evoking, suppressing, or otherwise managing feelings to create a publicly observable display of emotion

35
Q

copresence

A

face-to-face interaction or being in the presence of others

36
Q

saturated self

A

a postmodern idea that the self is now developed by multitude influences chosen from a wide range of media sources

37
Q

Ervin Goffman

A

Dramaturgy

38
Q

Charles Cooley

A

The Looking-Glass Self

39
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Psychoanalytic Theory

40
Q

George Herbert Mead

A

Mind, Self, and Society

41
Q

Coercive Power

A

Power that is backed by the threat of force

42
Q

Authority

A

a legitimate right to weild power

43
Q

Rationalization

A

the application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns

44
Q

Expressive leadership

A

leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group

45
Q

Deviance

A

the violation of norms, rules, expectations. Any transgression of socially established norms

46
Q

Stigma

A

blemishes that discredit a person’s claim to a normal identity

47
Q

Group

A

a collection of two or more people who share some attributes and identify with each other, and interact

48
Q

Crowd

A

a temporary gathering of people in a public spce

49
Q

Aggregates

A

collections of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relations

50
Q

Category

A

people who share one or more attributes but who lack a sense of common identity or belonging

51
Q

social identity theory

A

a theory of group formation and maintenance that stresses the need of individual members to feel a sense of belonging

52
Q

instrumental leadership

A

leadership that is task or goal oriented

53
Q

Mcdonalization

A

George Ritzer - the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the annompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization

54
Q

social control

A

mechanisms used to elicit conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion

55
Q

Social Control Theory

A

Travis Hirschi - strong social bonds increase conformity and decrease deviance

56
Q

differential association theory

A

Edwin Sutherland - we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers

57
Q

labeling theory

A

Howard Becker - idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels that modify the individual’s self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person.

58
Q

structural strain thoery

A

Robert Merton - An individual’s position in society determines whether they have the means to achieve their goals or must turn to deviance

59
Q

primary deviance

A

in labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant

60
Q

secondary deviance

A

the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant

61
Q

tertiary deviance

A

redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon

62
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

an inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true.

63
Q

stereotype threat

A

a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy in which the fear of performing poorly - and confirming stereotypes about their social groups - causes students to perform poorly

64
Q

stereotype promise

A

a kind of self fulfilling prophecy in which stereotypes sucj as the model minority label applied to Asian Americans, lead to positive perfomranmce outcomes.

65
Q

Stigma

A

Erving Goffman - physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group’s identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction.

66
Q

Passing

A

presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group to which you belong

67
Q

in-group orientation

A

among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity

68
Q

outsiders

A

Howard Becker - those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from normal society

69
Q

deviance avowal

A

process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates their own labeling process

Intro to Sociology (2 decks)

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