exam 2

Question 1

physical properties of water

Answer 1

-viscosity (its resistance to flow)
-specific heat
-latent heat
-freezing point depression (higher solute concentration- hardening)
-density (when h2o freezes, the density increases)
-water vapor (gaseous state): warm air pulls more water vapor
the dryer (lower) air, the higher temp of evaporation
-osmotic pressure

Question 2

latent heat: evaporation

Answer 2

liquid-gas
536 cal@ 100°

Question 3

latent heat: condensation

Answer 3

gas-liquid
597 cal@ 100°

Question 4

latent heat: fusion

Answer 4

liquid-solid
80 cal@ 0°

Question 5

humidity

Answer 5

water in air

Question 6

relative humidity

Answer 6

% saturation in the air
(evaporation=condensatio: air is saturated)

Question 7

hydrophytes

Answer 7

growing water plants

Question 8

mesophytes

Answer 8

grow in soil -absorb h2o thru soil

Question 9

xerophytes

Answer 9

dry plants

Question 10

how do plants control water loss?

Answer 10

thru leaves
-stomata
-curling
-waxy cuticle
- decorousness (loses its leaves thru seasons)

Question 11

adaptation of animals: freshwater
problem: hypertonic (excess h20 enters animals)

Answer 11

produce dilute urine
absorb salt-gills
no drinking

Question 12

adaptation of animals: marine (saltier)
*most invertebrates are isotonic (shellfish, mollusks, crabs)
problem: most vertebrates are somewhat hypotonic dehydration

Answer 12

produced concentrated urine
secrete salt by gills, salt glands
drink fresh water if available
sharks: isotonic

Question 13

adaptation of animals: terrestial
problem: dehydration

Answer 13

drink freshwater
insects: exoskeleton resists evaporations
exectory organs: nephrons (kidneys)
nitrogenous waste: mammals: urea
birds+ reptiles: uric acid
metabolic h2o
burrow
nocturnal
sa/vol (camels since cant burrow)

Question 14

compounds of the atmosphere

Answer 14

n2: 78%
02: 21%
argon: 1%
co2: 0.041%
trace elements
variable amounts of h2o

Question 15

troposphere

Answer 15

ground level
0-7 miles (most weather occurs here)

Question 16

stratosphere

Answer 16

ozone
7-30 miles
cfc chlorofuorocarbons

Question 17

adiabatic lapse rate

Answer 17

compressed air= hot (molecules are moving fast)
expand air= cold (molecules slow down)

dry rate: 1°c/100m
(as air rises, less pressure, humidity goes up, water condenses)

wet rate: 0.6°c/100m

Question 18

biological importance of wind

Answer 18

-windchill factor (effective cooling rate-the rate of heat loss where it lowers the body’s temp due to passing flow of lower-temp air)
-krumbotle effect (twisted wood)
-seed & pollen disposal
-migratory birds

Question 19

factors that produce & direct airflow

Answer 19

-thermal
-sea breezes
-valley breeezes
-inversion: air is cool, dense at the bottom, warm air trapped cool air on top
+ moisture & pollutants are trapped
+ prevents heating near the surface (pos. feedback)
+ stable: can last for a long time
-defective currents (over & up the mountains)

Question 20

global wind patterns: generalized pattern

Answer 20

west-east
-western=wet
-eastern=dry (rain shadow: orographic effect)

Question 21

global wind patterns: Coriolis effect

Answer 21

north hemp: deflected to the right
south hemp: deflected to the left

water vapor low density rises
dry air high density sinks

Question 22

global ocean currents

Answer 22

north hemp: clockwise
south hemp: counteclockwise

Question 23

def:weather

Answer 23

atmosphere condition in specific time+date (rainy, cloudy, humidity)

Question 24

def: climate

Answer 24

long term transition

Question 25

north-south climate gradient

Answer 25

alaska-key west: temp north: warm+moist south: cool+ dry

Question 26

east-west climate gradient

Answer 26

pacific-Atlantic: Moisture

Question 27

climate at north pole/south pole

Answer 27

cold-no direct sunlight

Question 28

north-south climate gradient

Answer 28

Alaska-key west: temp north: warm+moist south: cool+ dry

Question 29

cohort/dynamic life table

Answer 29

measure the demographics directly adv: Accurate disadv: could take a long time

Question 30

time specific life table

Answer 30

measure a single season adv: short disadv: only accurate as the assumption

Question 31

"r" selective reproductive strategy

Answer 31

exponential higher mortality short life expectancy

Question 32

"k" selective reproductive strategy

Answer 32

logistic model lower mortality long life expectancy

Question 33

"k" selective reproductive strategy

Answer 33

logistic model lower mortality long life expectancy

Question 34

reproduction: age of 1st reproduction

Answer 34

r: young k: delayed maturation

Question 35

reproductive: # of reproductive attempts

Answer 35

r: Semelparity (once but massive) k: iteroparous (produce more than once during its lifetime)

Question 36

reproduction: litter size/ clutch size

Answer 36

r: large k: small

Question 37

reproduction: parental care

Answer 37

r: little to none k: extensive

Question 38

reproduction: offspring survival

Answer 38

r: low (mx=high)=* quanity k: high (mx=low)=*quality

Question 39

population growth: density

Answer 39

r: independent k: dependent

Question 40

population growth: growth pattern

Answer 40

r: j-curve (exponential) k: s-curve (logisitc)

Question 41

population growth: growth is limited by...

Answer 41

r: external factors (boom/bust) k: self (territory/ hierarchy)- equilibrium of k

Question 42

population growth: life span

Answer 42

r: short k: long

Question 43

population: survivorship curve

Answer 43

r: type III k: type I, II

Question 44

population growth: body size

Answer 44

r: small k: large

Question 45

population growth: environment

Answer 45

r: harsh (ephemeral: short-lived resources)= ***unpredictable resources k: mild (stable resources)=***predictable resources

Question 46

mating system: monogamy

Answer 46

one partner 1. lifetime: swans 2. serial (1 mate, then a diff mate): humans

Question 47

mating system: polygamy

Answer 47

multiple mates/partners 1. polygyny: 1 male simultaneously to multiple females 2. polyandry: 1 female simultaneously to multiple males

Question 48

polygyny

Answer 48

a. resource defense: red-wing blackbird -compete for territory (wetland/ woody vegetation) b. female defense (harem): deers -males defend access to females/ males are in competition with other males c. lek (lekking species): butterflies, frogs, turkeys -males come tgt to flaunt and attract females why would a subordinate stay? 1. to learn skills(promotion) 2. kinship selection 3. low chance of reproduction> no chance of reproduction

Question 49

polyandry

Answer 49

a. resource defense: spot sandpipers -females defend territory & males, males incubate eggs b. male defense: PHALAROPES -defend access to males

Question 50

mating system: promiscuity

Answer 50

brief or no pair bonds (flamingos)

Question 51

mating system: trend for birds and mammals

Answer 51

females looks for males that can ensure she have resources males look for females that can slow down to mate

Question 52

mating system: variations w/in species

Answer 52

why females mate w/ other males that already have another female? the male has more resources and can provide to her as well (more resources > none)