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Ecology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

community

A

graphed partnership in a given place/time

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2
Q

interspecific interaction: mutualism

A

++: both organisms are benefited

mutualism (obligatory): both species depend on each other survival

protocooperation (facultative): get benefits for each other but can live without the other

ex. clownfish & anemones

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3
Q

interspecific interaction: commensalism

A

+0: one population benefits, the other is neither benefited/harmed

bird making a nest in a tree (bird gets protection, tree is unbothered)

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4
Q

interspecific interaction: neutralism

A

00: neither is benefited/harmed

ex.Bactrian camel & long-tailed tadpole shrimp (both live in desert but have minimal interactions)

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5
Q

what are the three symbioses

A

mutualism
commensalism
neutralism

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6
Q

interspecific interaction: amensalism

A

0-: one is not harmed/benefited, one is harmed

ex. you walking thru a garden (has no effect to u, but u hurt the plant)

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7
Q

interspecific interaction: predation/ parasitism

A

+-: one is benefited, one is harmed

predation: kill its prey & eats it (sheep pull out roots)
parasitism: does not kill, but consume/ harm host (cow eat grass/ tapeworm)

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8
Q

interspecific interaction: competition

A

–: both are harmed, none benefited

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9
Q

what is the order of ecological levels?

A

organismal->population->community->ecosystem

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10
Q

competition: resources

A

limited
limiting

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11
Q

competition: niche

A

grinnel 1917: considered as a subdivision of ecosystem (habitat)

elton 1927: function in an ecosystem

Hutchison 1957: hyper volume (3 dimensions)
of resource utilization
—> look at many resource axis

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12
Q

what are 2 possible outcomes when niche overlap is significant?

A

a. competitive exclusion: gauses principle
b. resource partitioning: niche shifts

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13
Q

competitive exclusion: gauses principle

A

two species competing for the same resource cannot coexist

no 2 species may occupy identical niches individually
(the superior competitor drive inferior to extinction

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14
Q

resource partitioning: niche shifts

A

a process of natural selection that will force competitors to use resources differently

fundamental niche: niche to which the gene pool has adapted
—-> represent all the environmental conditions where a species is able to live

realized niche: niche occupied in the presence of competition
—–> where the species actually live due to competition

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15
Q

interspecific interaction: predator-prey cycle

A

lynx: predator
snowshoe hare: prey

lotka-voltera predation model: the prey consumption rate by a predator is directly proportional to the prey abundance

when the population of hare decrease, the population of lynx also decreases but a few years after (a lag)
=predator lag prey (the density of one population is affecting the growth of another

x-axis: N(prey/predator)
y-axis: dN/dt (predator/prey)

prey on y-axis: down
predator on y-axis: up

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16
Q

predation: lemming cycle

A

mainly applies to the prey population

when the prey population reaches its peak, their food resources become low (when pop gets crowded, young gets killed due to crowding)

nutrient recovery hypothesis:
decomposes breaks down the chewed-up plants
(take a long time due to colder climates: takes time to recover the nutrients= causing the lag)

x-axis: time
y-axis: N

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17
Q

predator responses to prey density

A

who? buzz hollings
functional response: the amount of prey eaten has to do w/ prey eaten in proportion to the density

numerical response: a change in predator density)

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18
Q

functional response: Type I

A

linear line
x-axis: N(prey)—low/high
y-axis: the amount of prey eaten—low high

=prey are eaten in a fixed number of availability
(low prey availability, low # of prey being eaten)

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19
Q

functional response: Type II

A

linear line, then plateau
x-axis: N(prey)—low/high
y-axis: the amount of prey eaten—low high

=a maximum amount of prey predators can eat
(the rate of prey consumption by a predator rises as prey density increases, but eventually plateaus)
——> the rate of prey consumption remains constant/ does not matter if there’s more prey density

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20
Q

functional response: Type III

A

linear line, then plateau
x-axis: N(prey)—low/high
y-axis: the amount of prey eaten—low high

SSI: specific searching image
refugitive: not exposed to predators due to hiding prey
=low number of prey being eaten due to hiding

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21
Q

griffith’s energy maximizing model

Study These Flashcards
A

small body=less energy BENEFIT

animals will try to maximize net energy gain at the lowest energy cost=maximzing fitness

attempts:
maximize energy gain
minimize time spent to obtain a fixed amount of energy

x-axis: prey size
y-axis: energy

==optimality theory

22
Q

anti-predation strategies: crypsis

Study These Flashcards
A

hiding

*countershading: have a color, pattern, or shape that makes predators hard to find them (bc it blends into the environment)
-deer mouse
-meadow vole
-arboreal

*disruptive coloration: a form of camouflage that works by breaking up the outlines of an organism with contrasting pattern
-tigers: vertical lines
-giraffe: patchy, irregular shadows
-zebras: vertical & horizontal lines

23
Q

anti-predation strategies: aposematic coloration

Study These Flashcards
A

the organism has an obnoxious pattern that advertises to predators that it is dangerous (not worth attacking)
-lionfish
-wasp
-poison dart frogs

24
Q

anti-predation strategies: batesian mimicry

Study These Flashcards
A

aka false advertising

the mimic gain protection from the model by resembling the model

model: - (monarch, coral snake)
mimic: + (viceroy, kingsnake)

+- interaction–> special form of parasitism

25
anti-predation strategies: mullerian mimicry
aka truthful advertising when two organisms share similar anti-predator characteristics and co-mimic each other ++ protocooperation: facultative mutualism -honeybee/ yellow jacket/ velvet ant
26
anti-predation strategies: classical parasitism
endoparasite: tapeworm, flukes (r-selected) ectoparasite: mosquito, tick, leech
27
anti-predation strategies: parasitoid
an insect whose larvae live as parasites that eventually kill the host - parasitoid wasps (lay eggs in caterpillars & kill it)
28
anti-predation strategies: other forms of + -
1. batesian mimicry 2. breed parasite (birds) -> obligated: have a bird raise their young (brown-headed cowbird, European cookoos) -> facultative: a female that typically exhibits parental care of offspring lays eggs in another organism's nest -> kleptoparasitism: wired to steal (bald eagle-astray)
29
how to measure communities?
1. density: individual/space 2.dispersion: spatial arrangement -->uniform -->random -->clumped 3. based on species composition --> richness: # of species in a community --> evenness: how evenly abundant are all the species in the area -->diversity: combination of richness and evenness = Shannon Weiner Diversity Index
30
what does the important value base on?
density frequency dominance
31
habitat type: ecotone
untogradation over an entire region (over 100 miles) a transitional area between 2 biomes ex: -grassland (forest & grassland) -estuary (freshwater & saltwater) -riverbank/marshland (dry and wet)
32
habitat: edge
occurs at the boundary of two habitats -created due to abrupt changes in the environmental condition
33
habitat: edge effect-natural
fire, storms, shoreline outwest habitat along stream edge: riparian
34
habitat: edge effect
between forest and meadow can spread out 2-3 tree heights into either habitats
35
habitat: edge species
species that stay during in edges ex. birds white tailed deer
36
habitat: interior species
don't do well on edges ex. cougar, wolves, eagles: wilderness species
37
habitat: fragmentation
habitat is broken up into fragments ex. sheep cattle *8 by 4: 24km/32km^2 *4 by 2: 12km/8km^2 (all edge) what happens to the ratio? ratio has gone up as fragments get smaller cal-birds: expanded habitat due to fragmentation -1km
38
island biography theory: species-area curve
as the size of an area increases, the number of species also increases x-axis: area y-axis: # of species
39
island biography theory
the number of species inhabiting an island is impacted by the island's land size and degree of isolation 3 processes: colonization, extinction, evolution -island close to a source area will have a higher number of species than islands of equivalent area that are further from the source area -large islands will have more species than smaller islands located at similar distances from the source area
40
island biography theory: the equilibrium model
who? MacArthur Wilson an equilibrium when the colonization rate equals the extinction rate -an increase in island size-->lower extinction curves -a decrease in distance--> raise colonization curves x-axis: S (expected # of species on an island=equilbirum) 0-P y-axis: rate spp/t left side (0-S): colonization=high extinction=low right side (S-P): colonization=low extinction=high colonization: exponential decay what is the cause for extinction? competitive inclusion
41
island biography theory: distance effect
expect islands near each other to have more species=better colonization near is on top
42
island biography theory: area effect
large islands have more competitive interactions large is on top (left side) large is on bottom (right side) 2 points of S (forms a diamond)
43
what does Oldfield Succession mean?
abandoned agricultural fields gradually change back to forest over many years
44
Oldfield Succession in NJ
year 0: grasses, woody forbes (plain soil) year 1: (early) covered with dead vegetation -->lower soil level -->less hot (day), warm (night) --> less wind --> more humidity (late) taller herbaceous plants year 2-3: golden rod, ragweed year 5-10: shrubs, multiflora rose, red cedar saplings -->low evaporation rate year 10-25: oak, maple, hickory saplings year 100: mature oak-hickory forest *as years increase, height increases=compete for unlimited sunlight year 1-25: serial communities
45
ecological succession: primary
talus slope -new exposed/newly formed rocks are colonized by living things for the first time
46
ecological succession: secondary
an area that was previously occupied by living things is disturbed, then re-colonized following the disturbance
47
ecological succession: pioneer species
r-selected (high mortality) ex. dandelion
48
ecological succession: climax species
aka climax community k-selected leaves the environment the same way they found it ex. acorn -faster process (soil, nutrients in place from previous)
49
ecological succession: disclimax
-arrested successional development -period disturbance a disturbance climax community that occurs at the early stages of successions that are repeated with unpredictable disturbances that prevent succession from reaching a stable climax community ex. turkey oak sandhills/lone pine: -adapted to fire--> grow an extensive root system -have pine cones--> sticky residue another fire: becomes sharp--> bottle brushes (taller instead of a bluff) grow in sandy soil:water perkily thru >30: wind west <30: wind east
50
disturbance: natural agents
fire moving water (floods) wind lack of water (drought) animals (beavers) pathogens (disease-organisms)
51
disturbance: anthropogenic agent (humans)
urbanization, suburbanization agriculture, silviculture surface lining dams, canals, drainage (mercury) pollution (coal)

Ecology (6 decks)

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