Exam 2 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Bones function
A
- support
- movement
- protect underlying organs
- mineral storage
- blood cell formation
- Energy metabolism
2
Q
Components of skeleton
A
- Bones
- Cartilage
- Ligaments
- Connective tissues (stabilize/connect)
3
Q
Cartilage function
A
- support
- movement
- cushion abutting bones
4
Q
Where can you find cartilage?
A
- Ear (external)
- Nose
- Ends of bone (at joints)
- Ribs to sternum
- Larynx (voice box)
- Respiratory air tubes
- In between vertebrae
- Pubic Symphysis
- Knees
5
Q
Cartilage in ribs is called?
A
Costal cartilage
6
Q
articular cartilage
A
cartilage at the end of movable joints
7
Q
Cartilage more abundant in adult or embryo?
A
Embryo
8
Q
Dense irregular tissue around cartilage is…
A
perichondrium
9
Q
Function of perichondrium
A
- resists expansion with pressure
2. growth/repair of cartilage
10
Q
How much water does cartilage have?
A
60-80 %
11
Q
3 Types of cartilage tissue
A
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
12
Q
What are the cells of cartilage called?
A
chondrocytes
13
Q
Chondrocyte is found in?
A
Lacuna
14
Q
What does the matrix in cartilage have?
A
complex sugar molecules & jelly-like ground substance
15
Q
What is the cartilage that looks like frosted glass?
A
Hyaline cartilage
16
Q
Characteristics of hyaline cartilage
A
- frosted glass look
- chondrocytes are circle shaped
- unseen fibril in matrix
makes up articular cartilage for joints and adjoining bones, costal cartilage, respiratory, embryonic skeleton
17
Q
Characteristics of Elastic Cartilage
A
- matrix has elastic fibers
- unseen fibrils
- very bendable
outer ear, epiglottis
18
Q
Characteristics of Fibrocartilage
A
- resists pulling (tension) and compression
- collagen fibers
- chondrocytes surrounded by lacunae
in between vertebrae, meniscus of knee
19
Q
What is the latin name of discs between vertebrae?
A
annulus fibrosus
20
Q
2 ways cartilage grows
A
- appositional
2. interstitial
21
Q
appositional growth
A
chondroblasts induce growth from outside in perichondrium and secretes matrix
22
Q
interstitial growth
A
chondrocytes secrete matrix by dividing inside
23
Q
calcified cartilage
A
calcium phosphate seeps into matrix
with aging or normal with children for bone growth
24
Q
What percent of organic components?
A
35%
collagen
25
hydroxyapatite
calcium, phosphate and hydroxide ions
calcium phosphate mineral salts in/around fibrils in matrix gives the bone its hardness
26
What percent is hydroxyapatite?
65%
27
3 cells that produce bone tissue
1. osteogenic
2. osteoblast
3. osteocyte
28
Stem cell of bone tissue is called....
osteogenic cells
29
osteoblast
cell that produce organic component (collagenous) of bone
30
osteoid
bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
31
What cells break down bone?
osteoclasts
32
What type of bone is the fingers and toes?
Long bone
33
Sesamoid bone
short bone that forms in a tendon
ex. patella
34
What kind of bones are the skull?
Flat bones
35
What kind of bone is the vertebrae and hip bones?
Irregular bones
36
trabeculae
needle like pieces in spongy bone
37
What is the name of the shaft of the bone?
Diaphysis
38
Name of the bone ends...
Epiphysis
39
What kind of cartilage is the epiphysis covered in?
Hyaline cartilage
40
Hyaline cartilage at the end of bones is called
articular cartilage
41
Where is the epiphyseal line?
between diaphysis and epiphysis
42
Do bones have blood supply?
yes 3% to 11% of blood is in bones
43
What 2 vessel serve the diaphysis of bone?
1. nutrient artery
| 2. nutrient vein
44
What 2 things serve the epiphysis?
1. epiphyseal arteries
| 2. veins
45
medullary cavity
center of long bone filled with yellow bone marrow and no bone tissue
46
What part of the bone does the periosteum not cover?
The ends of the long bone
47
What is the disc of hyaline cartilage called that grows?
Epiphyseal plate
48
2 sublayers of periosteum membrane
1. superficial dense irregular CT
| 2. osteogenic deep layer with osteoblast and clasts
49
Does the periosteum have nerves and blood vessels?
Yes which is why they hurt and bleed
50
What vessels supply the periosteum?
nutrient and epiphyseal vessels
51
How is periosteum secured to the bone?
By perforating fibers (sharpey's)
52
perforating (sharpey's) fibers
thick bundles of collagen that run from periosteum into the bone matrix
53
What are internal bone surfaces covered with?
endosteum
54
endosteum
covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines centra canals of osteons
has osteoblasts and clasts
55
In flat bone what is the internal structure called?
diploe (the spongy bone)
56
What do trabeculae of spongy bone align along?
the stress lines of the bone
57
3 bone markings
1- projections for muscle/ligament attachment
2- surfaces that form joints
3- depressions and openings
58
What is Haversian system?
osteon
long cylindrical structures that bear weight and within each the have rings of lamella that sandwich lacuna
59
tuberosity
large rounded projection
60
trochanter
large blunt irregular shaped process on femur bone
61
tubercle
small rounded projection or process
62
meatus
canal-like passageway
63
What are the structures of the central canal?
1. artery with capillaries
2. vein
3. nerve fiber
64
Volkmann's Canals/ Perforating Canals
perpendicular (at a right angle) to the central canals and connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to the central canals and the marrow cavity
65
What bone cells are spider shaped?
osteocytes
66
What does the canaliculi do?
connects neighbor lacunae to each other and the nearest capillaries and once they connect they form gap junctions
67
What is incomplete lamellae called?
interstitial lamellae
these lie between the osteons
68
What is interstitial lamellae?
remains of old osteons that were cut through bone remodeling
69
circumferential lamellae
in external/internal surfaces of compact bone layer
extends around entire circumference of diaphysis
70
How do the osteocytes receive nutrients?
capillaries in endosteum surrounding trabeculae via connections through canaliculi
71
Bones that are formed directly through mesenchyme
intramembranous ossification
72
Bones that are developed from hyaline cartilage
endochondral ossification
73
Intramembranous ossification steps
1- ossification centers in fibrous connective tissue membrane
2- Osteod is secreted in fibrous membrane and calcifies
3- woven bone and periosteum form
4- Lamellar bone replaces woven bone deep to the periosteum. Red bone marrow appears
74
What kind of ossification do all of the bone except the skull undergo?
Endochondral ossification
75
Steps of endochondral ossification
1- bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage
2- center calcifies and develops cavities
3- periosteum forms blood vessels comes through periosteal bud
4- diaphyses elongates, medullary cavity, secondary ossification centers in epiphyses form
5- epiphyses ossifies, hyaline cartilage is only now articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
76
epiphyseal plate from top to bottom 1-5
1- resting zone
2- proliferation zone (cartilage undergoes mitosis)
3- hypertrophic zone (cartilage cells enlarge)
4- calcification zone (cartilage dies, matrix deteriorates and matrix is calcified now)
5- ossification zone (new bone matrix is occurring)
77
What adds bone tissue to external surface of diaphysis?
osteoblasts
78
What removes bone from internal surface?
osteoclasts
79
How do short bones form?
ONE ossification center
80
How do irregular bones form?
Distint ossification centers
81
How do small long bones form?
primary ossification center and single secondary ossification center
82
What produces the growth hormone?
pituitary gland
83
What does the thyroid hormone do for the skeletal system?
make sure that it maintains proper proportions
84
What do sex hormones do for skeleton?
1- promotes bone growth
| 2- closure of epiphyseal plates
85
Bone deposition is by the....
osteoblasts
86
Bone reabsorption is by the...
osteoclasts
87
Stages of healing fracture
1- hematoma
2- internal/external fibrocartilage callous, some spongy bone
3-bony callous of spongy bone
4- bone remodeled/healed
88
comminuted fracture
bones are in three or more pieces
89
compression fracture
bone is crushed
90
epiphyseal fracture
bone seperates at epiphyseal plate between epiphyses and diaphyses
91
greenstick fracture
bone doesn't break all the way through (like a twig)
92
osteoporosis is...
low bone mass
93
osteomalacia (rickets)
not enough minerals in bones
94
Paget's disease
excessive rate of bone breakdown (deposition)
95
Form of bone cancer is called
osteocarcoma
96
What does the mesoderm do?
stimulates embryonic mesenchyme cells
97
What does the mesenchyme do?
produces membrane and cartilage
98
Function of diaphysis
shaft houses bone marrow found in medullary cavity
99
Function of epiphysis
articulates with other bones
| allows bone to increase in diameter
100
Periosteum function
helps form and repair bone
101
Function of epiphyseal line
growth area for long bone lengthening
102
Function of spongy bone
make the bone lighter
103
What is the site for hematopoesis?
endosteum
104
Function of endosteum
line medullary cavity, site for hematopoesis
105
Function of compact bone
wall of diaphysis
106
Function of perforating (sharpey's) fibers
secures periosteum to bone and helps attach tendon to bone
