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The Next Generation > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What size probe would you use for transrectal or transvaginal ultrasound?

A

5

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2
Q

What size would you use for placenta vs fetus?

A

7.5
3

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3
Q

How can we detect pregnancy in the bovine?

A

-21 days without estrous cycle, ultrasound, rectal palpation, biosassay markers (PAG) and hormones (ES and P4)

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4
Q

What can we paplpate in the bovine to detect pregnancy?

A

-placentomes, fetus, chorioallantoic slip, and amniotic vessicle

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5
Q

How can we detect pregnancy in the small ruminants?

A

-21 day without estrous in goat, 17 in ewe
ballotment
ultrasound

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6
Q

How can detect pregnancy in the sow?

A

17-24 days without estrous, best detected with presence of boar
-ultra sound (18-19 days post breeding, 25-32 day proper embryo

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7
Q

How can we detect pregnancy in the camelid?

A

-spitting off, ballotment, ultrasound after day 12

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8
Q

How can we detect pregnancy in the mare?

A

-rectal palpation -> uterus over the pelvic rim, can feel the fetus by 7 months
urine estrogen -> cuboni test
rectum ultrasound -> should be done by day 14

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9
Q

Uterine swellings in mare’s rectal palpatation
golf ball, softball, flutuant swelling, football, basketball,

A

28 days, 35, 45, 60, 90

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10
Q

When can we feel the string of pearls in small animals?
when can we radiograph?
when can we ultrasound?
what can we detect in canines only?

A

21-28 days
-safe after day 40, best done in last week due to calcification
-day 22 and on
-relaxin

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11
Q

What is the yolk sac connected to?
What is the allantois connected to?

A

mid gut
hind gut

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12
Q

What are within the umbilical cord?

A

-urachus, two umbilical arteries, one umbilical vein, allantoic stalk, yolk stalk, and whartons jellys

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13
Q

Omphacele bs gastroischisis?

A

omphalocele -> a GIT defect where it fails to retract into the abdomen after the phsyiologic hernia

Gastroischisis-> a body wall defect where the lateral fold fails to fuse

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14
Q

Allantoic fluid
Amniotic fluid

A

appears more urine-like in mid gestation as the developing kidneys form urine -> to the allantois

becomes more colorless and mucoid late gestation

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15
Q

Compare the uterus of the cow vs the horse

A

cow -> short body and two horns. Cervix has interdigitating folds
horse -> long body and two short horns. Cervix has long mucosal folds

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16
Q

What is the most common ovarian tumors of mares?

A

-granulosa cell tumor

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17
Q

You are on a clinical case and you decide to do ultrasound on a mare. One ovary is large while the other is smaller. What do you think could this be?

A

-granulosa cell tumors

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18
Q

What are the benign ovarian tumors? What are malignant?

A

-cystadenoma and terratoma
-dysgermoma

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19
Q

What are possible risks for Anovulatory follicles?

A

-uterine inflammation
-prostaglandins on day 9-11
NSAID use around time of ovulation
-use of Hcg
=

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20
Q

What is a common cause of infertility in mares?

A

endometritis

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21
Q

What is one of the most common infectious bacteria that can cause endometritis?

A

strep zoo epidemicus

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22
Q

You are doing ultrasound on a mare and think you see an embryo, but the mare has had trouble with infertility. What could be a differential

A

cyst

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23
Q

What is a reportalbe bacterial venereal disease?

A

contagious equine metritis

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24
Q

Difference between estrogen and progesterone and their affects on bacteria?

A

progesterone ->predisposes to infection

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25
Q

What are the routes of bacterial infection in the genital tract?

A

-ascending infection and hematogenous spread

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26
Q

What bacteria can cause balanoposthitis?

A

-C. renlae, trueperella pyrogenes and mycoplasma species

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27
Q

What are the predisoping factors for pizzle rot?

A

increase protein in feed leads to increased urea in urine. C. renale creates ureas that converts urea to ammonia. Amonia is not gentle to the skin and allows for c. RENALE to invade

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28
Q

What are the most common routes of infectiion for orchitis? Epididymitis?

A

-hematogenous spread
-ascending infection

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29
Q

What animal is most commonly involved in orchitis and epidiymits?
What bacteria are involved?

A

-rams

Brucella, actinobacillus seminalis and histophilus suis

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30
Q

What animal is most commonly affected with prostatitis and what bacteria are commonly involved?

A

-dog
S. psuedintermedius, E coli, B. hemalotic

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31
Q

What bacteria are commonly involved in seminal vessiculitis?

A

trueperella pyrogenes

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32
Q

What animals are most affected by vaginitis and vulvitis?

what bacteria?

A

dogs, cows and sow
Cows- mycoplasma
Dogs-> streptococcus canis, E coli, staph psudeintermdius
sows -> E. coli,

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33
Q

What animal is most affected by endometritis and when is it commonly observed?

A

mares
-post mating

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34
Q

What is the most common isolate of endometritis in mares?

A

strep zoo epidemicus

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35
Q

What is the most common isolate in pyometra?

A

trueperella pyorgenes

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36
Q

What strain of brucella is not zoonotic?

A

B. ovis

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37
Q

Where does brucella come from?

A

maintained in carrier animals
-found as facultative intracellular organisms in macrophages and reproductive cells
-shed intermittently by carrier animals or in large numbers by newly infected animals

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38
Q

How is brucella transmitted?
route of infection?

A

directly through infected/carrier animals or fomites
-ingestion, congenital, veneral, exposure of mucosal surfaces

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39
Q

What diseases do brucella abortus cuase?

A

-bovine abortion in cows
epididymits and orchitis in bulls
fistulous withers and poll evil

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40
Q

What diseases does brucella canis cause?

A

canine abortion, infertility in bitches and sick pups
epididymits, sperm abnormatliteis
systemic dissemination in dogs

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41
Q

What diseases does brucella suis cause?

A

-aboriton in sows
-epididymits and orchitis
-disseminated infections

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42
Q

What diseases do brucella ovis cause?

A

-mostly epididymitis in older rams,
abortion in ewees and decreased fetility in the flock

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43
Q

What diseases does brucella mellitenitis cause?

A

abortion, epididymits and orchitis, also causes mastitis

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44
Q

How do you treat dogs iwth brucella?

A

-doxycylin and enro, spay and castrate dogs as well, monitor therapy with serology

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45
Q

what are the two modes of transmisssion for camplyobacter?

A

-ingestion and venereal

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46
Q

What dieseas does camplyobacter cause?

A

infertility and sporadic abortion

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47
Q

What does C. fetus spp fetus cause?

A

abortion in sheep

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48
Q

What two syndromes do listeria cause?

A

-viscera and neurological

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49
Q

Incidence in dogs of CEH?
what about cats?

A

2/3 of all female dogs greater than 9 years with normal estrous cycles with have CEH.
Increases in age with cas

50
Q

Pyometra incidence?

A

middle to older aged bitches and middle to older age queens

51
Q

Why does pyometra develop?

A

under the influence of progesterone. within 1-3 months after heat

52
Q

What is the common bacteria that causes pyometra in dogs?

A

E. coli

53
Q

How do you treat pyometras?

A

Remove the source (OHE), antibiotics and supportive care

54
Q

When can you do medical treatment for a pyometra?

A

young breeding bitches, open pyometra, in good condition, no uterine pathologies and normal ovaries

55
Q

Juvenile vaginitis vs adult

A

in prepuvertalb dogs

-in intact bitches and spayed

56
Q

How do you treat puppy vaginitis?

A

spontaneous resolutation after 1 or 2 heat cycles. Do not spay before vaginitis resolves

57
Q

Why do dogs get adult vaginitis?

A

-lack of vulvar development due to lack of estrogen after spay

58
Q

How does progesterone affect the mother and drugs?

A

-decrease GI motility, increase GI blood flow
-may influence rate and extent of absoprtion

59
Q

Extravascular drug absorption and pregnancy?

A

-increase blood volume and cardiac output
-increased blood flow to some organs

-increased absorption from transdermal, inhlant, and EV drugs

60
Q

How is distribution different in pregnanyc?

A

-increased plasma volume, increased cardiac output leads to increased volume of distribution

-decreased albumin concentration and incrreased acute phase proteins

61
Q

How is metabolism affected by pregnancy?

A

-increased metabolism (increased hepatic blood flow), decreased protein binding
and can have increased or decreased metabolism

62
Q

Elmination and drugs with pregnancy?

A

increased plasma, blood volume and CO -> increased RBF and GFR

63
Q

What characteristics of a drug will readily cross the placental barrier?

A

-low molecular weight, highly lipophilic, unionized, not protein bound, and high concentration gradient

64
Q

What drugs are none to be teratogenic?

A

Griseosulfin, tetracyclins, trimithopram sulfa, testosterone, trilostane, oxfendazole

65
Q

What is the number one cause of anaestrus in large animals?

A

pregnancy

66
Q

What is the difference between a luteal cyst and a folllicular cyst?

A

-luteal -> thicker tissuse. Not as big as 2.5 cm
Follicluar -> thin band of tissue around it. 2.5 cm

67
Q

How do we treat swine with follicular cysts?

A

Cull

68
Q

We want less than _% of abortions

A

5

69
Q

What is the difference between hydrops allantois and hydrops amnii

A

Allantois -> affects the placenta, occurs rapidly and has a poor prognosis
Amnii-> affects the fetus, occurs slowly and has a better prognosis

70
Q

Why does vaginal prolapse occur in sheep?

A

higher incidence on estrogenic forage (clover) and late gestation

71
Q

When do vaginal prolapses occur?

A

pre partum

72
Q

Why do we sterilize in bovine and how do we do it?

A

management and heritable disease
-surgery or vasectomy. at 1-3 months

73
Q

Why do we sterilize small ruminants and how do we do it?

A

management and meat taint
-surgical and vasectomy at 5-6 months

74
Q

Why do we sterilize porcine and how do we do it?

A

management and meat taint
surgical and chemical less than 2 weeek s

75
Q

Why do we sterilize camelids and how do we do it?

A

managmenet and heritable disease prevetion
surgical 15-18 months

76
Q

Why do we sterilize horses and how do we do it?

A

managment and heritable disease control
-surgical and hormonal

77
Q

Why do we sterlize small aniamsl and how do we do it?

A

population control, heritable disease, managment
-srugical, chemical, hormonal

78
Q

If Toxoplasma gondii affects a pregannt goat or sheep
-before 80th day
-up to 115th
after 115th day

A

-embryonic death, followed by resorption or mummification

-abortion, stillbirth, perinatal death

-congenitally affected lambs or kids

79
Q

What is diagnostic of toxoplasma gondii infeciton?

A

antibodies to toxoplasma in fetal fluid

80
Q

What should we not cut during castration?

A

the penis

81
Q

What is the most common reason for doing scrotal ablation?

A

-scrotal hematoma

82
Q

What viruses cause abortion in cattle?

A

Bovine herpes virus
BVD
bluetongue
schmallenburg

83
Q

When does abortion commonly occur with bovine herpes virus?

A

4 months gestation to full term

84
Q

What lesions can we see with BVD?

A

-cerebellar hypolasia, abnormal or loss of hair, osteopetrosis, perivascular lymphocytes and lymphoid depletion

85
Q

When does equine herpesvirus 1 most commonly cause abortion and what do we see?

A

occurs in the third trimester
causes single and epizootic abortions or stillbirth, or neonatal death within 3 days

86
Q

When does abortion typically occur with equine viral arteritis?

A

6-29 after clincial cases

87
Q

What viruses cause abortion in small ruminants?

A

border disease
bluetongue
cache valley
BVD
caprine herpes virus

88
Q

What lesions can wee see with border disease?

A

cerebellar hypoplasia, osteopetrosis, hair follicle dysplasia, perivascular lymphocytes and lymphoid depletion

89
Q

When should we use intrauterine administration?

A

mild cases of endometritis and pre and post breeding

90
Q

What drugs are approved for intrauterine administraiton?
which are extra-label?

A

-chlorohexidine, gentamicin, ticarcillin sodium, amikacin

-penicillin, oxytetracycline and iodine

91
Q

What can systemic absorption be influenced by?/

A

disease severity

92
Q

What are advantages to intrammmary absorption? Disadvantages?

A

-high concentrations of drug at site of action, minimal systemic absorption,mulitple approved drugs

-milk residues, may get kicked

93
Q

What drug is prohibited in food animals?

A

Ceftiofur hydrochloride

94
Q

What should we not give extralabel to dairy animals?

A

avermectins and macrolides

95
Q

What drugs used in dogs for cushings shouldnt be administered durnig pregnancy?
what about horses?

A

-mitotane, trilostane, ketoconazole,selegiline

-pergolide, cyprohepatidine, trilostane

96
Q

What drugs prolong partruition?

A

NSAIDs, B-2agonists, and calcium channel blockers

97
Q

what drugs induce partrution early?

A

-corticosteroids, trilostain and misopristol

98
Q

What drugs stimulate lactionation?
Which inhibit?

A

-oxytocin and dopamine type 2 receptor antagnoists

-dopamine agonists, prolactin antagonists

99
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia is most likely to occur in what kind of dog?
-what is due to ?

A

intact male dogs
-DHT

100
Q

You are palpating a rectum and feel for the prostate. you feel a enlarged, syymetric, smooth,non painful and firm prostate. what do you think this is?

A

BPH

101
Q

What is a sequela for BPH in intact dogs?

A

prostatitis

102
Q

What does prostatitis feel like in palpation?

A

painful (acute), nonpainful (chronic), enlarged, symmetric (unless abscess)firm

103
Q

How do we treat prostatitis?

A

Treat concurrnet BPH, use enrofloxacin, 4 weeks for acute and 6-12 for chronic, NSAIDS, supporitve care

104
Q

What are neutered dogs more at risk for?

A

Prostate neoplasia

105
Q

What does prostate neoplasia feel like on palapation?

A

no palpable sulcus, firm, enlarged, assymetric and painful

106
Q

What are viral causes of abortion in pigs?

A

-Porcine reprouctive and respiratory syndrome and virus
-procine parvovvirus
-porcine enterovirus
-porcine herpesvirus1

107
Q

What is the most economically important disease of pigs world wide?

A

PRRS

108
Q

What are viral causes of abortion in dogs?

A

-canine herpesvirus 1
canine distemper virus
canine adenovirus
canine parvovirus 1

109
Q

Why do canine distemper and canine adenovirus cause abortion?

A

because of stress in clincial disease of pregnant animal

110
Q

waht is the most common lesion in testicular hypolasia??

A

germ cell deficiency

111
Q

What is testicular degeneration?

A

results in decreased production of spermatocytes

112
Q

For testicular degeneration
-if chronic?
-mild and acute
-mild and severe?

A

-poor regardless
good prognosis
poor prognosis

113
Q

Leydig cell tumors

A

round, soft and pale to orange or orange brown
-dog and bull

114
Q

Sertoli cell tumors

A

lobulated, white and firm
-dog and bulls

115
Q

Seminomas

A

soft, gray , round
-proliferation of primordial germ cells

116
Q

Infections in the epididymus

A

head ->usually congenital abnormality, of the efferent ducts. Get sperm stasis or granuloma

Tail -> infectious

117
Q

What can adenomysosis be due to?

A

-response to chronic inflammation or endocrine changes

118
Q

What is a schirrous cord?

A

an inflammatory lesion of the tunics and spermatic cord following castration usually of pigs, mules, and horses

119
Q

If prostate is symmetrical vs assymetrical?

A

symmetrical -> hyperplasia or sqamous metaplasia

assmyetrical -> neoplastic or inflammatory

120
Q

What is the most commonly diagnosed neoplasma of bitches?

A

mammary gland tumor

121
Q

If you have an abortion and the placenta looks firm, brown and leathery, what could it be due to?

A

bacteria or fungi

122
Q

If the placenta looks multifocal necrosis?

A

protozoa

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