Final Exam

Question 1

What are the 3 ways that animals can get mastitis?

Answer 1

-bacteria, trauma, and opp and cae

Question 2

What is the role of lactoferrin?

Answer 2

its a whey protein that chelates iron. It is increased in involuted udders and decreased with high colostrum

Question 3

Why do we pre-dip vs post-dip?

Answer 3

Pre- environmental bacteria
Post- contagious bacteria

Question 4

When are cows most susceptible to mastitis?

Answer 4

first and last two weeks during the dry period
-first 2 weeks of lactation

Question 5

What are the main infectious agents for gangrenous mastitis for large ruminants?

Answer 5

-staph aureus and clostridium perfringens

Question 6

What are the main agents for acute mastitis? What should their HR be?

Answer 6

-environmental and contagious
Between 80-100

Question 7

What are the main infectious agents for subacute mastitis?

Answer 7

-contagious and environmentally

Question 8

How do we detect subclinical mastitis?

Answer 8

-milk is fine, just has increased somatic cells

Question 9

How big should the umbilical arteries appear on ultrasound?

Answer 9

less than 0.5-1.0 cm `

Question 10

What is the most common signalment for omphalitis?

Answer 10

-less than 14 days in age

Question 11

What are the clincial signs of urachus in a healthy neonate vs unhealthy?

Answer 11

healthy ->moist umbilicus, two streams, urine scald
unhealthy -> oomphalitis, lethargy, fever, inappatence

Question 12

What view would you take for radiographs of the carpus vs tarsus?

Answer 12

Carpus -> dorsal palmar view
Tarsus -> lateral palmar view

Question 13

Ossificaiton occurs _

Answer 13

centrifugally

Question 14

How do we treat deformed angles of joints?

Answer 14

Hoof trimming/ glue extensions
Accelerate with periosteal elevation
retardation with transphyseal briding
could do both

Question 15

Fetlock
Tarsus
Carpus

Answer 15

Conservative <2-3 weeks
Periosteal stripping <4 weeks
Briding 4 weeks
Cessation growth 9 months

<2-3 months, <4 months, 4 months, 21 months

<3-4 months, <6 months, 6 months, 21 months

Question 16

The main consequnece of a retained placenta is?

Answer 16

low fertility of the cow

Question 17

How do you treat a retained placenta in a healthy neonate vs unhealthy?

Answer 17

healthy -> nothing. Maybe give calcium and oxytocin

Unhleahty -> ceftiofur, uterine lavage, Nsaids, and oral fluids

Question 18

When does metritis most likely occur

Answer 18

2 weeks post calving

Question 19

What is the number one pathogen of metritis?

Answer 19

trueperella pyrogens

Question 20

When do we see pyometra?

Answer 20

post partum, after first ovulation

Question 21

What bacteria are commonly associated with mastitis in dogs

Answer 21

colliforms, strep and staph

Question 22

What antibotic would you use to treat mastitis in cows

Answer 22

oxytetracycline

Question 23

What route of adminstiration would you use to treat peractue mastitis?
acute?
mild?

Answer 23

kill teat
Iv and IMM
IMM

Question 24

How long can bitches have lochia for?

Answer 24

3-4 weeks post partum

Question 25

Describe normal vulvar discharge in a queen post-partum?

Answer 25

-red, mucoid, never green, resolves within 4 days and no odor

Question 26

Retained placenta risk factor?

Answer 26

large litter

Question 27

what can a retained placenta lead to?
How do we treat?

Answer 27

metritis
-let it pass through the lochia, let puppies nurse to stimulate oxytocin, can give oxytocin 24 hours after birth, dont give propholaytic antibiotics

Question 28

What is acute metritis?
When does it occur?
What are the CS?

Answer 28

inflammation of the myometrium and endometrium
Within the first 7-10 days post partum
-malodorous red and brown or prulent vulvar discharge

Question 29

How do we treat metrtitis?

Answer 29

can give PGF, or oxytocin within the first 24 hours, or OHE

Question 30

What is the common complaint of subinvolution of placental sites?
how do we treat?

Answer 30

8-16 weeks post partum
spontaneous remission

Question 31

When can acute mastitis occur?

Answer 31

anytime during lacatation

Question 32

For acute mastitis, how do we give antibotics?

Answer 32

based on C/S

Question 33

What are the clincial signs of agalactia?

Answer 33

insufficient weight gain in puppies

Question 34

What can we do to treat agalactia?

Answer 34

treat underlying cause
-give a D2 antagonist shortly after birth, give oxytocin

Question 35

When does hypocalcemia commonly occur?

Answer 35

within first 4 weeks post partum, may have concurrent hypoglycemia,