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Nursing Fundamentals NUR202 (12/22) > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of an acute illness?

A

asthma attack
pneumonia

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2
Q

What is an example on a chronic illness?

A

asthma
diabetes

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3
Q

Which is more likely to need rehab? acute or chronic illnesses?

A

Acute

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4
Q

What is the first level in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Physiologic needs: oxygen, water, food, elimination. Most essential to life

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5
Q

What is the second level in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Safety and Security: protection from harm

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6
Q

What is the third level in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Love and Belonging: the understanding and acceptance of others in both giving and receiving love and the feeling of belonging to a group such as family, peers, friends, a neighborhood, and a community

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7
Q

What is the forth level in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Self-esteem: feel good about themselves, pride, and a sense of accomplishment

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8
Q

What is the fifth level in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Self-actualization: need for people to reach their full potential

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9
Q

What are the three levels of health promotion and illness prevention?

A

Primary, secondary, and tertiary

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10
Q

What is included in primary prevention?

A

Education, vaccines, mandate of safe practices

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11
Q

What is included in secondary prevention?

A

Regular exams/screening tests

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12
Q

What is included in tertiary prevention?

A

Rehabilitate after illness/diagnosis

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13
Q

Define extended family

A

Grandparents, aunts, uncles

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14
Q

Define nuclear family

A

a couple and their dependent children

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15
Q

Define blended family

A

Step-mom, step-dad, children from previous marriages

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16
Q

What is the difference between culture and subculture

A

A subculture is a group of people who are members of a culture but who have certain ethnic, occupational, or physical characteristics that are not common to the larger culture.
ex: nurses in healthcare
ex: teenagers or older adults in the general population

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17
Q

What age group usually is diagnosed with diabetes type 1?

A

Younger people, under the age of 10

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18
Q

What age group is usually diagnosed with diabetes type 2?

A

Older people

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19
Q

at what age do chronic illnesses start to unfold?

A

30s

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20
Q

what age groups are more like physiologically

A

Infants and older adults

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21
Q

What are physiologic development changes of infants?

A

Brain grows to half adult size, motor abilities develop (crawl, walk, and some hand movement)

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22
Q

what are some physiological development changes of toddlers?

A

Separation anxiety, walking/ride a bike/climb, use of fingers to pick up objects, rapid brain/Limb/muscle growth

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23
Q

what are physiological development changes of preschool age children

A

Head is close to the adult size by age 6, motor abilities more developed (skipping, catching,writing), full set of teeth present

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24
Q

what are some physiological changes of school age children?

A

Brain reaches 90 to 95% adult size by age 12, nervous system almost completely matured, motor abilities are progressed (complete thoughts written, complete full sentences, write cursive)

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25
What are some physiological changes of adolescent/young adult children?
Bones in hands and feet grow rapidly, muscle mass increases, maturation of the genitals, puberty
26
What are some physiological changes of the middle adult?
hormonal changes (menopause, andropause)
27
What are some physiological changes of older adults?
organ systems undergo decline, sarcopenia: muscle mass loss
28
what should be included an assessment when assessing cultural differences?
Beliefs and traditions
29
what cognitive changes are there in older adults?
Not a big change, some dementia
30
what psychosocial changes are there in older adults
self-concept is relatively stable stage of integrity vs. despair and disgust in Ericksons theory
31
What are some health problems are older adults experience
dementia
32
What are some life changes the older adults experience
Health of spouse, adjusting to living arrangements
33
Why do most older adults not get sick?
They have more antibodies
34
defined the stage of integrity vs. despair and disgust
Older adults search for emotional integration and acceptance of physiologic decline without fear of death. Include life review or reminiscence.
35
what is SPICES
An assessment tool for older adults
36
what does SPICES stand for?
S: sleep disorders/inconsistent sleep P: problems w/ eating or feeding (danger for aspiration) I: incontinence/unable to hold pee *C: confusion *E: evidence of falls (safety) S: skin breakdown
37
what are some life changes middle adults experience
Relationship with spouse
38
What are some health problems middle adults experience
Diabetes, depression, heart problems
39
What is Levinsons theory of the settling down phase?
(age 33-40) adult invests energy into the areas of life that matter most to them (family, work, community)
40
what is levinson’s theory of the midlife transition phase?
(age 40-45) unsettled time, which person is anxious and fearful. focus on leaving a legacy and how short life is. established lifestyle may continue, or they may choose or reorganize and change careers
41
what are psychosocial changes that occur in middle adults?
increased personal freedom economic stability social relationships erikson’s theory (1963): generativity vs. stagnation. reevaluate goals and accomplishments levinson’s theory (1978): continue established lifestyle or reorganize life
42
what are some cognitive changes that occur in middle adults?
sometimes increased motivation to learn
43
what are some physiologic changes that occur in middle adults?
hormonal changes (menopause, andropause)
44
what are some cognitive changes that occur in adolescents/young adults?
Piaget theory: adolescent stage. when reasoning occurs and abstract concept concepts can be understood
45
what are some psychosocial changes that occur in adolescents/young adults?
freud’s theory: genital stage. libido is mature and person is capable of full sexual function. pleasure and creativity also can be found in work eriksons theory: identity vs. role confusion. + intimacy vs. isolation later on. tries out different things with peer groups levinsons theory: (age 18-22) making career choices. builds on previous choices
46
what are some health problems that occur in adolescents/young adults?
accidents, suicide
47
what are some life changes that occur in adolescents/young adults?
sexual orientation, family stressors
48
what are some cognitive changes that occur in school-aged children?
piagets: concrete operational stages of development. - organizes facts about environment to solve problems - thinks logically - generalizes people, places, things - aware about other people’s feelings - well-developed language
49
what are some psychosocial changes that occur in school-aged children?
freuds theory: latency stage. identify with their own biological sex w/ activities. want privacy eriksons theory: industry vs. inferiority stage. self-esteem, identity, values, accomplishing is important peer relationships help influence actions
50
what are some health problems that occur in school-aged children?
needs adequate source of calcium and vitamin D
51
what are some life changes that occur in school-aged children?
moral development, bed wetting
52
what are some cognitive changes that occur in pre-school aged children?
piaget: pre-operational stage of development. basic curiosity (constant questions and improved reasoning ability), egocentrism decreases and socialization increases, play more associated to real-life
53
what are some psychological changes that occur in pre-school aged children?
freuds theory: phalic stage. sexual identity formation, superego, conscience, differentiation of self begin to develop erikson’s theory: initiative vs. guilt. realistic self-limits are learned through social interactions lots of fears, needs validation
54
what are some health problems that occur in pre-school aged children?
accidents, infections, obesity
55
what are some cognitive changes that occur in infants?
syllable repetition babbling sounds imitation of sounds
56
what are some psychological changes that occur in infants?
freuds theory: oral stage, striving for immediate gratification of needs/strong sucking need eriksons theory: trust developed for caregiver to provide food when hungry. trust for diaper changing, warmth, and comfort -attachment -bonding -temperament -play
57
what are some health problems that occur in infants?
colic, failure to thrive, sudden death syndrome
58
what are some life changes that occur in infants?
separation anxiety
59
Define stress
A condition in which the human system response to changes and its normal balance state 
60
define stressors
Anything that is perceived as challenging, threatening, or demanding that triggers a stress reaction
61
What are some examples of internal stressors?
Illness, hormone change, fear
62
What are some examples of external stressors?
Loud noise, cold temperature
63
what are physiological stressors?
they have a specific or general effect that can cause constant state of minute inflammation which can affect a lot of things
64
what is a specific physiologic stressor?
An alteration to normal body function/structure
65
What is a general physiologic stressor?
The stress response
66
What are psychosocial stressors?
Stressors that are part of our daily lives
67
What are coping mechanisms?
used to respond to psychosocial stressors, such as anxiety, guilt, fear, frustration, and loss 
68
What are coping mechanisms used for?
to maintain psychological homeostasis
69
What are some examples of psychosocial stressors?
Life events, interpersonal relationships, environment
70
Define adaptation
The change that takes place as a result of the response to a stressor
71
what is adaptation for?
it is necessary for maintaining normal growth and development, tolerating changing situation, and responding to physical and emotional stressors
72
Define homeostasis
A relative constancy in the internal environment
73
What is physiologic homeostasis control by?
The autonomic nervous system, and the endocrine system  ex: thermostat regulating finance
74
define allostatis
The process of achieving stability or homeostasis through physiologic or behavioral change
75
define allostatic load
ongoing stress on the body
76
Define local adaptive syndrome (LAS)
A short term, localized response of the body to stress that involves a specific body part (such as a tissue/organ) instead of the whole body
77
What are the two most common types of local adaptive syndrome?
Reflex pain response and anti-inflammatory pain response
78
what is reflex pain response?
a response of the central nervous system to pain, rapid and automatic
79
What is inflammatory pain response?
A local response to injury or infection, to prevent spread of infection and provent wound healing. Includes pain, swelling, heat, redness, changes in function.
80
what is the difference between attachment and bonding?
Bonding occurs during the first few hours after birth
81
what is the glassgla coma scale used for?
Measure the level of consciousness after brain injury
82
what is the flacc scale used for?
It’s a pain scale when people cannot verbally report their pain level
83
What is the Braden scale used for?
predicting a risk for pressure ulcers or sores
84
What is the morse scale used for?
identify risk for falls/predict future falls
85
What does a stage one pressure injury look like?
Non-blanchable erythema of intact skin
86
What does a stage two pressure injury look like
partial thickness, skin loss with exposed dermis
87
What does a stage three pressure injury look like
Full thickness, skin loss, not involving underlying fascia
88
What does a stage four pressure injury look like
for thickness, skin, and tissue loss
89
What factors what effect would healing?
desiccation, maceration, edema, infection, excessive bleeding, necrosis, presence of biofilm
90
define necrosis
Death of tissue
91
Define biofilm
thick grouping of microorganisms
92
define maceration
Overhydration
93
define desiccation?
Dehydration
94
what are some wound complications?
Infection, hemorrhage, dehiscence and evisceration, fistula formation
95
define dehiscence
Opened up, in terms of wounds
96
define evisceration
Inside came outside, in terms of wounds
97
what causes a fistula?
What organ walls fused together and cause problems, C-sections more likely to develop, can lead to infection
98
What are the phases of wound healing?
hemostasis, inflammatory, poliferation, maturation

Nursing Fundamentals NUR202 (12/22) (6 decks)

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