Exam 2 Flashcards by Jacob A Zang

What is a system of communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules?

Language

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What is an instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self evident meaning?

Signal (ex: cough, sigh, scream)

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What is Project Chantek?

The project that studied how Chantek the orangutan communicated

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What is the modern scientific study of all aspects of language?

Linguistics

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What are the three branches of linguistics?

descriptive linguistics, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics

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What is the systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in language?

Phonetics

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What is the study of language sounds?

Phonology

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What is the smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in meaning in a language?

Phoneme

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What is the study of patterns or rules of word formation in a language (including such things as rules concerning verb tense, pluralization, and compound words)?

Morphology

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What is the smallest unit of sound that carries a meaning in language. It is distinct from a Phoneme, which can alter meaning but has no meaning by itself?

Morpheme

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What is the patterns or rules by which morphemes are arranged into phrases and sentences?

syntax

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What is the entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax?

grammar

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What is a group of languages descended from a single ancestral language?

Language family

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What is the development of different languages from a single ancestral language?
Ex. English is from the Germanic subgroup of Indoeuropean family

Linguistic Divergence

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What is the method of identifying the approximate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor-based on analyzing core vocabularies?

Glottochronology

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What is the most basic and long lasting words in any language-pronouns lower numerals, and names for body parts and natural objects?

Core vocabularies

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What is the discovery and interpretation of both artifacts and natural objects with a view of the reconstruction of history and culture?

Archaeology

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What is the purpose of Archaeology?

A) To clarify and describe objects found
B) To chronologically arrange the date
C) To synthesize the data with known historical events and cultures

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How is an archaeological site selected?

A) Mounds (Tel)
Israel is the country with most archaeological dig sites
B) Erosions
1) Blasting
2) Digging
C) Contrasts in vegetation:
1) Detected from air
2) Soil analysis
D) Surface finds
E) Underwater archaeology

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What is used to determine the precision for a “site”?

A) Electrical resistance
B) Magnetometer (mine detector)
C) Probes
D) Flashgun camera

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What are the types of sites?

A) Living site (ex. food, streets, walls storage rooms)
B) Burial Site (ex. grave goods/clothing)
C) Workshop sites (ex. tools, weapons, knives)
D) Quarry sites (ex. technology)
E) Ceremonial sites (ex. altars)

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What goes into an excavation point?

A) Datum point
B) Test
C) Artifact recording
1) Position recorded (depth)
2) Numbered
3) Catalogued
4) Listed in a database
5) Placed in cloth or paper bag
6) Labeled with ID number

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What is a man made object?

Study These Flashcards

Artifact

What is man-made but not removable?

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Feature
Ex. storage pit, cistern, Hezekiah’s pool

What is not man made?

Object Ex. animal bones, plant seeds, shells, ashes

What are the dead sea scrolls?

They are hundreds of animal skin scrolls that contain writings from numerous Biblical texts/writings (only Old testament writings) - Discovered in 1947 - Stored in pottery jars in the caves of Qumran - They predated the previous Old Testament writings by hundreds of years

What does descriptive linguistics involve?

A) Study of sound B) Structure of language C) Categories of sound A) phonetics i) physical attributes of sound ii) international phonetic alphabet iii) [p] in pen vs. sheep B)Phonemics i) study of sounds in language-recognized and distinguished by its speakers ii) Phonemic: smallest unit of sound-can be altered to change meaning of a word iii) pin/p/ iv) tin/t/ v) sin/s/

When brackets ([ ]) are around a letter it is.....?

phonetic sounds

When slashes (//) are around a letter it is....?

phonemic sounds

What is one relationship between language and thinking?

Thought—>language 1) Noam Chomsky (a naturalist-language is human produced) 2) Transformational grammar theory A) There is a universal grammar underlying every human language 3) All languages reflect structure of human mind 4) Basic language components constitute deep structure which generates transformational rules Deep Structure: underlying grammatical form of the sentence-transformed by set of rules (transformational rules) into surface structure (actual utterance) 3) As we think, so we speak

What is the other relationship between language and thinking?

Language—->thought 1) Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (linguistic relations) 2) Members of different language communities think about their world in particular and unique ways 3) Each language conveys a particular worldview and perspective English and Navajos statements about death: i) English: John is dying (active) ii) Navajo: Dying is taking place with John (passive) English and Chinese i) Relationship b/w linguistic categories and abstract thought ii) coperfactual statements or nonfactual situations or hypothetical bold situations iii) if John were to have gone to the library, he would have seen mary iv) Chinese have difficulty driving logical implications from such statements (John didn’t go to library) 4) As we speak so we think

What is the study of relationship between languages & social structure?

Sociolinguistics - social and class dialects

What are forms of communication that do not depend upon sound?

Non-verbal communication (ex. sign language)

What involves the study of how people use gestures, facial expressions, posture, and proxemics to communicate?

Kinesics

What are the four distinguishable types of space zone?

Intimate Personal Social Public

How many language family types are there?

9 -Indo-European - Finno-Ugric - Altaic - Afro-Asiatic - Niger-Congo - Malayo-Polynesian - Sino-Tibetan - Dravidian - Austro-Asiatic

What languages are in the Indo-European family?

(English, German, Spanish) Western European Slavic (Russia, Polish) Indo-Iranian (Persian, Hindi)

What languages are in the Finno-Ugric family?

Finnish, Hungarian - located in Eastern and Northern Russian

What languages are in the Altaic family?

Turkic, Mongol, Manchu - located in central Asia

What languages are in the Afro-Asiatic family?

Chad, Cushitic - located in Northern Africa, and Middle East

What languages are in the Niger-Congo family?

Swahili - located in central Africa

What languages are in the Malayo-Polynesian family?

Indonesian, Polynesian - located in South Pacific

What languages are in the Sino-Tibetan family?

Burmen, Sinitic - located in Myanmar, Tibet, Thailand, China

What languages are in the Dravidian family?

Tamil, Malayalam - located in southern and central India, Pakistan

What languages are in the Austro-Asiatic family?

Vietnamese, Muda - located in southeast Asia, eastern India

What are the 5 stages of revitalization movements?

- Steady stage - Period of increased stress - period of cultural distortion - period of revitalization - the new steady state

What involves the slow process of change, no major cultural organization or individual change?

the Steady Stage

What is the growing period of disorganization marked by influence in social deviance and individual pathology?

period of increased stress

What involves the major disorganization of the system and increased individual alienation and despair?

period of cultural distortion

What involves the emergence of a prophet and new utopian image of good society major behavioral and organizational changes occur as utopian image gains broad acceptance?

Period of revitalization

In what stage is a new equilibrium attained as the new region develops into a conservative and organized institution?

The new steady stage

What is Diffusion?

- the process of cultural borrowing - the spreading of cultural items from their place of origin to other cultures

What are systems that have boundary maintaining mechanisms and rigid internal structures-less susceptible to change (ex. Amish)?

Hard Shelled vertebrate cultural systems

What are systems that are more flexible and open (ex. Mennonite)?

Soft-shelled vertebrate cultural systems

What are 2 types of agents of change?

- Government administrators - missionaries

What is the uneasiness or panic we sense when we move out of our culture into another one?

culture shock

Exam 2 Flashcards

(56 cards)