Exam 2 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Assessment
A
to distinguish normal from disordered speech for diagnostic purposes
2
Q
treatment
A
to appropriately select target phonemes for therapy
3
Q
appropriate use of norms in clinical decision making
A
individual differences may exist
norms based on 75-90% master of a normed group
age of mastery may vary across studies
some approaches address LATER developing sounds before targeting EARLIER developing sounds
norms should just be used as one “piece of the puzzle”
4
Q
newborns prefer their ____________ voice over other voices
A
mother’s
5
Q
newborns prefer their ____________ languages over foreign languages
A
ambient
6
Q
sensitivity to ambient language _________
A
prosodic patterns
7
Q
language-universal
A
infants discriminate phonetic contrasts of all languages
8
Q
prelinguistic stage-speech perception
A
BIRTH: language- universal
language-specific perception for vowels
detection of typical stress patterns in words
decline in foreign-language consonant perception
12 MONTHS: increase in native-language consonant perception
9
Q
speech perception within the first year of life
A
infants appear to learn how to selectively perceive only the contrasts in their language and lose the ability to perceive other contrasts
10
Q
by the time they are only a year old. infants perceive only the categories that are
A
contrastive in the language they’ve grown up with
11
Q
babbling is
A
NOT random
12
Q
consonant-like sounds that are babbled are restricted to a
A
small set of segments
13
Q
transition from babbling to 1st words is
A
CONTINUOUS
14
Q
Stark’s Classification for Prelinguistic Development
A
five levels
stages are not distinct; they overlap
ages for each level should be considered approximate
15
Q
birth - 2 months
A
STAGE 1
16
Q
Reflexive crying and vegetative sounds
A
STAGE 1
17
Q
reflexive vocalization: cries, coughs, grunts, and burps
A
STAGE 1
18
Q
vegetative sounds: grunts, tongue clicks, and other noise associated with feeding
A
STAGE 1
19
Q
speech-like sounds are rare
A
STAGE 1
20
Q
cooing and laughter or controlled phonation
A
STAGE 2
21
Q
1-4 months
A
STAGE 2
22
Q
vowel-like sounds with some consonantal elements (back of the mouth)
A
STAGE 2
23
Q
Quasi-resonant nuclei: syllabic nasal consonant or nasalized vowel sound like
A
STAGE 2
24
Q
most primitive vegetative sounds start to disappear
A
STAGE 2
25
at 4 months: laughter emerges
STAGE 2
26
Vocal play
STAGE 3
27
3-8 months
STAGE 3
28
longer segments of prolonged vowel or consonant-like steady states
STAGE 3
29
pitch and loudness variation
STAGE 3
30
raspberries
STAGE 3
31
variations in tongue position, a greater variety of vowels will be noted during vocal play
STAGE 3
32
basic canonical babbling
STAGE 4
33
5-10 months
STAGE 4
34
reduplicated babbling
similar strings of consonant vowel productions (baba, tata, dada)
35
variegated babbling
variation of consonants and vowels from syllable to syllable (madaga, tikitoo)
36
reduplicated and variegated babbling
STAGE 4
37
a self-stimulatory manner ->
ritual imitation games with adults
STAGE 4
38
imitation of speech behaviors
STAGE 4
39
Jargon (advanced forms)
STAGE 5
40
9-18 months
STAGE 5
41
what is jargon?
strings of babbled utterances that are modulated primarily by intonation, rhythm and pausing
42
sounds like real sentences without actual words
STAGE 5
43
eye contact, gestures, and intonation patterns that are similar to the actual language intonation
STAGE 5
44
more complex syllable structures: CCV, CCVC
STAGE 5
45
5 prelinguistic stages
vegetative sounds
cooing
vocal play
canonical babbling
jargon
46
in prelinguistic stage, speech sounds do not
carry linguistic function
47
speech sounds are considered to be
nonphonemic in nature
48
vocoids
nonphonemic vowel-like productions
49
contoids
nonphonemic consonant-like productions
50
syllable structures
open syllable shapes are most frequently observed: V, CV, VCV, CVCV
51
Quantity
amount of prelinguistic vo alization is positively related to later language development
52
diversity
greater language growth seen in children with more contoid babble compared to more vocoid babble
53
greater language growth is related to
babble complexity
54
greater language growth related to increased diversity of
"consonant" productions (contoid)
55
prosodic features
stress, intonation, pausing, and duration leading to rhythmical effects
56
during canonical babbling stage (~6 months)
developing intonation patterns
falling pitch is the most common intonation contours in the first year of life
57
the string of babbles sound like native English intonation patterns
jargon stage
58
link between babbling and adult-like speech
proto-words
59
Proto-words
do not match adult word production
produced consistently under specific conditions
AKA: vocables, phonetically consistent forms, invented words, quasi-words
60
Babbling vs. Protowords
babbling:
does not resemble adult production
inconsistent
mostly no word meaning
car: baba, data, bobi
protowords:
does not resemble adult production
consistent
car: bubu
61
recognizable sounds and syllable structure
the first words
62
the first words
produced the same each time
ball - ba
help - hep
more - mo
related to the actual word from that language
63
protoword vs true word
protoword:
does not resemble adult production
"lala" for car
true word:
phonetically similar to adult production
"ka" for car
64
first 50-word stage: age range
12 months to 18-24 months
65
first 50-word stage: production
protowords
1 word utterances
66
first 50-word stage: comprehension
200 words
67
first 50-word stage: phonetic variability
unstable productions of words
68
first 50-word stage: limitation of syllable structures
CV, VC, CVC, CVCV
single or reduplicated syllables
69
first 50-word stage: limitation of phonemes
consonants: / p B M t D N k g h sh w/
vowels: / a u i/
70
a larger inventory of sounds was found in the word ____________ position than the word _________ position
initial
final
71
________________ inventories contained voiced stops prior to voiceless ones (prevocalic voicing)
word initial
72
__________ inventories contained voiceless stops prior to voiced ones
word final/syllable final
73
most common consonant inventories by 50 words productions from two children in US
coronal & labial
74
prosodic feature development
falling pitch still predominant
more prosodic variation to indicate difference in meaning and communicative intent
75
naming, labeling
10-12 months; falling contour
76
requesting, attention getting, curiosity, surprise, recognition, insistence, greeting
13-15 months; rising contour, from high pitch and drops to lower one; e.g., all gone
77
playful anticipation, emphatic stress
<18 months; high rising
78
warnings, playfulness
~18 months; falling-rising, rising-falling
79
language development from 18-30 months: production
150-300 words
2 word utterances
80
language development from 18-30 months: comprehension
1200 words
81
language development from 18-30 months: 2 word utterances
semantic relationship
syntactical development
82
language development by 5 years old: production
2200 words
questions, negation, clauses, compound sentences
effective use of language
83
language development by 5 years old: comprehension
9600 words
84
90% criterion
90% of the participants produced the consonant correctly
85
stops, nasals, glides are earlier developed compared to
fricatives, affricates, liquids
86
T/F: using the 90% criteria, the age range of the acquisition of /g/ is 3;00-3;11. That indicates a child can produce /g/ with 90% accuracy at this age range.
FALSE
87
atypical phonological processes
syllable structure: Initial Consonant Deletion
substitution: affrication, palatalization, backing
88
Velar harmony
guck for duck; Assimilation
89
labial harmony
/bebu/ for table; Assimilation
90
voicing assimilation persist up to
5-6 years
91
if velar/labial harmony persist beyond age 3, it can be a sign for
a disordered phonological system
92
show -> /to/
stopping, depalatalization
Typical
93
cake -> /tet/
velar fronting
Typical
94
table -> /kebo/
backing = Atypical
vowelization = Typical
95
pink -> ink
ICD
Atypical
96
toe -> /tso/
affrication, palatalization
Atypical
97
_____________ starts to develop when children begin to talk in 2 word utterances
contrastive stress
98
adult-like intonational patterns are noted prior to the appearance of
the first word
99
intelligibility
a measure of how understandable a person is in given conditions
100
intelligible speech is a fundamental goal of
human communication
101
intelligibility by 2 years of age
50%
102
intelligibility by 3 years of age
75%
103
intelligibility by 4 years of age
nearly 100% (adult like)
104
variables impacting intelligibility
age
articulation
context known/unknown
familiarity with child
knowledge of errors
measurement
105
birth - 2 months
STAGE 1
106
By the time they are only a year old, infants perceive only the categories that are contrastive in the
language they've grown up with
107
tuh for truck
TRUE WORD
108
didu for truck
PROTOWORD
109
baba, babu, badi for truck
BABBLING
110
Language Development from 18 to 30 months
2 word combinations
111
2;00-2;11 consonants
b, d, p, m, n, h, w
112
3;0-3;11 consonants
g, k, f, ŋ, j
113
4;0-4;11 consonants
v, dʒ, s, ʧ, l, ʃ, z
114
5;0-5;11 consonants
r, ð, ʒ
115
6;0-6;11 consonants
θ
116
guk for duck
velar harmony
117
bebu for table
labial harmony
118
bɔp for stop
labial harmony
119
if assimilation persist beyond age 3, it can be a sign for
a disordered phonological system
120
Phonological Processes that disappear by age 3-4
unstressed syllable deletion
FCD
reduplication
dimunization
velar fronting
consonant assimilation
stopping for fricatives except interdentals
121
Phonological Processes that persist beyond age 3-4
stopping for affricates
depalatalization
postvocalic voicing
prevocalic voicing
labialization
vocalization
epenthesis
cluster substitution
gliding
122
regressive labial assimilation is a possibility in the following words:
naMe
doVe
123
regressive labial assimilation is NOT a possibility in this word:
Bat
124
what phonological processes would best describe this error: tag to ʧaed
affrication
velar fronting
palatalization
125
take to kek
velar assimilation
backing
126
smooth to ud
ICD
cluster deletion
stopping
127
dudu for donut
reduplication
128
tutu for cookie
reduplication
129
bi for big
FCD
130
what type of babbling is seen with advanced language development?
contoid
131
_______ syllables are more common than ____________ syllables
open; closed
132
miki for milk
TRUE WORD
133
papa for food
PROTOWORD
134
Coronal
front to velar
135
word _______ consonants are more produced than word _________ consonants
initial; final
136
__________ soundS are produced MORE than __________ sounds
labial and alveolar; dorsal
137
Example: 4 y 6 mo
/dudu/ for donut = reduplication
/tutu/ for cookie = reduplication
/bi/ for big = FCD
Typical speech errors, delayed
138
According to Crowe & McLeod (2020), which of the following phonemes is expected to be mastered by approximately 3 year old children?
b
139
nest to net
cluster deletion
140
bed to ed
ICD
141
grape to garape
epenthesis
142
baba for bucket
reduplication
143
mou for mouse
FCD
144
cupi for cup
diminutization
145
twi for tree
cluster substitution
146
feet to pit
zoo to do
stopping
147
choose to shoes
jeep to dip
chain to shain
deaffrication
148
soap to jop
shoe to chew
affrication
149
sale to tale
stopping
150
chopstick to sapstick
deaffrication
151
coat to toat
gate to date
sing to sin
velar fronting
152
shoe to ku
dough to go
soup to houp
backing
153
food to sood
thin to tin
alveolarization
154
sun to fun
thin to fin
labialization
155
shoot to soot
chew to to
judge to dudz
depalatalization
156
sew to show
bees to beesh
palatalization
157
cheek to teet
velar fronting
depalatalization
158
road to wod
low to yo
glass to gwass
liquid gliding
159
table to tabo
bigger to biga
apple to appo
vocalization (vowelization)
160
lady to wady
gliding
161
reef to weep
gliding
