Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

Bronchopneumonia Fibrinous Lobar What is the portal of entry? Distribution of lesions? Texture of the lung? Gross visible exudate? Disease Example Common pulmonary Sequela

Answer 1

Aerogenous (bacteria) Cranioventral consolidation (Porcine pleuropneumonia is an exception because it often involves the caudal lobes) Hard Fibrin in lung and pleura = LOBAR PNEUMONIAS *Pneumonic mannheimiosis = shipping fever* BALT hyperplasia, "sequestra," pleural adhesions, abscesses -Similar to suppurative bronchopneumonia except that exudate is FIBRINOUS rather than neutrophilic, it also involves numerous lobules and exudate moves quickly through tissue until lobe is entirely affected. -Pleural surface involved -DEATH EARLIER than suppurative bronchopneumonia -C/S severe toxemia and sepsis -Gross appearance depends on age and severity of lesion. -Early: Externally = severe congestion and hemorrhage, intense red discoloration. -A few hours later: fibrin starts to accumulate in pleural surface = GROUND GLASS appearance. Eventually forms plaques of fibrinous exudate over red, dark, lung. -Yellow fluid starts to accumulate in the thoracic cavity, color can be variable, bright yellow, tan when mixed with blood, gray when leukocytes and fibroblasts are part of fibrinous plaque in more chronic cases. -Red consolidation on the cut surface ->24 hours, dilation and thrombosis of lymph vessels and edema of interlobular septa. MARBLE appearance. Focal areas of COAGULATIVE NECROSIS in parenchyma. -Shipping fever and Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia -Survivors develop pulmonary "sequestra" pieces of lung with necrosis encapsulated by connective tissue due to toxins (LEUKOTOXIN Mannheim hemolytica) or severe ischemia from thrombosis Common pathogens -Mannheimia haemolytica = shipping fever -Histophilus somni (septicemia, TME, reproductive infertility, heart myocarditis, ear otitis, suppurative and fibrinous bronchopneumonia) -Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (porcine) -Mycoplasma bovis -Mycoplasma mycodes spp. -Bacillus anthracis: sudden death, acute fibrinohemorrhagic pneumonia, splenomegaly, multi systemic hemorrhages.

Answer 2

Aerogenous or hematogenous (virus, toxin, allergen, sepsis) Diffuse Elastic with rib imprints Not visible, trapped in alveolar septa Influenza, extrinsic allergic alveoli's, PRRS, ARDS Edema, emphysema, type II pneumonocyte hyperplasia, alveolar fibrosis. -Injury and inflammatory process takes place primarily in any of the three layers of alveolar walls (endothelium, basement membrane and alveolar epithelium) **Requires microscopic confirmation, the most difficult to diagnose** -Lesions are more diffusely distributed -Involve all pulmonary lobes generally -Sometimes pronounced in the dorsocaudal aspects of the lungs 1. Failure of lungs to collapse when thoracic cavity is opened 2. Occasional rib impressions on the pleural surface indicating poor deflation 3. Lack of visible exudates, unless complicated secondary bacterial infection -Color of lungs vary from diffusely pale gray to a mottled red, pale appearance in chronic ones. -Severe obliteration (total destruction) of alveolar capillaries (reduced blood-tissue ratio), especially evident when is fibrosis of the alveolar walls. -Elastic with rib imprints, "meaty" on cut surface, pale, no evidence of exudate -Acute pulmonary edema in cattle (exudative phase) and interstitial emphysema secondary to partial obstruction of bronchioles by edema fluid and strenuous air gasping before death. **Edema tends to gravitate to the cranioventral portions, and emphysema (air sacs damaged, some parts of lung filled with air) is more obvious in the dorsocaudal aspects, in acute interstitial pneumonia pattern is cranioventral, so may resemble bronchopneumonia, but texture is different. Pathogenesis -Alveolar epithelium injury, Type I and type II pneumocystis -Aerogenous or hematogenous injury entry -Toxic gases: Ozone, NO2, toxic fumes, Influenza, herpesvirus, canine distemper. -Fungal spores, combine with circulating antibodies and form deposits of antigen-antibody complexes (type III hypersensitivity) in the alveolar wall. ALLERGIC ALVEOLITIS -Hematogenous injury to the vascular endothelium occurs in septicemias, sepsis, DIC, larva migraines (Ascaris scum), toxins absorbed in the alimentary tract (endotoxin) or toxic metabolites locally generated in the lungs (3-methylindole and paraquat), Release of free radicals in alveolar capillaries (ARDS), and infections with endotheliotropic viruses (canine adenovirus and classical swine fever "hog cholera") "Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia" -Severe interstitial edema and alveolar with interlobular emphysema -Histologically: hayline membranes, hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes, edema, emphysema. -Lots of causes with similar lesions -Fog fever, Hypersensitivity pneumonitis to Dictyocaulus sp., or BRSV, Milk allergy -Ingestion of moldy potatoes -Paraquat toxicity -Mycotoxins -Others Fog Fever Pathogenesis -Grasses with L-tryptophan - converted in rumen to 3 methylindole - hematogenous spread to lungs - 3 methylindole transformed by cytochrome P-450 of Clara Club cells to 3-methylindolenine - damage to cells and cell membranes of bronchioles and alveoli - out pouring of protein rich fluid into the alveolus - hyaline membrane formation ( protein rich edema fluid mixed with surfactant) - alveolar walls fibrosis -Irreversible lesion lead to development of CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (for pulmonate) in prolonged chronic cases

Answer 3

Acute -Type I pneumocystis injury or alveolar capillary endothelium -Disruption to blood-air barrier -Subsequent exudation of plasma proteins into the alveolar space = exudative phase -Sometimes surfactant mixes with lipids and plasma proteins and become attached to alveolar basement membrane and bronchiolar walls. Inflammatory edema and neutrophils accumulate in alveolar interstitium and cause thickening of alveolar wall. -Few days of proliferative hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes to replace the type I lost. This is the reason why lungs don't collapse and become rubbery and why the cut surface is "meaty" -Often transient and mild, especially when cause by respiratory virus -Examples: Equine and porcine influenza -Not usually significant sequelae and rarely seen in postmortem -Severe cases, animals dies of respiratory failure due to pulmonary edema Examples: ARDS in all species, Bovine pulmonary edema Chronic -Alveolar injury persists, exudative and proliferative lesions progress from acute into morphologic stage. **Hallmark is fibrosis of the alveolar walls, with or without intraalveolar fibrosis* precedes of lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts in the alveolar interstitium** -Hyperplasia and persistence of Type II pneuomocytes, microscopic granulomas, hyperplasia of smooth muscle and squamous epithelium of alveolar. Examples -Ovine progressive pneumonia -Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in cattle and dogs -Silicosis in horses -Asbestosis -Paraquat toxicity -Pneumotoxic antone-plastic drugs (bleomycin) -Extrinsic allergic aleolitis (farmer's lungs) -Massive pulmonary migration of ascaris larvae in pigs also causes interstitial pneumonia -Canine distemper -Influenza in pigs and horses -Respiratory syncytial virus infections in cattle and lambs when uncomplicated

Answer 4

Aerogenous or hematogenous (Mycobacteria, systemic mycosis). Multifocal Nodular Pyogranulomatous caseous necrosis, calcified nodules. Tuberculosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis Dissemination of infection to lymph nodes and distant organs. -Aerogenous or hematogenous injury caused by organisms that scape phagocytosis and evoke local inflammation with numerous alveolar and interstitial macrophages, lymphocytes, a few neutrophils and sometimes giant cells. Th1 response. Acid fast (+) -Anatomic pattern characterized by the presence of granulomas -Similarities with interstitial and embolic pneumonias **Unique type of inflammatory response** -Formation of granulomas easily recognized at gross and microscopic examination As a rule intracellular killing by phagocytosis resistant agents include: -Cocidioides immitis (coccidiomycosis) -Cryptococcosis (Cryptpcoccus neoformans, Cryptococcus gatti) -Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum) -Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitis) -Systemic fungals disease spreads to lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. -Filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus spp. or Nucor spp. can also reach the lung via hematogenous route. **Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in all species and Rhodococcus equi in horses. ** -Fasciola hepatica in cattle -Aspiration of foreign bodies -Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is one of a few viral infections of domestic animals that result in granulomatous pneumonia CASEOUS or NONCASEOUS granulomas randomly distributed in the lungs CASEOUS: "cheesy, pale yellow-white" -Lungs may be firm if calcification has occurred. -Granulomas can be confused with neoplasm. PAS reaction microscopically allows identification or GMS stain for fungi or by Acid-fast stain for mycobacteria.

Answer 5

Hematogenous (septic emboli) Multifocal Nodular Purulent surrounded by hyperemia. Vegetative endocarditus, raptured liver abscesses. Abscesses randomly distributed in all pulmonary lobes. -Gross and microscopic lesions are multifocally distributed in all pulmonary lobes. -Hematogenous route -Inflammatory response typically in arterioles and alveolar capillaries -Sterile thromboembolism, unless extremely large, are rapidly dissolved and removed from the pulmonary vasculature by fibrinolysis, causing little if any ill effects. **Most types of bacteria when IV are phagocytosed by intravascular macrophages, so to cause pulmonary infection the bacteria must first be attached to the pulmonary endothelium with specific binding proteins or intravascular fibrin and then evade phagocytosis.** -Septic thrombi facilitates entrapment of bacteria in the pulmonary vessels and provide a favorable environment to escape phagocytosis. -Offending bacteria disrupt endothelium and basement membranes, spreads from vessels to interstitium and then surrounding lung. -Multifocal, randomly distributed lesions in all pulmonary lobes. -Early lesions (always focal or multifocal, unlike interstitial which is diffused) are characterized by grossly by presence of 1-10mm, white foci surrounded by discrete, red, hemorrhagic halos. -Rarely fatal unless massive in numbers causing embolic pneumonia edema. -Most unresolved acute lesions progress to pulmonary abscesses, which are randomly distributed in all pulmonary lobes and not restricted to cranioventral aspects, unlike suppurative pneumonia. -Early microscopic lesions are different from those in endotoxemia or septicemia, where endothelial damage and interstitial reactions are diffusely distributed.

Answer 6

-Abscesses are a sequela commonly found at necropsy -An attempt should be made to locate the source of septic emboli Most common sources -Hepatic abscesses that have ruptured into the caudal vena cava in cattle -Omphalophlebitis in farm animals -Chronic skin or hoof bacterial infections -Contaminated catheter in all species. **Valvular or mural endocarditis in the right heart is common source of septic emboli and embolic pneumonia** Most common bacterial Isolates -Truepella pyogenes (Cattle) -fusobacterium necrophorum (Cattle, pigs, human) -Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (pigs, cattle, dogs) -Streptococcus suis (pigs) -Staphylococcus aureus (dogs) -Streptococcus equi (horses)

Answer 7

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Bronchial-associated Lymphoid Tissue Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome

Answer 8

Rodococcus equi Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumonia Streptococcus equi Streptococcus zooepidemicus Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 9

-Gram (+) facultative intracellular Present in soil and feces of herbivores (particularly foals) -Morbidity and mortality, Foals -First causes ulcerative enterocolitis -Second, Severe and often fatal bronchopneumonia -Infection disseminates to lymph nodes, joints, bones, genital tract, and other organs. -Often becomes enzootic "hot spots" on farms -Severe immunosuppression present in affected adult horses **vapA gene responsible for survival of bacteria in macrophages** -Sometimes affected cattle, pigs, dogs, cats -Experimental studies suggest infection begins aerogenously, not enteric via swallowed septum **Rhodococus equi is easily killed by neutrophils but not by macrophages** -Vary from pyogranulomatous to granulomatous pneumonia -Suppurative cranioventral bronchopneumonia, within a few days small size abscesses formed. Then become pyogranulomatous nodules, some later caseous exudate. -Early lesion neutrophilic infiltration, influx of alveolar macrophages into bronchoalveolar spaces. -Chornic cases: large caseoonecrotic masses with extensive fibrosis of the surrounding pulmonary edema. **Can be acute, rapid death caused by severe bronchopneumonia, chronic depression, cough, weight loss, respiratory distress. Diarrhea, arthritis, osteomyelitis or SQ abscess formation**

Answer 10

EIPH -Racehorses -Epistaxis -Pathogenesis controversial -Laryngeal paralysis, bronchiolitis, extremely high pulmonary vascular and alveolar pressure during exercise, alveolar hypoxia and preexisting pulmonary injury as possible causes **Hemosiderophages (yellow-brownish granular pigment formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin by macrophages) but not due to heart failure** COPD Recurrent Airways Obstruction/Heaves -Asthma like syndrome in horses -Recurrent respiratory distress, chronic cough, airway neutrophilia, bronchoconstriction, mucus hyper secretion, airway obstruction -Pathogenesis obscure, genetic predisposition, Th2 (allergic) immune response, sensitivity to environmental allergens: basic underlying mechanisms -GROSSLY UNREMARKABLE except extreme cases alveolar emphysema -HISTOLOGICALLY REMARKABLE goblet cell metaplasia (bronchioles) plugging of bronchioles (mucus, eosinophils, neutrophils) peribronchiolar infiltration (lymphocytes, plasma cells +/-) hypertrophy of smooth muscle (bronchi and bronchioles) Bronchiolitis Obliterans -In severe acute injury to bronchioles (e.g., aspiration pneumonia) or highly pathogenic microorganisms -Exudate attaches and cannot be removed from the basement membrane of bronchioles. -Exudate becomes infiltrated by fibroblasts, which forms small nodular masses of fibrovascular tissue that develop into well-organized, MICROSCOPIC POLYPS inside bronchiolar lumen = AIRWAY FLOW IMPAIRMENT = Chronic obstruction Pulmonary Disease -The external surface of the exudate eventually becomes covered by ciliated cells Summer pasture-associated Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (SPAOPD): is a seasonal airway disease with similar clinical and pathological findings. Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD) has been the new term to describe RAO-like syndrome in young horses 2-4 years old.

Answer 11

Most common opportunistic organisms -Streptococcus suis -Salmonella Choleraesuis -Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae -Haemophilus parasuis -Bordetella bronchiseptica -Pasteurella multicida Porcine PLeuropneumonia **Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia** -High mortality in naive farms -FIBRINOUS bronchopneumonia: cranioventral, dorsocaudal -Coagulative necrosis -Sepsis, shock -Sequestrum -Diffuse fibrinous pleurites and peritonitis (polyserositis) -HAEMOPHILUS PARASUIS -MYCOPLASMA HYPNEUMONIAE: porcine enzootic pneumonia. suppurative-catarrhal bronchopneumonia, Ciliostasis, BALT hyperplasia -Streptococcus suis -E. coli

Answer 12

Most viral lesions can be summarized as Cell injury (14 days) 1. Degeneration 2. Detachment 3. Exfoliation - ulceration - exudation 4. Inflammation 5. Mitosis 6. Repair (7-14 days) **All levels of conducting system** Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia Most common viruses: predispose to secondary bacterial infection -Influenza: pigs and horses -BRSV in cattle -Canince distemper virus Bovine/small ruminant interstitial pneumonias -"Shipping fever" = Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC) -BRSV -IBR - infectious bovine rhinotracheitis -Atypical interstitial pneumonia (lack of exudate and productive cough) IBR -Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis -One component of shipping fever -Bovine Herpes virus-1 -Often accompany Mannheimia haemolytica -Latency in ganglia -Abortion, upper respiratory disease -Lesions: hyperemia "red nose" nose, pharynx, tonsils. - Viral inclusions only observed in initial phase of disease Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia 4 Ipomeanol (Fusarium solani on moldy sweet potatoes), stinkwood, Perilla mint ketone, rapeseed, kale, pyrrolizidine alkaloid intoxication from a variety of plants (Crotalaria, Trichodesma, and Senecio) Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) -Lisons are very similar to toxic pneumonia (like atypical interstitial) -Causes : sepsis, major trauma, aspiration of gastric contents, extensive burns, pancreatitis -Pulmonary hypertension -Intravascular aggregation of neutrophils in the lungs -Diffuse Alveolar damage -Edema: hayline membranes - plasma, proteins, fibrin, surfactant, cell debris. Paraquat -Herbicide -Fatal toxic interstitial pneumonia (pneumonitis) -Paraquat metabolites produced by Clara (Club) cells produce free radicals -Acute: heavy, edematous and hemorrhagic lungs, extensive endothelial and epithelial necrosis -Chronic: pulmonary fibrosis -Bullus emphysema, pneumomediastinum

Answer 13

Acute bronchopneumonia, lamb, Maenheimia hemolytica

Answer 14

OPP -Maedi Visna -Lifelong infections -Monocytes, macrophages -2+ years of incubation period Goats -Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV). -Proliferative interstitial pneumonia (lymphoid hyperplasia) Both are LENTIVIRUSES -Arthritis, mastitis, encephalomyelitis, or interstitial pneumonia -Young goats <4 its: neurological disease, interstitial pneumonia -Adults: nonsuppurative arthritis and synovitis (most common presentation), mastitis (usually subclinical), chronic interstitial pneumonia (usually subclinical).

Answer 15

-Bacterial + viral Common microbes -Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) -Swine Influenza virus (SIV) H1N1, H1N2, H3N2. -Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) -Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV) -Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae -Pasteurella multocida

Answer 16

Influenza -Bronchointerstitial pneumonia -Potential zoonoses PRRS -Arterivirus -Late term abortion, stillbirths, respiratory disease -Pulmonary alveolar and intravascular macrophages are major targets for PRRS virus - apoptosis -Dual viral infections with PRRSV and porcine Circovirus 2, SIV, and porcine respiratory conoravirus are common.

Answer 17

Associated with PMSWS -PORCINE MULTISYSTEMIC WASTING SYNDROME -PCV2 enteritis, pneumonia, dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) -PCV2 reproductive failure, cerebellar vasculitis **Collectively known as PCVAD porcine circovirus-associated disease ** -Part of the respiratory disease complex -Overlap of symptoms, affects multiple organs

Answer 18

-Equine viral pneumonitis: EHV-1, EHV-4, also neurological disease and abortion. -Influenza -Adenovirus - SCID arabians -African Horse Sickness: orbivirus, pulmonary, cardiac endothelium, EDEMA -Hendra virus: Paramyxovirus, EDEMA, SYNCYTIAL cells, INIB/ICIB nor usually observed -Equine viral Arteritis: horses, donkeys, mules, macrophages, endothelial cells, vasculitis, EDEMA -Equine fetus abortion

Answer 19

Bronchioestasis, severe

Answer 20

Kennel cough - non-specific: -Bordetella bronchiseptica -CAV-1/2 -Canine influenza -Canine parainfluenza virus-2 -CHV-1 -Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) -Mycoplasma Canine Viral Pneumonias -CHV-1 -Distemper -Adenovirus -Parvovirus -Others Canine Young -Wild dogs, coyotes, wolves **Morbillivirus (paramyxovirus) related to rinderpest and Pests de Petit ruminant** -Pantropic: particular epithelial cells -Respiratory, GI or neurologic signs -Gross lesions: conjunctivitis, nasopharyngitis (mucopurulent to catarrhal) -Enamel hypoplasia (affecting ameloblasts) -Hard palate disease (hyperkeratosis) -INIB, ICIB -Bronchointerstitial pneumonia

Answer 21

-Endogenous Lipid Pneumonia: cats>dogs -Lipids from pulmonary surfactant accumulate in macrophages -Often found in vicinity of cancerous lesions **Horses can get exogenous lipid pneumonia from mineral oil administration as aspiration pneumonia** Feline Asthma Syndrome -Episodes of bronchoconstriction, cough, dyspnea -Type 1 Hypersensitivity -Self-limiting -Responds to steroids -Eosinophils, leukocytes, edema

Answer 22

-Aerogenous or hematogenous Fungal -Cryptococcus neoformans (cats mostly) -Coccidiomycosis (coccidioides immitis) -Histoplasmosis (histoplasma capsulatum) -Blastomycosis (blastomyces dermatitidis) dogs mostly Bacteria that resist intracellular killing -Tuberculosis (M. bovis) -Rhodococcus equi Viral -Feline Infectious Peritonitis due to Ag/Ab deposition, one of the few viruses that cause granulomatous pneumonia

Answer 23

-Immunosuppressed or prolonged Ab -Dogs: dolichocephalic breeds (GSDs) -Not usually a systemic fungi, but can be sometimes

Answer 24

Cat: ovoid or spherical, 5-20 um, thick walled, yeast like bodies that occasionally show single narrow based budding and are surrounded by a thick 5-10 um, gelatinous capsule. Masses of organisms surrounded by clear capsules have a "soap bubble" appearance **Mucicarmine stain**

Answer 25

-Dogs, cats, horses -Droppings from bats and birds -2-4 um round yeasts (1-2 um basophilic nuclei surrounded by a clear halo)

Answer 26

2 yr old female lab -History of histoplasmosis, primarily in lungs from Dec 2009- October 2010 -Presented 11-30-10 for photophobia and seizures

Answer 27

Dogs>cats -Ohio - Mississippi River Valley -Severe multifocal granulomatous pneumonia. -Small nodules in all areas of the lung typical -Histopathology often required to differentiate from neoplastic nodules -Giant cell containing several PAS + Blastomyces dermatitides

Answer 28

Pyogranulomatous - granulomatous HUGE!! 10-100 + um spherules Endospores within spherules

Answer 29

Trachea Bronchi Dog -eucoleus aerophila -Spurocerca lupi -Filaroides hirthi -Andersonstrongylus milks -Dilofilaria immitis -Linguatala serrata (pentastome) Horses -Dictycaulus arnfeldi Pig -Metastrongylus apri -M. salmi -Bronchi, bronchioles Cat -Aelustringylus abstrussus -Paragonamus kellicoti (fluke) -Toxoplasma gondii -Eucoleus aerophila -Filaroides rostratus Cattle -Dictycaulus viviparous -Bronchi Sheep Goat -Dictyocaulus filaria -Prostostrongylus rufescens -Muellerius capillari -Cystocaulus ocreatus -Oestrus ovis (bots)

Answer 30

2.5 yr old male DSH -4 day history of lethargy, tachycardia and tachypnea. -Pyrexia -Treated with antibiotics and fluids -Died while being hospitalized Histology Diagnosis -MDX: severe diffuse intravascular pulmonary histiocytosis with intralesional intrahistiocytic protozoa -Et Dx: Pulmonary cytauxzoonosis -Et: Cytauzoon felis Cytauxzoon felis -Apicomplexan protozoa -Order Piroplasmida -Family Theileridae -Related to Babes and Theileria spp. -Infection limited to felids. Rapidly fatal disease in domestic cats. Natural host is the bobcat (Lynx rufus) -Persistent and asymptomatic infection **Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum), dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) ** -Life Cycle: Erythrocytic phase. -Tissue: Leukocytic phase Differential diagnosis -Mycoplasma haemofelis: rod or ring-shaped organisms at the periphery of erythrocytes; does not have tissue phase -Babesia spp: single or paired piriform bodies in erythrocytes; does not have a tissue phase; no cases of feline babesios reported in US Differential Diagnosis Intraleukocytic parasites in cats -Theileria spp: erythrocytic and tissue phase, which involves lymphocytes -Toxoplasma gondii: Tachyzoites in cytoplasm of many cells (Fibroblasts, macrophages, pneumocytes, bronchiolar epithelium, bronchiolar smooth muscle, endothelium, neutrophils, eosinophils, and circulating monocytes) -Leishmania: intrahistiocytic primarily; rare in cats

Answer 31

Pneumothorax -Spontenous: air leaks into cavity without known underlying disease or trauma -Secondary pneumothorax: caused by underlying pulmonary or thoracic wall disease. Iatrogenic, improper intubation

Answer 32

Cellular infiltrate -can be pyogranulomatous as well -Dogs, cats: Nocardia, Actinomyces, bactericides, others! "Tomato soup" Cats: FIP (granulomatous dry form)

Answer 33

Serous Fails to coagulate - why? Think of mechanisms of edema Picture red lungs: case of Cytauxzoonosis

Answer 34

Rat Chyle composition? What would be a ddx?

Answer 35

Cats: nasopharyngeal Horse: ethmoidal Not neoplastic, but expansive can deform or destruct tissue Firm, pendunculated, smooth or ulcerated +/- hemorrhagic Neoplasia of the Respiratory Tract -Osteoma/sarcoma -chondroma/sarcoma -Hemangioma/sarcoma -Fibroma/sarcoma -Adenoma/ACA -Dogs: Papilloma/ SCC: larynx. Rhabdomyoma: larynx **Medium to large breed dogs**

Answer 36

Sheep/goats Nasal adenocarcinoma associated with betaretroviral oncovirus Invasive, do not metastasize

Answer 37

Primary neoplasia of the pleura and peritoneum

Answer 38

12 year old mix breed dog -acute seizure, atonal breathing and died Dx Lung torsion -Rt middle lung lobe is the most common and likely to worse -Ischemic necrosis

Answer 39

Anatomy Response to injury Portals of entry Defense mechanisms Disease of External, Middle, Internal ear

Answer 40

External Ear -Auricle (pinna) -External acoustic meatus terminates at tympanic membrane. -Elastic cartilage, bone, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, ceruminous glands. Middle Ear -Tympanic Membrane (Tympanum) -Auditory Ossicles: embedded in tympanum, manubrium of malleus, Incus, Stapes. -Eustachian tube: connects middle ear with pharynx. Guttural pouches are enlarged diverticula of auditory tubes Internal Ear -Membranous labyrinth that contain endolymph: compartments include cochlear duct, sacculus, utriculus, three semicircular canals (vestibular system). -Osseous labyrinth (petrous portion of temporal bone) lack epithelium lining, filled with perilymph

Answer 41

Otitis externa: inflammation of the external ear Myringitis: inflammation of the tympanic membrane External Ear -Inflammation acute or chronic -epithelial and adnexal hyperplasia -Fibrosis -Osseous metaplasia -Neoplasia (occasionally) Defense: integumentary, epithelial migration, Cerumen barrier, acidity, immunoglobulins, commensal organisms, structural Middle Ear -Inflammation (myringitis) -Healing of the tympanic membrane -Goblet cell metaplasia -Impaired mucociliary clearance (likely atrophy of ciliated epithelial cells) -Osteosclerosis of the tympanic bulla -Formation of inflammatory polyps -Homer's syndrome/Pourfous du Petit syndrome Defense: Mucociliary apparatus, surfunctant, auditory tube associated lymphoid tissue, commensal organisms Internal Ear -Sensory cell degeneration/death -Inflammation: auditory ossicular chain damage (osteolysis osteonecrosis). Defense: structural from petrous portion of temporal bone, acoustic reflex.

Answer 42

-Predisposing factors: conformation, breed, moisture Primary causes -Hypersensitivities (atopic dermatitis, food) -Systemic IM disorders affecting the skin -Ectoparasites -Foreign bodies Secondary causes -Bacterial, fungal -Chronic infections: fibrosis, cartilage remodeling, osseous metaplasia, stenosis -Gross: discharge (otorrhea) hemorrhage (ottorrhagia) pain (otodynia or otalgia) Vascular injury of the External Ear -Ischemic necrosis -Bacterial septicemia, IM vasculitis, frostbite, toxins (ergot) Pigs: septicemic salmonellosis (diamond shape) -Red painful, dry gangrene, scabbed, slough Cats: FIP wet form type III German Shepherds: familial vasculopathy (autosomal recessive) -Drug/vaccine reactions, type II hypersensitivities: Ischemic Cyanosis

Answer 43

-Most common in dogs and pigs -Auricles swollen, warm, hyperemic, painful, heavy, droop. Large breeds: Goldens, labs, middle-aged to older dogs with ear disease **Cavity filled with clotted blood and fibrin** -If untreated it heals by FIBROSIS - firm to hard, thickened, permanently malformed auricle. -Microscopic: cartilage fractures, splitting, cartilage erosion, granulation tissue, hemorrhage

Answer 44

Dermatophilosis: Dermatophilus congolesi -Zoonotic filamentous bacteria -Skin, mucocutaneous junctions, distal/proximal limbs, ears. -Prefers moist areas; requires skin barrier to be impaired -Colonization: flagellated zoospores penetrate epidermis - basement membrane - transform to filamentous structure. -Can penetrate into dermis - acute inflammation halts further invasion -Residual bacteria invade regenerated epidermis -Cycle: bacterial growth, inflammation, epidermal regeneration **multilaminated pustular crusts typical of dermatophilosis** -Gross: exudative epidermis/dermatitis Aural chewing (Ear cannibalism) -Piglets: chew ears of pen mates. Appearance and taste of serum probably attract them to chew. -Linked to intensified confinement, inadequate nutrition, stress, restlessness -Gross: painful, typically bilateral, torn, crusted, abscessed Ear Necrosis - Ulcerative Spirochetosis of Ear -6-9 wk old piglets -Spirochetal bacterium of genus Treponema -Transmitted between animals through skin broken by bitting of ears -Gross: ulcers, hemorrhage, crusts -Histo: thick crusts, coccobacilli, ulcerated-hyper plastic epidermis, vasculitis, thrombosis **Wartin-Starry to identify spirochetes**

Answer 45

Congenital in Cattle -Polled hereford calves -Inherited mode unknown **Epidermal maturation, keratinization defects** -Birth: coat wiry, curly, epilated, allelic muzzle, ear margins, base -3 month old: generalized alopecia -Wrinkling of skin over face on neck as cattle age Acquired in dogs, cats -Daschund, Chihuahua, Boston -Symmetrical, convex surface hair miniaturized - auricles become alopecic **Remaining body coat unaffected ** **Siamese cats, unlike dogs, spontaneously resolves**

Answer 46

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia Syndrome) -Dogs > horses, ruminants, pigs, cats -Persistent, chronic respiratory disease. Recurrent disease unresponsive to antibiotics -Dogs defects: DYNEIN ARM Deficiency, abnormal random orientation of microtubules (9x2 framing) -Horses: total number of cilia decreased, many central microtubule pair defects -Middle ear needs functioning ciliated cells: abnormal cilia = abnormal auditory tube clearance -Frequent unilateral/bilateral otitis media. Tympanic bull thickened or sclerotic -Affected males are frequently infertile (CILIA) Otitis Media -Inflammation of middle ear -Ruminants, pigs > cats -Noasopharyngeal ascent of bacteria through auditory tubes -Pigs: P. multicida, Truepella pyogenes, M. hyorhinins -Ruminants: H. somni, P. multicida, T. oyogenes, M. bovis, Streptococcus spp. -Dogs, cats: E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Strep spp., B-hemolytic Strep, Staph, Proteus spp., Clostridium spp. Gross: unilateral/bilateral exudative, bacteria, pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium of tympanic bulla ulcerated, forms pseudo glands, cholesterol clefts, fibrosis, osseous proliferation (tympanic bulla) > bony erosions C/S: facial nerve paralysis, head tilt, dropping ears, epiphora, mucopurulent nasal discharge D/C, tympanic membrane rupture, meningitis. HORNER's Syndrome -Denervation to eye -Miosis -Enophthalmos -Narrowed palpebral aperture -Protrusion of third eyelid -Otitis media in dogs and cats believed to induce injury to these axons, resulting in Horner's syndrome Inflammation of Internal Ear Otitis internal (Labyrinthitis) -Results from extension of otitis media -+/- osteomyelitis (petrous portion of temporal bone) -Lesions progress retrograde through internal acoustic meatus into cranial cavity - meningitis, ventriculitis, encephalitis. -Gross: middle ear exudate (serosanguineous - suppurative - granulomatous)

Answer 47

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia Syndrome) -Dogs > horses, ruminants, pigs, cats -Persistent, chronic respiratory disease. Recurrent disease unresponsive to antibiotics -Dogs defects: DYNEIN ARM Deficiency, abnormal random orientation of microtubules (9x2 framing) -Horses: total number of cilia decreased, many central microtubule pair defects -Middle ear needs functioning ciliated cells: abnormal cilia = abnormal auditory tube clearance -Frequent unilateral/bilateral otitis media. Tympanic bull thickened or sclerotic -Affected males are frequently infertile (CILIA) Otitis Media -Inflammation of middle ear -Ruminants, pigs > cats -Noasopharyngeal ascent of bacteria through auditory tubes -Pigs: P. multicida, Truepella pyogenes, M. hyorhinins -Ruminants: H. somni, P. multicida, T. oyogenes, M. bovis, Streptococcus spp. -Dogs, cats: E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Strep spp., B-hemolytic Strep, Staph, Proteus spp., Clostridium spp. Gross: unilateral/bilateral exudative, bacteria, pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium of tympanic bulla ulcerated, forms pseudo glands, cholesterol clefts, fibrosis, osseous proliferation (tympanic bulla) > bony erosions C/S: facial nerve paralysis, head tilt, dropping ears, epiphora, mucopurulent nasal discharge D/C, tympanic membrane rupture, meningitis. HORNER's Syndrome -Denervation to eye -Miosis -Enophthalmos -Narrowed palpebral aperture -Protrusion of third eyelid -Otitis media in dogs and cats believed to induce injury to these axons, resulting in Horner's syndrome Inflammation of Internal Ear Otitis internal (Labyrinthitis) -Results from extension of otitis media -+/- osteomyelitis (petrous portion of temporal bone) -Lesions progress retrograde through internal acoustic meatus into cranial cavity - meningitis, ventriculitis, encephalitis. -Gross: middle ear exudate (serosanguineous - suppurative - granulomatous) -Histo: middle ear infiltrate neutrophils, macrophages L/PCs

Answer 48

Congenital Inherited Sensorineural Deafness -Dogs, Cats -Dalmations: defect in micropthalmia - associated transcription factor (MITF) and blue iris color -Dogs: (Both piebald coat color alternates between white and dark) and merle genes (merle color) cause: **Blue eye phenotype: suppresses melanocytes in iris** **Deafness surpasses marginal cells stria vascularis of cochlea** -Congenital sensorineural deafness classified into: Albinotic -A.K.A Scheibe deformity, cochleosaccular degeneration -Hypopigmentation and stria vascularis abnormal intermediate cell dysfunction -Unilateral/bilateral deafness -Up to 50% of white=coated, blue eyed CATS affected -Dalmatians : 30% incidence of albinotic form; autosomal dominant Abiotrophic -Typically bilateral -Hair cells of vestibular system and cochlea are affected -Progressive, often recognized at a larger age: cause of deafness in cavalier king charles spaniels

Answer 49

Acquired Sensorineural Deafness Amminoglycosides include: TANGS Tobramycin Amikacin Neomycin Gentemicin Streptomycin AMINO Against aerobic gram (-) Mainly bacterial Inhibit protein synthesis at 30s subunits Nephrotoxin Ototoxic NANO Neurotoxicity Allergic reactions Nephrotoxicity Ototoxicity -Hearing is normal then loss secondary to otitis media -Presbycusis: age-related loss (multifactorial) -Acustic noise trauma Ototoxicity -Aminoglycosides, chemotherapeutic agents, otic cleansers -Ototoxins must reach internal ear to be toxic. Hematogenous, diffusion/perforated tympanic membrane -Ototoxicant target: hair cells -Permanent or transient Causes of Conduction deafness (healing by fibrosis) -External acoustic meatus stenosis (congenital/acquired secondary to otitis externa) -Auditory ossicle damage or tympanic membrane injury from otitis media -Damage from neoplasm Neurosensory Deafness -Interference with neural pathways, injury to mechanosensory spiral organ (endolymph, sensory hair cells) and stria vascularis

Answer 50

Octedectes Cynotis -External ear -Domestic, wild cats, dogs, ruminants -Nonburrowing: feed on cerumen, keratin, lipids -Primary cause of otitis externa -Intense pruritus -Secondary bacteria Noteodres cati -Restricted to auricles, head, face, neck, shoulders -Alopecia, pruritus, thick crusting, excoriation

Answer 51

Raillieta spp. -Cattle -Buffalo -Goats: often concurrent infection with R. capra and Mycoplasma spp. CNS signs: heavy infestations, penetrate middle ear, internal ear Otitis Externa: more severe with secondary bacteria or if infected with **Rhabditis spp.** Nematodes. Psoroptes funiculi: sheep, goats, deer, horses, donkeys, mules, antelope; prefers ear in goats, sheep, horses, rabbits.

Answer 52

-Disease vectors -Many species have preferred sites -Ears **Rhipicephalus species Brown Ear Tick** -R. appendiculatus: saliva reacts with host, form cement. Cement anchors feeding tick. Minimally injured to very deformed/shredded -Brown ear tick toxicosis: poorly understood in cattle, presumably result of tick saliva toxins, immunosuppressive effect, some tick toxicosis can be fatal **Amblyomma maculatum, Gulf Coast Ear Tick** -North, Central, and South America, and Golf Coast -Adults prefer to feed on adult cattle, sheep, horses, mules. -Heavy infestations: intense inflammation, swelling, destruction of auricular cartilage, resulting in a droopy ear (gotch ear) **Spinose Ear Tick, Otobius megnini** -Ungulates, sheep, goats, cattle, horses, dogs -Adults are free living and nonparasitic; nymph, larval stages

Answer 53

a.k.a Flybite Dermatitis -Dogs: outdoors during summer in regions with black flies, deer flies, stable flies. -Can spontaneously resolve, seasonal reoccurrence -Histo: intense perivascular to interstitial dematitis, necrosis, eosinophils, PCs, macrophages, epidermis is acanthodii with hyperkeratosis +/- ulcers

Answer 54

Dentigerous Cysts -a.k.a Temporal Odontomatas, temporal teratomas, temporal cysts, ear/aural fistulas. -Rare, non heritable, congenital cysts -Rostral and ventral to base of ear -Flak-Shaped: fistula; drains to surface -Unilateral -Histo: fistula lined by stratified squamous epithelium, teeth: various stages of differentiation (dentin, cementum, enamel) -Teeth loosely / firmly attached to underlying temporal or parietal bones of skull +/- salivary gland tissue -Sheep: mandibular incisor region (ovine odontogenic cysts)

Answer 55

Developmental Anomalies Auricular Chondritis (Relapsing Polychondritis) -Manifestation of broader inflammatory condition called relapsing polychondritis -Most only manifest only auricular chondritis -<3 years old Gross: bilateral swollen, erythematous, painful, pruritic, variable alopecic, curled, permanently deformed, thickened, firm. Histo: virtually pathognomic: transformation of normally basophilic hayline cartilage to eosinophilic matrix. Inflammation: lymphocytes, PCs, macrophages, MNGC, neutrophils -Lymphoid follicles may form in periphery -Chronic: necrotic cartilage, regenerative or dysplastic chondroid nodule formation, neovascularization.

Answer 56

-Unknown cause -Benign, cystic, nonneoplastic proliferation of ceruminous glands; medial or base of auricle, extends to external ear -Glands: markedly dilated, clustered, filled with inspissated ceruminous secretion -Often misdiagnosed as melanocytes or vascular neoplasm -Clinical sigs: inapparent to progressive irritation

Answer 57

-Most common nonneoplastic inflammatory masses in cats -Inflammatory hyperplasia responses induced otitis media -<2 years of age -Causes: chronic URIs, otitis media, congenital defects. -Pedunculated, polypoid, smooth surface -Histo: fibrovascular core with L, PC, macs, ulcerated epithelium -Auditory tube, nasopharynx polyps, dysphagia, dyspnea -Tympanic membrane, external acoustic meatus polyps > otitis externa -C/S: nasal, otic, ocular, discharge, sneezing, dyspnea; voice change, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), head tilt, Horner's; ataxia

Answer 58

-Mostly unilateral -Dogs: most common sebaceous gland tumors, most often benign. -Sebaceous gland hyperplasia, sebaceous adenoma, sebaceous epithelium, sebaceous adenocarcinoma. -Histiocytomas -Plasmacytomas -MCT -Differentiating between histiocytomas, plasmacytomas, MCT requires biopsy. -Cats: trichoblastomas, vascular tumors, SCC most common Acustic Meatus Neoplasms -Most common: ceruminous gland tumors, sebaceous tumors, epithelial neoplasms of undetermined origin -K9 ceruminous gland hyperplasia vs. adenomas. Difficult to differentiate. Obstruct external ear - secondary otitis externa -85% feline, 60% canine -Ceruminous gland adenocarcinomas: most common in external ear of dogs and cats -Middle-aged to older animals -Locally invasive, expansile -Cats: ceruminous gland adenocarcinomas > adenomas (especially aged male cats) -Histo: neoplastic cells form acini, small ducts, irregular tubular structures

Answer 59

-Mostly unilateral -Dogs: most common sebaceous gland tumors, most often benign. -Sebaceous gland hyperplasia, sebaceous adenoma, sebaceous epithelium, sebaceous adenocarcinoma. -Histiocytomas -Plasmacytomas -MCT -Differentiating between histiocytomas, plasmacytomas, MCT requires biopsy. -Cats: trichoblastomas, vascular tumors, SCC most common Acustic Meatus Neoplasms -Most common: ceruminous gland tumors, sebaceous tumors, epithelial neoplasms of undetermined origin -K9 ceruminous gland hyperplasia vs. adenomas. Difficult to differentiate. Obstruct external ear - secondary otitis externa -85% feline, 60% canine -Ceruminous gland adenocarcinomas: most common in external ear of dogs and cats -Middle-aged to older animals -Locally invasive, expansile -Cats: ceruminous gland adenocarcinomas > adenomas (especially aged male cats) -Histo: neoplastic cells form acini, small ducts, irregular tubular structures

Answer 60

-SCC -Can be solarly induced -Base, tips of ears -Neutrophils likely to cause necrosis -Locally invasive: concurrent vascular invasion with metastasis via regional lymphatic vessels. Initially can be misdiagnosed as exudative dermatitis lesions

Answer 61

-UV radiation -Dorsal Surface of auricle of Angora goats, base of horse, coronary band, -Gross: single multiple black nodules; highly aggressive, local invasion to frontal sinuses > disseminated metastases to regional LN and others. -Histo: polygonal to spindle shaped neoplastic cells, heavily pigmented numerous mitotic figures -Neoplastic cells stain strongly for melanin A

Answer 62

Anatomy differences -Bicornuate uterus -Equine: endometrial folds (cups): plaque-like structures in the endometrium that form when trophoblasts invade the endometrium early in pregnancy. They are present between 37-150 days of pregnancy and secure equine chorionic gonadotropin. The chorionic surface opposite each cup is called chorioallantoic pouch and is avillous. -Cervix: Transverse folds (ruminants, sows) -Mare: "loose" not form as tight and impenetrable barrier as in other species, important in the pathogenesis of endometritis and placentitis Placenta -Horse: Microcotyledonary, diffuse -Ruminants: cotyledonary, caruncles -Pigs: difuse -Dogs/ cats: zonary Normal structures confused with lesions -Amniotic plaques: all species, on umbilical cord and amniotic membrane -Hippomane: rubbery concentrations of allantoic precipitates -Yolk sac: remnant of remaining yolk sac (mineralized, fluid filled) -Cervical star: contact area between chorion and endocervix (on placenta)

Answer 63

1. Ascending -Insemination/breeding -Vaginal contamination -Postpartum and retained fetal membranes -MAMMAE: ASCENDING infection 2. Hematogenous -Maternoplacental interface 3. Descending -From ovary via uterine tube 4. Transneural -As in herpesviral infections Defense Mechanisms -Cervical barrier -Conformation -Myometrial tone and contraction, etc.

Answer 64

Uterus -Endometritis: acute = neutrophils, necrosis. Chronic: squamous metaplasia, fibrosis, granulation Mammae -Glands are usually sterile -Hyperplasia, often squamous metaplasia -Necrosis, fibrosis, granulation Placenta **Trophoblasts are phagocytic** -Debris, blood, microbes phagocytosed -Fibrosis, granulation, edema

Answer 65

All anomalies of Repro System are disorders of SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT (DSD) Categories: 1. Abnormal or missing sex chromosome (sex chromosome DSD) 2. Normal female karyotype (XX DSD) **focus of chapter** 3. Normal male karyotype (XY DSD) Chimera -Sex chromosome DSD -Genetically distinct cell types that come from different individuals -FREEMARTIN calf: anastomoses of placental blood vessels which allows exchange of blood between fetuses. Twins, the internal genitalia consists o f bulbourethral and vesicular glands, deferent duct, and short incomplete segments of uterus. the gonads are testis with epididymis attached. Male = anti-Mullerian hormone and testosterone overrides female development. Minimally affected Female: small ovaries, uterine, vaginal hypoplasia, large clitoris. Infertile Mosaics: is a different chromosomal constitution from altered mitosis = Cats with different color eyes

Answer 66

Sex Chromosome DSD -Freemartinism, bovine, ovine. Chimerism in twinning XX SRY ( - ) Testicular DSD -XX sex reversal -American crocker spaniels -Autosomal recessive inheritance XX SRY ( - ) Testicular DSD -XX sex reversal -Polled goats -Linked to poll gene XY SRY (+) Testicular DSD 1. Male feminization syndrome -All species -Lack of testosterone receptors 2. Persistent Mullein duct syndrome - Miniature schnauzer -Complete internal female tubular genitalia 3. Failure of testicular descent -All species -Discussed under male genital system XX SRY (-) Ovarian DSD or XY SRY (+) Testicular DSD -Segmental aplasia -Gonadal hypoplasia -All species -Males specially

Answer 67

-Usually true hermaphrodites, both male and female gonads -Phenotypically female with masculinization (enlarged clitoris) **American crocker spaniels** autosomal recessive trait **Goats: associated with poll gene -Majority of XX disorders are minor or incidental in nature (otherwise normal females with normal ovaries) -These cases are XX SRY - ovarian DSD and female phenotype

Answer 68

Divided into subcategories based on gonadal type Presence of testis, ovary, ovotestis, gonadal dysgenesis Majority of disorders are XY SRY + testicular DSD -incidental or minor in nature, including cystic remnants of embryonic ducts -These disorders were called **male pseudohermaphrodite, testicular feminization or XY sex reversal **

Answer 69

-Endometrial biopsy for breeding soundness exam -Capable of conceiving? likely to carry of full term? Kenney Grading System -Severity of endometritis and fibrosis (correlated directly with inability to fertilized ovum to attach or remain attached to endometrium and carry fetus to full term) Grade I 80% chance of conceiving and maintaining until full term Grade II A 50-80% Grade II B 10-50% Grade III < 10%

Answer 70

Ganulosa Cell Tumors (GCTs) -Mare and cow usually benign -Bitch: sometimes malignant -Queen: often malignant -Prognostic criteria not established -Unilateral, solid cysts or polycystic neoplastic cells **Can lead to cystic endometrial hyperplasia** -Call-Exner bodies (rosettes of granuloma cell around central space) may be present

Answer 71

Hydrosalpinx -Dilated and fluid-filled uterine tube Pyosaplinx -Pus-filled uterine tube -Bacterial cause usually Salpingitis -Inflammation, bacterial usually -Ascending infection, often bilateral -Can cause obstruction

Answer 72

1. Ascending infections (most common) -Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, Ureplasma, Mycoplasma spp. -Open cervix: estrus, parturition, postpartum period -Ascending route: Streptococcus zooepidemicus (mare), other species mix bacteria 2. Hematogenous usually during pregnancy -Less common -Brucellosis -Salmonellosis -Pestivirus -fungal (placenta) 3. Endometritis -Commonly from mating (insemination) 4. Cervicitis -Rare in domestic animals, anomalies rare -Cow hypoplasia, aplasia -Usually concurrent with endometritis or vaginitis

Answer 73

Periovarian -Cats/dogs common -External to the ovary -Cystic remnants of embryonic paramesophrenic ducts or mesophrenic tubules or ducts -Cow, mare. Intraovarian -Numerous, many derived from Graafian follicles, others from epithelial cysts or from intraovarian rete ovary - that is, embryonic structures of mesophrenic tubular origin. **Most common in mares is epithelial inclusion cysts**

Answer 74

Serial Inclusion Cysts of Uterus -Bitches -Arises from group of mesothelial cells trapped beneath serial surface during involution of uterus -Grape-like thin-walled cysts are located on serial of uterus

Answer 75

-Bitch -Queen -Ewe -Cow -Rare in mares **Response to inflammation or hormonal estrogen** Estrogen -Bitches and queens response during diestrus **Secondary to GTCs in cows** -Estrogenic plants: red clover, ewes, cows. -Estrogenic toxins: mycotoxin zeralenone: sows -Localized or generalized -Bacteria almost always present in uterus of dogs with CEH - pyometra: reduced fertility, hypotonicity and prolapse Pyometra -Pus in uterine lumen -Occurs as a sequela to endometritis, metritis, CEH -Exudate: viscid and brown, E. coli; creamy yellow = Streptococcus spp. ** Because prostaglandins contract uterus, it is possible for uterus to rapture and spill infection into abdomen, likely when cervix is closed Never let the sun set on a pyometra**

Answer 76

Torsion -Pregnant animals (especially cow) -Secondary to pyometra, mucometra -Ischemic necrosis Rupture -Sequela to torsion -Often fatal Retained fetal membrane -Cows: if not expelled in 12-24 hours -Mares > 3 hours Prolapse -Post parturition -Prolonged dystocia, hypocalcemia, ingestion of estrogenic plants.

Answer 77

-Incompletely involuted (shrinkage or return of organ to normal size) -Red transversal stripes are placental sites of hemorrhages, fibrin, and necrotic debris. -Pink layers are normal myometrium -Distended lumen is filled with large irregularly sized clots of blood, fibrin, and necrotic debris around which are endometrial epithelium and trophoblasts (A thin layer of cells that helps a developing embryo attach to the wall of the uterus, protects the embryo, and forms a part of the placenta) **It is the persistence of placental sites in the uterus after parturition beyond the normal 12 weeks** -C/S: Excessive bloody vagina discharge that lasts for weeks or months after delivery instead of the normal 1-6 weeks -Can become anemic, can exsanguinate if underlying clotting disorder, can develop ascending infection, endometritis, open pyometra. -Gross: identical to normal except more fibrin, segmental thickening of wall of uterine horse visible from serosal surface. -Mucosa: each side raised, rough, ragged, hemorrhage, fibrin **Trophoblasts appear to be numerous in sub involution sites, abundant at deepest portion of matrix, cells invade myometrium, penetrate full thickness of and perforate wall of uterus**

Answer 78

-Uncommon in domestic animals Lymphoma -Common in cow (BLV associated) -Enzootic bovine lymphoma -Heart abomasum, uterus, LN, spinal canal, others Leiomyoma/sarcoma -Bitches: rare, solitary. Well demarcated, unencapsulated, spheric, vary in size. -Estrogens: roles in maintaining neoplasms, ovariectomy can shrink tumors -Cervix, vagina -Luminal neoplasms susceptible to trauma or necrosis: firm, pink or white, occasionally calcified or edematous. -Majority are benign; metastasis is rare **Prognosis is the same, regardless if being or malignant** Endometrial carcinoma -Cow -Rarely identified clinically or at necropsy; found at meat inspection -Unknown cause

Answer 79

1. Infectious and inflammatory -Herpesvirus -Many more 2. Non-inflammatory conditions -Mucometra: mucus in uterus -Hydrometra: clear fluid in uterus. Congenital or acquired obstruction of outflow of fluid/mucus from endometrium and released when cervix opens. **Both develop with hyperestrogenism and occur in pseudopregnancy (resolves spontaneously) ** Hyperestrogenism: estrogen producing ovarian neoplasms or exposure to estrogenic substances -Many more!

Answer 80

**Fusarium spp fungus. MYCOTOXIN ZEARALENONE** -Toxin: non steroidal estrogen; binds to estrogen receptor -Infected grain, corn. -Vaginal, vulval hypertrophy (edema) especially prepubertal gilts. Other effects of mycotoxin -Altered time of first estrous (early and late) -Reduced number of live embryos -Prominent ovarian follicles -Endometrial hyperplasia -Precocious mammary development Vulva and Vagina Neoplasia -SCC: cow, mare, ewe -Exposure to sunlight (UV light) -Hairless, non pigmented areas vulnerable Canine transmisible Ventral Tumor -Transmitted ar coitus -CTVT cells: **59 chromosomes (normally 78) -IHC suggests histiocytic phenotype -Both sexes affected -Begins in dorsal wall of vagina, bulges into lumen; protrude through vulva as ulcerated, friable mass. -Histo: large, round or oval uniform in size cells with occasional bizarre nuclei; cytoplasm pale staining, may have peripheral vacuoles. **Lymphocyte - mediated cytotoxicity occurs in some areas - regression of tumors** -Neoplasm is sensitive to vicristione -Metastases to other sites (skin) common

Answer 81

**Fusarium spp fungus. MYCOTOXIN ZEARALENONE** -Toxin: non steroidal estrogen; binds to estrogen receptor -Infected grain, corn. -Vaginal, vulval hypertrophy (edema) especially prepubertal gilts. Other effects of mycotoxin -Altered time of first estrous (early and late) -Reduced number of live embryos -Prominent ovarian follicles -Endometrial hyperplasia -Precocious mammary development

Answer 82

Fetal Characteristics 1. Early embryonic mortality occurs < 35-45 days post conception in large animals -20 days in dogs and cats 2. Fetal loss (abortion) at the stage of fetal development when the fetus is not independently viable 3. Stillbirth occurs when the fetus is potentially viable Maternal characteristics -Exact outcome on the dam is unpredictable and influenced by cause of failure, species, stage, etc. Outcome -embryonic death and return to estrus at normal intervals, delayed return to normal estrus, fetal loss with no autolysis, with autolysis, mummification of fetus, maceration of the fetus, stillbirth. Mummification -Fetus retained, dehydrated mass -Infectious or non-infectious -Bacteria that promotes lysis of dead tissue must be absent and the cervix closed -Twin pregnancy of mare, both aborted together -Parvovirus: SOW mummified fetus retained, or born at term along with live fetus. -Any species with "single fetus" pregnancy, fetus can be expelled or retained indefinitely Maceration -Fetus becomes liquified -Fetal bacterial etiology -Bacteria could be cause of fetal death or could be contaminants that entered uterus via open cervix

Answer 83

Obvious -Hydrocepahlus -Athrogryposis -Cyclopia -Infectious -Dietary -Toxic -Genetic -Unknown causes -Iodine deficiency -Vitamin E deficiency -Selenium deficiency -Thyroid gland -Heart -Skeletal muscle Less Obvious -Cleft palate -Cardia anomalies -Congenital hematological disease -Hyperthermia -Seasonal infertility of pigs **Genetic testing nor routinely done, if done both paternal and maternal samples are collected** **Exam of herd records and knowledge of environment, management practices essential to identify noninfectious causes **

Answer 84

Veratrum californium -On day 14 of gestation -Pituitary gland may be absent, prolonged gestation Amorphous globosus -Type of cardiac monster; severely anomalous second fetus -Gross: Spheric, covered in hair, attached to placenta by cord Hydromnios -Cows -Excessive accumulation of fluid in amniotic Hydroallantois -Cows -Excessive fluid in allantoic sac -Allantoic fluid formed in part from fetal urine through urachus; thus excessive urination is implicated -Occurs in conjunction with adventitial placentation and in some twin pregnancies.

Answer 85

-Adventitial placentation: formation of additional placentomes. Cows with higher parity. Hyperplastic response to inadequacy of existing placentae surface area

Answer 86

-Herpesvirus -Brucella spp. Affinity for reproductive tract, every domestic species, FECO-ORAL transmission then HEMATOGENOUS spread, some venereal transmission. -Campylobacter spp. Maternal intestinal disease, if bacteremic, can cause placental, fetal infections. -Coxiella brunette -Leptospira interrogans: Affinity for reproductive tract, every domestic species, FECO-ORAL transmission then HEMATOGENOUS spread, some venereal transmission. -Listeria monocytogenes: Maternal intestinal disease, if bacteremic, can cause placental, fetal infections. -Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp. -Neospora caninum: domestic animals -Salmonella spp. Maternal intestinal disease, if bacteremic, can cause placental, fetal infections. -Toxoplasma gondii: failure except in cattle. Mostly cotyledonary necrosis (ovine). Lesions with both protozoa multifocal placental necrosis with inflammation of fetal organs especially brain

Answer 87

-Twining -Umbilical cord abnormalities excessive length, torsion, too short. -Inadequate villus development: endometrial fibrosis -Thyroid hyperplasia and musculoskeletal disease -Premature placental separation -Body pregnancy **Umbilical cord > 85 cm increases chances of torsion ** **Funisitis = inflammation of umbilical cord ** Equine premature separation of placenta 1. Red bag : cervical star intact, chorioallantoic appears at vulva. FESCUE TOXICOSIS possible 2. Chorioallantois tears at body of placenta (instead of cervical star) occurs before parturition -Both fetal death and abortion occur as a result of placental insufficiency and fetal malnutrition or with infection of placenta

Answer 88

Equine herpes virus-1 -Respiratory epithelium - LN - Uterus (other tissues) in WBC - uterine arteries - thrombosis, edema, hemorrhage, infarction. -Focal hepatic and other organs necrosis Equine Viral Arteritis Virus -Arteritis (family Arteriviridae, genus Arterivirus) -Generally no lesions in the fetus -Mechanism probably is fetal hypoxia caused by compression (obstruction) of uterine vessels caused by edema and inflammation secondary to virus-induced myometritis -Less common fetal chorionitis, myocarditis Bacterial -Loose cervix = lots of bacteria -Strep equi subspecies zooepidemicus, E. coli, other G (-) bacteria -Inflammation of chorioallantoic at cervical star opposite cervix -Fetal expulsion

Answer 89

Infectious Pustular vulvovaginitis BoHV-1 or BHV interchangeable -IPV caused by BoHV-1 which is similar to BoHV-1 of rhinotracheitis (IBR) -Occurrence can overlap but both diseases behave as separate entities -Tranmission: coitus, AI, nose to vulva contact?? -Petechia, nodules, edema, vagina, vulva -Eosinophils INIB -+/- vesicles, pustules -Bulls have similar lesions -Lesions similar to capHV-1 rare in sheep -Also causes abortion! -BHV-1 fetal autolysis, multifocal necrosis, hemorrhage, INIB **Postpartum endometritis, E. coli, Trueperella pyognes, F. necrophorum common in dairy cattle ** -Ureplasma BVDV

Answer 90

Neospora caninum -Abortions 3-9 its -No gross lesions -Fetal brain multifocal necrosis especially around capillaries -Extra/intracellular zits: endothelial cells, myofibers Tritrichomonas foetus -Vaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, infertility, EDD (rare abortions) -No gross lesions -Histo: mild lymphocytic hystiocytic chorionitis, focal necrosis of trophoblasts, numerous trichomonads -Fetal pneumonia: intrabronchiolar neutrophils, macrophages, MNGC. -Confirmed Dx fetal abomasum or placental tissue presence of trichomonads

Answer 91

-Cattle : BVDV -Sheep: Border disease -Pigs: CSF Produce a similar spectrum of lesions -Fetal death, malformation -Depends on virus strain, fetal age, stage of developments of fetal immune system -Placental/fetal lesions: absent or are restricted to microscopic lymphocyte aggregates in heart and brain BHV-1 Bunyaviruses -Schmallenburg -Akabane -Bluetongue Fetal infection, abortion Range of lesions in developing fetal CNS: Hydraneccephaly, microencephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, lack of spinal cord ventral horn neurons **Spinal lesions - muscle atrophy - arthrogryposis, skeletal deformities (torticollis and scoliosis)

Answer 92

-Cattle : BVDV -Sheep: Border disease -Pigs: CSF Produce a similar spectrum of lesions -Fetal death, malformation -Depends on virus strain, fetal age, stage of developments of fetal immune system -Placental/fetal lesions: absent or are restricted to microscopic lymphocyte aggregates in heart and brain BHV-1 Bunyaviruses -Schmallenburg -Akabane -Bluetongue Fetal infection, abortion Range of lesions in developing fetal CNS: Hydraneccephaly, microencephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, lack of spinal cord ventral horn neurons **Spinal lesions - muscle atrophy - arthrogryposis, skeletal deformities (torticollis and scoliosis)

Answer 93

Brucella abortus (cattle) -Exposure to infected placental fluids, ingestion, inhalation, systemic infection, localization in pregnant uterus, testes, mammae -Gross: fibrinonecrotizing, edematous cotyledonary and intercotyledonary chorioallentois (placentitis) -Macrophages in the draining mucosal, local, and regional lymph nodes. Unique mechanism of intracellular parasitism. -Placentitis, thickening , edema -Lesions similar to b. abortus and B. bovid Brucella suis -Differs from brucellosis in ruminants -Suppurative endometritis, granulomas, hyperplastic endometrial lymphoid nodules (non pregnant sows) -Ulcerated, squamous metaplasia -Pregnant uterus mucopurulent, trophoblasts with intracellular bacteria -Chorioallantois edema, focal hemorrhage Brucella canis -Oral ingestions, nasal, conjunctival, or vernal transmission -Adult dogs: lymphadenitis of head, neck and bacteremia. -Males epididymitis, testicular degeneration, fetal endocarditis, pneumonia, hepatitis -Histo: coagulative necrosis of placenta + neutrophils, macrophages Leptospira uinterrogans serovar "hardjo" Ruminant -Seldom clinical -Localized in kidneys after bacteremic phase -Last trimester abortion (sporadic) -Placental lesions edema/fetus interstitial nephritis, hepatitis, **Warthin starry stain or IHC ** Leptospira uinterrogans serovar "Pomona" Porcine -Pathogenesis similar to bovine -Abort after bacteremic phase; NO placental lesions -Fetuses: septicemic, dies, are autolytic - +/- nephritis

Answer 94

-a.k.a FOOTHILLL ABORTION -Novel Deltaproteobacterium -California and adjacent states -Tick Ornithodoros coriaceus -Gross; fetal disease chronic lesions fetuses over 100 days old -Petechial hemorrhage oral cavity enlarged LN, spleen, nodular liver, ascites. -Histo: lymphoid follicles hyperplastic, numerous histiocytes -Atrophied thymus -Foci of necrosis lymph nodes, spleen, pyogranumolas, vasculitis Ureplasma Diversum -Failure at different times of gestation in cattle -Characteristic abortion is AMMIONITIS a change only occasionally seen in other bacterial or fungal infections of fetal membranes. -Early in the process, focal or diffuse reddening of the amnion and also the chorioallantois. -Lesions chronic ongoing fibrosis, edema, inflammation, necrosis of cotyledons and intercotyledonary chorioallantoic -Fetuses have lymphocytic bronchopneumonia

Answer 95

-Long term inhabitant of preputial cavity of bulls -Transmitted venereally **survive vaginal mucosa, cow must be pregnant to establish in uterus ** -EARLY embryonic death, abortions, irregular estrus cycles -Cows resistent to subsequent infections -Gross/histo: similar to brucellosis Campylobacter fetus sap fetus -Sheep -Primary intestinal bugs -Fecal oral route, ourbreaks, continual cycles -LATE TERM abortions -Live sick lambs -Ewes immune after first infection -Intercotyledonary and cotyledonary (similar to brucella) -Hepatic necrosis

Answer 96

-Salmonella spp -Mannheimia spp -Pasteurella spp. -Histophilus somni

Answer 97

Chlamydia abortus -Enzootic abortion -LATE TERM abortion -Outbreaks or enzootic (ewe lambs) -Abort once, then remain CARRIERS Coxiella brunettii (Q fever) -Goats > sheep -Abortion, birth of dead or weak lambs/ kids -Ingestion, inhalation -Intercotyledonary chorioallantoic: thick leathery yellow, exudative, necrosis -No gross fetal lesions Listeria monocytogenes -Sporatic abortions (cattle sheep goats) -LATE TERM abortions -Cotyledonary and intercotyledonary lesions

Answer 98

-Aspergillus spp -Zygomycetes (Absidia, Mortierella, Rhizomes, Mucor) -Hematogenous spread to placenta **Random cotyledonary and intercotyledonary -Fetal dermatitis -Multifocal involvement, in some lesions the placenta tip of the horn has a degree of fibrosis suggesting caudal movement and descending intrauterine spread.

Answer 99

**Arterivirus** -Transmitted horizontally (bodily fluids), vertically (fetuses of sows without immunity -LATE STAGE abortion -Dx evidence of herd exposure, maternal serology, virus isolation -Seldom gross or hits lesions (fetuses or placentas) -If present lesions: segmental or diffuse hemorrhagic and necrotizing umbilical arteritis -Ascites, hydrothorax, edema Histo: segmental arteritis (umbilicus and fetal lungs, heart, kidneys) -Interstitial pneumonia: L/PCs, histiocytes, type 2 pneumocytes hyperplasia -ENDOMETRITIS, MYOMETRITIS

Answer 100

Parvovirus -SMEDI!! -Sows not ill, but fetuses infected and die at varying stages -Characteristic findings fresh fetus and then varying stages of autolysis, mummification (smallest fetus) -Histo: features infected after immunocompetence has developed have widespread L/PCs in liver, lungs, kidneys, cerebellum. Circovirus -Repro failure at any stage of gestation -Crosses placenta, replicates in Lymphoid tissues -Death/expulsion of fetus without lesions -Some have fresh autolyzed mummified fetuses -Some interstitial edema of heart, lymphocytic interstitial myocarditis, ascites, hepatic congestion (heart failure) Pseudorabies Herpes Virus -PHV (Said herpesvirus-1; SHV-1) -INIB

Answer 101

Mastitis -Inflammation of mammary gland -Most are benign with GALACTOPHORITIS (inflammation of lactiferous ducts) -Economically important in cattle Agalactia -Failure of milk production -Rare -Manifestation of CAEV (goats); made-visna virus (ewes) -Udders are hard called HARD UDDER no milk is produced Galactorrhea -a.k.a inappropriate lactation and precocious lactation -Unusual -Male goats of high milk producing lines -Part of pseudopregnancy in bitches, occurs at termination of diestrus -Occasionally occurs after ovariohysterectomy during diestrus

Answer 102

-Divided into overlapping groups -Bacteria either obligate mammary pathogens or environmental contaminants **Strep agalactiae, Staph aureus, Mycoplasma spp. Persist or reside in mammae, do not survive long outside of gland ** -Overlap persistent group is either mamma or environment: streptococcus uterus, Strep dysgalactiae. Transmitted cow to cow. -Environmental contaminants include: Coliform microbes such as E. coli. Contaminate end of papilla, acquired from environment

Answer 103

When drugs introduced through teat and contaminated with -Nocardia asteroids -Cryptococcus neoformans (pyogranulomatous) -Atypical Mycobacterium spp. other than M. bovis - Candida spp. Microbes can also cause spontaneous mammary disease Nocardial mastitis -Outbreaks -Pyrexia for several weeks -Weight loss; glands hot, swollen, abscesses or granulomas -Galactophoritis is prominent lesion; lesions centered in lactiferous ducts, sinuses -Chronic ascending infection: lobules variably affected Severe Mastitis -Severe mastitis without apparent necrosis of tissue: Gram + and Gram - but less damage to tissue -Gram (+) exotoxins -Gram (-) endotoxins -Local edema, fibrin exudation, neutrophils -Death of ductular, glandular tissue -No formation of necrotic sequestra -Systemic affect: mild or absent

Answer 104

Chronic Mastitis

Answer 105

-Resistance of cows varies and decreases with age -mammae only affected -Once infection is acquired, organism persists in lactiferous sinus with periodic wave of multiplications, increase virulence and tissue invasion -Usually more than one mammae involved -Different stages occur concurrently in different areas -Initial stage: hyperemia of lactiferous sinus, milk quality altered, strands/clumps of debris or pus in milk. Parenchymal edema (gray, turgid). Retained secretion because of duct obstruction resembles small abscesses -Involuting parenchyma and fibrotic parenchyma look similar (granular, thickened)

Answer 106

-Similar to Step but greater propensity to invade tissue, more severe disease -Nonpathogenic to highly pathogenic; subclinical or moderate form -Most severe form is gangrenous Predisposing conditions -High producing cow with poor mammary gland hygiene -Lesions on ends of papillae -Mammae with contaminated feces -Fly contact of mammae Less pathogenic strains: non hemolytic coagulates negative strains. Slow progress, no obvious abscesses but same granulation tissue - fibrosis, obstruction, pressure - atrophy of lobules -Sometimes bacteria is surrounded by club-shaped material of Splendore Hoeppli (botryomycosis) **Life threatening endotoxemia** -susceptible to secondary pyogenic pathogens -Strep and Staph enter mammae: neutrophils, glandular tissue death. Adhesion PROTEIN A, and capsular polysaccharides. Extracellular secretory (leukotoxins, enzymes, coagulase) products of microbes contribute. = Inflammation, hemorrhage, necrosis, GANGRENOUS cold, blue-black, fluid exudation, vascular leakage. -Severe: systemic effects of acute phase response (cytokine induced fever, anorexia, weight loss, leukopenia, hyperfibrinogenemia, hypocalcemia)

Answer 107

-Gram (-) -Ascending infection (environment contamination) -E. coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia. -Numerous in alveoli, epithelium -Necrotic mammary tissue becomes sequestered or sloughs -Less severe mastitis: superlative or subclinical mastitis -Histo: hyperplasia, disorganization, filiform processes of epithelial lining of papillary duct, lactiferous sinus.

Answer 108

-Individual sporadic or outbreaks -Most prevalent -One, some, all mammae; often spread -HEMATGENOUS -Gross: enlarged firm nodular parenchyma (abscesses) +/- squamous metaplasia, granulation tissue, eggs of lymphocytes in lobular interstitium around ducts. -Interstitial fibrosis, lobular atrophy -Others: otitis, arthritis, pneumonia

Answer 109

-Lactating or non-lactating immature bovine -Common environment. BO pathogen -Abscesses !! fistulas from abscesses can form at base of papilla -Fibrosis > loss of small unaffected ducts, involution

Answer 110

Sheep -Staphylococcus aureus: unexpected death (severe necrotizing or gangrenous mastitis) -Mannheimia hemolytic: same as above -Maedi-visna virus (MVV): similar to CAEV in goats. Respiratory secretions (not milk like CAEV) replicates in macrophages lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates Goats -Mycoplasma agalactiae or mycoses sap. mycoides -CAEV: "HARD UDDER" milk production is reduced. Lymphoplasmatic infiltrates. Virus grows in mammary epithelium and is present in milk -Newborn is infected through milk (infected)

Answer 111

-Dog: highest incidence, common, but benign, low carcinomas metastatic rate. -Unknown cause -Ovariohysterectomy after second estrus cycle dramatically increases prevalence -Susceptible up to 2 years of age -Diverse group: epithelial and combined with my-epithelial tumors -Sarcomas: less common but aggressive metastatic -Embryology of mammary glands: close association between epithelium and mesenchyme -Tumors of stroma and epithelium often combined into complex adenomas and carcinomas Mixed Mammary tumor -Dog -Myoepithelium and epithelium cartilage bone -A bitch that develops a mammary tumor will often subsequently develop multiple mammary masses -Prognosis poor if metastasis present Worst to Better significant features 1. Lymph node metastasis: short survival, 2 year survival low 2. Intavascular invasion. Prelude LN metastasis. Survival much shorter with lymphatic invasion 3. Peripheral invasion: poorly circumscribed more likely to develop metastasis > well-circumscribed. Invasive carcinomas: 2 years survival (1/2 of well-demarcated tumors) 4. Histological phenotype of neoplasms: carcinomas with very poor prognosis lipid-rich carcinomas, comedocarcinoma, micro papillary invasive carcinoma, anapestic carcinomas Histological grade: Grade based on: percentage of tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism, mitotic count. Grade III: very poor prognosis Tumor size > 3cm, especially 5 cm in diameter have poorer prognosis Male dogs can develop mammary tumors but are usually benign

Answer 112

1. Fibroadenomatous Hyperplasia (mammary hypertrophy) -very common -<2 years old mostly -In spring and it is the first several estrous cycles -Coincides with luteal phase of estrus cycle, early pregnancy, or after progestin therapy -High concentrations of progesterone or like substances -Older neutered queens on a progesterone require drug withdrawal and sometimes mastectomy -diffuse focal to mammae or mammary gland -Dysregulation of tissue growth with stimulation of receptors by progesterone -Hemorrhages, coagulative necrosis, ulcers. -Young queens: spontaneous resolution or ovariohysterectomy is effective Neoplasia -Uncommon -No relationship with early neutering as there is with Dogs -Rapid progression -Majority are carcinomas that metastisize (75% to 96% are adenocarcinomas) -11 years old average but 7-9 yr old risk plateau -Poorest prognosis older cats with metastasis to regional LN, lymphovascular invasion, grade III, neoplasm > 3cm in diameter -Interval b/t diagnosis and death is short, < 1 year but wide range

Answer 113

Testes spermatogenesis: spermatozoa - rete tubules - efferent ductules - epididymis (maturation/concentration) - vas deferens -Scrotum, vaginal tunics, spermatic cord: protect and maintain spermatogenesis at a temperature slightly lower than body temperature -Accessory genital glands: ampullae of deferent duct, vesicular glands, rotates, bulbourethral glands. -Penis and prepuce Cell types -Germ cells -Spermatozoa -Sertoli cells: supporting cells, FSH receptors -Interstitial endocrine (Leydig cells): produce testosterone -Epithelial cells: absorption, phagocytosis, secretion -Accessory genital glands Portals of entry -Direct penetration -Ascending infection -Hematogenous localization -Peritoneal spread

Answer 114

Scrotum and Contents -Most injuries result in germ cell degeneration, death or depletion -Germ cells sensitive to injury -Sertoli cells: relatively resistant to injury -Testis: specialized immunologic environment. Inflammatory response within testis often sustained. Injury - free radicals - inflammation, damage, constriction granulomas - permanent damage, infertility. fibrosis, adhesions common, alters ability to thermoregulate. -Accessory glands: injury not common. Heat but reduced function -Penis and prepuce: direct trauma during coitus or urination. Healing response exaggerated, edema, eversion, granulation tissue formation. Fibrosis, stenosis of prepucial orifice: prevents extrusion of penis, prevent urination. Urine irritates tissues.

Answer 115

-Common -Incomplete descent of the testis -Usually unilateral but can be bilateral -The testis can be anywhere caudal to the kidney: commonly found within the abdomen near internal inguinal ring or within the inguinal canal or subcutaneous location just outside external inguinal ring -Gross: hypoplasia, more likely to develop neoplasia

Answer 116

-Common -Epididymis is usually also hypo plastic -Lesion one or more testis does not develop fully at puberty -can happen with Disorders of sexual development Cryptorchidism Poor nutrition Zinc deficiency Genetic disease Endocrine disturbance **In most cases you can not tell hypoplasia from atrophy grossly: use cause and microscopic findings to help **

Answer 117

-Common -Testis reduce in size after puberty -Gross: small firm testes Histo: degeneration of seminiferous tubules Many causes: fever, heat from inflammation being most common, Degeneration in older animals Segmental Aplasia of the Mesophric Duct -Unilateral -Missing epididymis (body and tail) -May also be missing the deferent duct, ampulla, vesicular gland -Bulls -Dogs -epididymal duct becomes filled with spermatozoa and ruptures

Answer 118

Ciliary Dyskinesia ( Immotile cilia syndrome) -Respiratory system disease also -Structural defects of the flagellum of spermatozoa -Dogs, pigs, mice, rats Cysts -Usually of no consequence Hypospadia -The urethra opens on the ventral side of the penis Hemangiomas -In the scrotum Miscellaneous Lesions -Trauma: bites, kicks, scratches - hemorrhage or hematoma -Frosbite -Dermatitis -Persistent frenulum -Spermatic granulomas

Answer 119

Persistent Frenulum -Bulls and boars -Band of tissue between ventral raphe of penis and prepuce -Common and minor anatomic abnormalities -Limits extent to which penis can be protruded from sheath -Erect penis is curved instead of straight

Answer 120

-Inflammatory lesion -Occur with disruption of seminiferous tubule or duct rupture -Spermatozoa are technically foreign -Severe inflammation - granulomatous -Immune response to germ cells (self perpetuating) = infertility

Answer 121

Epididymitis; inflammation of the epididymis -Causes: infectious organisms, spermatic granulomas that rapture Rams -Brucella ovis -Actinobacillus seminis -Histophilus somni -E. coli Dogs -Brucella canis -Escherichia coli Orchitis: inflammation of the testis -Not as common as epididymitis -Brucella -Corynebacterium Prostatitis: inflammation of the prostate gland

Answer 122

Acepromazine

Answer 123

-Phimosis: the inability to extrude the penis -Paraphimosis: the inability to retract the penis into the prepuce -Priapism: persistent erection (can also lead to paraphimosis) -Phallitis: inflammation of the penis -Balanitis: inflammation of the glans of the penis -Posthitis: inflammation of the prepuce

Answer 124

-Inflammation of the glands and prepuce -Herpesvirus: many species **Equine herpesvirus-3: equine coital exanthema** Habronema muscle or Draschia megastoma larvae -Horses -Ulcerated granulation tissue on penis -DDx: SCC Strongyloides papillosus: cattle Papillomaviruses many species: fibropapilloma tumors in bulls

Answer 125

-Summer Sores -Habronema muscle larval lesions -Urethral process or preputial orifice -Larva stimulate granulomatous reaction -Yellow caseous granules -May impede urination -Often a Ddx with SCC

Answer 126

-Common in dogs, but occasionally in horses -Rare in other species -Germ cell neoplasms: Seminoma, Teratoma -Interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells neoplasms: interstitial cell tumor: Well demarcated yellow-tan mass which has bulged on incision. -Sertoli cell tumors: white, firm, often lobulated, and the lobules are surrounded by fibrous bands. Canine Interstitial (Leydig) Cell Tumor -Almost always benign -Can produce hormones. estrogenic -Spherical, well demarcated, tan-orange with hemorrhage -Histo: noninvasive, finely encapsulated -Cells arranged in sheets or small groups by a fine fibrous stroma -In dogs cells can be large, round, polyhedral or spindle shaped -Abundant finely vacoulated cytoplasm + lipofuscin -Nuclei are round, minimal anisokaryosis -HEMORRHAGE and NECROSIS are common Canine Sertoli Cell tumor -Prevalent in cryptorchid testes -Well circumscribed, expansile, firm, white, lobulated mass -Abundant fibrous connective tissue - Rare to met -Histo: intratubular or diffuse arrangement, palisade along fibrous stroma or form tubular structures -1/3 produce estrogens (feminizing effect) gynecomastia, alopecia, squamous cell metaplasia of prostate, Myelotoxicity - poorly regenerative anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia.

Answer 127

-Germ cell neoplasm -Prevalent in cryptorchid testes -Homogenous, white-pink-grey, firm, bulges when cut, has fine fibrous trabeculae -Histo: Intratubular or diffuse -Large round cells, scant cytoplasm, large nucleus, prominent nucleolus, anisokaryosis, but most cells are large and uniform in size -Mitotic rate: high -+/- giant cells , single nucleus or multiple nuclei -Aggregates of CD8+ T-lymphocytes around blood vessels; useful diagnostic feature because they are not seen in other testicular neoplasm Teratoma -Germ cell tumor -Arise from totipotential germ cells -Large, cystic, polycystic -Contain hair, mucus, bone, teeth, etc. -Derivatives of 2/4 embryonic layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)

Answer 128

Benign prostatic hyperplasia -Older intact male dogs -Can cause defecation obstructions -Castration prevents it -Lesions symmetric enlargement of the prostate Prostate Carcinoma -Castsration is not protective -Poor prognosis - 80% metastasize -Lesions asymmetric enlargement of the prostate What would cytology look like for each?

Answer 129

Canine Prostate Carcinoma

Answer 130

Equine - SCC -Firm mass with ulcers Bovine - Fibropapilloma -Caused by bovine papilloma virus-1 -Young animals -Self-limiting Canine -transmissible venereal tumor -Allotransplantation to penis, especially proximal penis -Spread by contact -Focal or multifocal -Sometimes they regress, sometimes they metastasize Equine Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma -Metastasis: superficial inguinal (scrotal), deep inguinal, medial iliac LN -Edematous (from lymphatic obstruction) and ulcerative prepuce -Prepucial cavity distended by retained smegma, inflammatory debris, urine. -Keratin Pearls

Answer 131

-Bovine papilloma virus-1 -Young first breeding season -Gross: single or multiple warty masses have papillary epithelial covering and a fibrous core, ulceration -Histo: epithelial and stroll hyperplasia and long projections of epithelium into fibrous tissue -INIB seen in epithelium of some cases

Answer 132

-Allotransplantative tumor (can be transplanted) -Dog to dog direct contact -Arise from canine histiocytes -External genitalia (penis), extragenital and metastases also occur -Stray dogs, sick dogs -Single/multiple, red, ulcerated, multi nodular -Histo: diffuse sheets, minimal stroma; cells are large, round-oval, uniform; cytoplasm: pale staining, peripheral vacuoles readily identified on cytology preparations -Can spontaneously regress TVTs: round cells, more cytoplasm than in lymphoma, look just like histiocytoma: location location location!!!

Exam 2 Flashcards

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