Exam 4 Flashcards
Gastrointestinal system, Disorders of the mouth, forestomach, portals of entry, defense mechanisms, oral cavity.
Common Ground
-Pretty much every organ is normally smooth and shiny (except the rumen, which has undulations)
-Portals of entry: Pharynx is the common area for the respiratory system and GI system. You can get disease GI via inhalation, then swallow.
-Defense mechanism: vomiting, regurgitation, depending on area pH in stomach is more acidic, normal flora is protective (Clostridium and salmonella may be normal)
-Peristalsis
-Innate/adaptive immune cells, IgA.
Just because you see a lesion, it does not mean that it is significant
-Evidence, more is better
Oral Cavity
-Can be observed during PE, rectal mucosa also
-Skin manifestations can be related to GI problems. Ex: bloat due to oral issues.
Tonsils
-Roof of the mouth back of the pharyx. Primary response to viral replication. They don’t act as a filter, no efferent vessels, but still lymphatic tissue
Salivary Glands
Tongue
Esophagus
-Significance in terms of gross, can be a tricky organ. Histology there is either a serosal lining or epithelial lining. The outermost layer either adventitia (no epithelial cell lining) or serosa (mesothelial epithelial cells produce fluid). Organs rubbing against each other need fluid. Example: jugular of animals (outermost lining is adventitia) blood vessels do not move around, they stay in place, so you have lose connective tissue. Adventitia is spider web-like tissue, it is not
-Esophagus has both adventitia and serosa. In the chest cavity we don’t want it to move. Thoracic area is where you have adventitia, then abdominal cavity becomes serosa. Biopsy taking, healing capacity greater at serosa. Full thickness biopsy is not recommended in the area of the thorax bc it does not heal well. Adventitia composed of lose connective tissue, damage will not heal like serosa area. Possibility for infection due to food still passing through that area.
Congenital, developmental defects
-Cleft lip can occur without cleft palate and vice versa, or one of the other by itself.
-Cleft palate = Palatoschisis: failure of fusion of lateral palatine bone. Left with a giant space. Concern for aspiration pneumonia, cranio-ventral distribution bronchopneumonia. Feed material goes into the sinuses. Bone grafts are expensive, but most likely euthanasia. If they are very tiny, just a hole, then it might not be as much of a problem. Can be congenital, hereditary, or toxins due to medications.
-Cleft lip = Cheiloschisis: incomplete fusion of frontonasal process of maxilla. May not be a problem, but could suture the lips together.
Malocclusions (either overbite or underbite)
Can be overbite, underbite. Common in some breed
- Brachygnathia: jaw is short, mandible shorter than maxilla (overbite)
- Prognathia: mandible longer than the maxilla (underbite)
- Malocclusion: tooth overgrowth. Occlusion surfaces of teeth don’t match up. “Malocclusion, tooth overgrowth, tooth #”
Ex: rodents with teeth keep growing. Look for ulcers in the oral cavity. Sometime the incisors pierce the tongue, animal loses weight. - Malocclusion: wavemouth, very common in cattle
-The occlusal surfaces of the teeth don’t line up, improper grinding of food.
-Horses “hooks”: some teeth can be very sharp due to lack of contact with other teeth during grinding.
-Evidence: ulcerations in oral cavity where the teeth are making contact with cheek, tongue, etc. Not gaining weight, dropping feed
-Rumen contents (normally look like well ground feed) look unground, grass particles not evenly sized, predominantly bigger/larger.
-Discoloration of teeth but it is nor common in cattle
Fluoride Toxicosis - can lead to weavemouth
Vesicular Stomatitis - pigs
-Can happen when too much fluoride in the water, but most often due to diet.
-The fluoride starts replacing the enamel on the teeth, become chalky and break.
-Can lead to dental wear and poor attrition.
-Discoloration of the teeth
-Ddx: tartar, calculus, tetracyclines (antibiotics), DISTEMPER (can cause enamel hypoplasia, meaning not being formed. The cell producing enamel has issues) Segmental enamel hypoplasia in distemper. It happens when teeth are forming in-utero, when the teeth were developing the animal was distemper free, but other period of growth it was affected by distemper (segments of enamel hypoplasia). Parvovirus can also cause it.
Vesicular Stomatitides
-Primary lesion: vesicle (A small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid).
-A cyst is a fluid lined with epithelial cells structure
-Erosion and ulcers present.
Bovine vesicular stomatitides reportable
-Morph: Ulcerative, erosive, stomatitis glossitis
-Ddx: BVDV (no vesicles), Parapoxvirus, (because they cause vesicle formations), FMD,
-Pigs: swine vesicular disease (muco-cutaneous site affected).
-Horses do not get FMD, but they get vesicular stomatitides. They can spread it, the farm gets shut down
