Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Three types of muscle tissue
A
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
2
Q
Properties of Muscle tissue
A
excitability
contractility
elasticity
extensibility
3
Q
skeletal muscle
A
move the skeleton
visible just under the skin
cylindrical shape
multinucleate
from fusion of myoblast
innervated at neuromuscular junction
striated
voluntary
vascular
4
Q
cardiac muscle
A
in the heart myocaridum
y shape/ branch fiber
uninucleate/binucleate
intercalated disc
striated
auto rhythmic
involuntary
5
Q
smooth muscle
A
in internal organs
involuntary
fusion shape
uninucleate
no striation
fatigue resistant
6
Q
excitability
A
change electrical state and send electrical wave or impulse along membrane
7
Q
contractibility
A
pull attachment points, shorten with force
8
Q
elasticity
A
return to original length when relaxed
9
Q
extensibility
A
stretch/extend beyond resting length
10
Q
cardiac muscle location
A
myocardium of heart
11
Q
cardiac muscle cell shape
A
branch and y shape
12
Q
cardiac muscle nuclei
A
uni or bi
13
Q
cardiac muscle striations
A
striated
14
Q
cardiac muscle control
A
involuntary
15
Q
cardiac muscle special features
A
intercalated disc, auto rhythmic
16
Q
smooth muscle location
A
walls of visceral organs
17
Q
smooth muscle cell shape
A
fusiform
18
Q
smooth muscle nuclei
A
uninucleate
19
Q
smooth muscle striations
A
not striated
20
Q
smooth muscle control
A
involuntary
21
Q
smooth muscle special features
A
fatigue resistant
22
Q
skeletal muscle location
A
connected to skeleton
23
Q
skeletal muscle cell shape
A
fiber - like - long cylindrical
24
Q
skeletal muscle nuclei
A
multinucleate
25
skeletal muscle striations
striated
26
skeletal muscle control
voluntary
27
skeletal muscle special features
innervated at neuromuscular junction
vascular
28
skeletal muscle functions
movement
maintain posture
temp regulation
store and move materials
support abdomen organs
joint stabilization
29
skeletal muscle organization
endomysium wraps fibers
perimysium fascicles
epimysium wraps entire muscles
deeps fascia wrap muscle group
tendon
30
what does endomysium wrap
muscle fibers
31
what does perimysium wrap
fascicles
32
what does epimysium wrap
entire muscle
33
what does deep fascia wrap
muscle group
34
muscle tendon connection
collagen fibers of endomysium, perimysium, epimysium and continuous with tendons
35
tendons
connect muscle to bone or skin
36
aponeurosis
flat tendon
ex external oblique
37
connective tissue covering muscle
epimysium
38
connective tissue covering fascicle
perimysium
39
connective tissue covering fascicle
perimysium
40
connective tissue covering myofiber
endomysium
41
connective tissue covering myofibril, thick and thin filament, myosin and actin proteins
none
42
muscle contraction
begins with signal from motor neuron
initiates impulse
triggers release of calcium
43
CNS
brain and spinal cord
44
PNS
ganglion and nerves - single root groups together
extremities
45
nervous system organization
sensation (sensory)
response (motor)
46
sensation - sensory
detect stimuli. afferent info to CNS
47
sensory subdivisions
special senses
somatic senses
visceral senses
48
special senses
vision, hearing, taste, smell, balance, equilibrium
49
somatic senses
info from skin, joints, skeletal muscles
50
visceral senses
info from internal organs and blood vessels
51
response - motor
efferent info leaves CNS
effectors (muscle or gland) respond
52
response subdivision
somatic and autonomic
53
somatic nervous system
voluntary
innervates skeletal muscle
54
autonomic nervous system
involuntary
innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
55
neurons
excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses
56
glial cells
non-excitable cells that support and protect neurons
57
dendrites
receive information for other neurons
58
cell body (soma)
contains nucleus and major organelles
59
Axon hillock
where axon emerges from cell body – where cytoplasm changes to solution of components
60
Axon
fiber that emerges from cell body and projects to target cells
61
Myelin sheath
wraps the axons – made from glial cells. Acts as insulation
62
noes of ranvier
gap in the myelin coverings
63
Axon terminal
end of axon that makes connections with target cells at synapses
64
unipolar
sensory neurons - one process emerging from cell
65
bipolar
special senses – two processes extending from each end of cell body
66
Multipolar
CNS neurons, motor neurons – everything else – one axon and two or more dendrites
67
synapses
site at which neurons communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands
where neurotransmitters are inside vessels - break out
68
astrocyte
control ionic environment
induce formation of the blood -brain barrier
69
oligodendrocyte
form myelin sheath in CNS
70
microglial cell
clean up debris and fight infection
71
ependymal cells
line brain internal cavities (ventricles)
72
glial cells of CNS
astrocyte
oligodendrocyte
microglial
ependymal
73
glial cell of PNS
Schwann cell
Satellite cells
74
Schwann cell
myeline PNS axons
75
satellite cells
protect and regulate nutrients for neuron cell bodies in ganglia
76
how is myelin made in the CNS
oligodendrocyte
77
how is myelin made in the PNS
Schwann cells
78
myeline structure
white, fatty coating around axons
nodes of ranvier to side
79
myelin function
support, protect, and insulate axon
increase conduction speed of electrical signals in axons
80
gray matter
contains neuron cell bodies and dendrites
81
white matter
contains neuron axons and myelin sheath
82
nervous tissue ganglia
in PNS where neuron cell bodies and dendrites are found
83
nervous tissue nerves
in PNS where neuron axons are found
84
sensory neurons
send information to CNS
85
motor neurons
send information away from CNS
86
nerve structure
cable like bundles of axons in PNS
endometrium wrap individual axons
perineurium wrap axon fascicles
epineurium wrap entire nerve
87
neuronal network
work to process sensory information and perform motor responses
88
upper motor neuron
in the motor cortex
89
lower motor neuron
spinal cord and brain stem
90
tertiary afferent neuron
in the brain
91
secondary afferent neuron
spinal cord and brainstem
92
primary afferent neuron
dorsal root ganglion
93
multiple sclerosis
patches of myelin in brain and spinal cord are destroyed
autoimmune disease
symptom: blindness, weakness, numbness
94
Alzheimer's disease
progressive degenerative disease of the brain
symptom: memory loss, depression, disorientation
associated with abnormal proteins aggregates
intracellular tau tangles
extracellular amyloid plaques
95
meninges structure
connective tissue surrounding brain and spinal cord
dura, arachnoid, pia mater
96
meninges function
separate brain from skull
enclose and protect blood vessels supplying brain
contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
97
meninges order
dura (outer most)
arachnoid
subarachnoid space - filled with CSF
pia mater
98
CSF function
buoyancy
protection (cushion)
environmental stability
99
CSF location and composition
produced in choroid plexus
clear, colorless fluid
circulate through ventricles and subarachnoid spaces surrounding CNS
100
hydrocephalus
excessive CSF
cause - obstruction of CSF flow
overproduction of CSF
impaired drainage of CSF
101
arachnoid granulations
outpock of arachnoid membrane that pierce into dural sinuses – allowing CSF reabsorption into blood
102
cerebrum
location of conscious thought processes and complex intellectual functions
2 hemispheres - connected by corpus callosum
gyri and sulk increase surface area
gray matter and white matter
103
corpus callous
midsaggital section
103
corpus callous
midsaggital section
104
frontal lobe
decision making, personality, verbal communication, voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles
105
parietal lobe
sensory interpretation of textures and shapes, understanding speech
106
temporal lobe
auditory and olfactory experience
107
occipital lobe
vision
108
insula
taste
109
Primary motor cortex
precentral gyrus – command spinal cord to contract specific muscles in contralateral side of body
110
Primary somatosensory cortex
post central gyrus – sensation originating in skin and muscle (touch, vibration, proprioception, temperature, and pain)
111
homunculus
little person in brain pulling knobs and switches
112
divisions of diencephalon
hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus
113
thalamus
either side of third ventricle
relay station for sensory and motor information entering the cerebrum
114
hypothalamus
BEETS-HAM
behavior
endocrine
emotion
temperature
sleep
hunger
autonomic control
memory
* infundibulum and pituitary gland
115
cerebellum
fine tune, smoothen and coordinate muscle movements
balance and equilibrium
116
components of brain stem
midbrain
pons
medulla
117
brainstem function
bidirectional passage between cerebrum and spinal cord
contain many autonomic and reflex centers for survival
point of attachment for cranial nerves
118
medulla
cardiac center
vasomotor center
respiratory center
reflexes - cough, sneeze, gag, vomit, ect
119
limbic system
emotional brain
involved in emotion, memory, and motivation
120
limbic system components
fornix, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus
121
limbic system components
fornix, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus
122
cervical nerves
top 7
123
thoracic nerves
middle 9-12
124
lumbar nerves
20-25
125
sacral spinal nerves
bottom 5 after coccygeal nerve
126
coccygeal nerve
very bottom
127
conus medullaris
level of the L1 or L2 vertebrae.
128
cauda equina
nerve and nerve roots
129
ascending tracts in spinal cord
conduct sensory or motor information
travel through white matter of CNS
connect CNS regions to cranial nerves and spinal nerves
130
descending tracts in spinal cord
conduct sensory or motor information
travel through white matter of CNS
connect CNS regions to cranial nerves and spinal nerves
131
Association fibers
connect gyrus to gyrus and lobe to lobe
132
Commissural fiber
cross over midline – one hemisphere to other
133
Projection fibers
connect different brain structures and regions to each other
134
Basal nuclei (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus)
starting, stopping, monitoring movement
135
olfactory nerve I
smell
136
optic nerve II
sight
137
oculomotor nerve III
extrinsic eye movement
138
trochlear nerve IV
extrinsic eye movement
139
Trigeminal nerve V
face, teeth, tongue
muscles of mastication
140
Abducens nerve VI
extrinsic eye muscle - lateral rectus
141
facial nerve VII
taster -anterior 2/3 of tongue
muscles of facial expression, secretion of saliva and tear
142
vestibulocochelar nerve VIII
hearing, balance
143
glossopharyngeal nerve IX
taster - poster 1/3 of tongue
swall and secretion of saliva
144
vagus nerve X
visceral sensation - thoracic and abdominal cavities
swelling, respiratory system, heart, digestive system
145
accessory nerve XI
sternocleidomastoid, trapezius
146
hypoglossal nerve XII
tongue muscles
147
nerves with just sensory
1,2,8
148
nerves with just motor
3,4,6,11,12
149
nerves with both
5, 7, 9, 10
150
dermatomes
specific segment of skin supplied by single pair of spinal nerves
c- arm and head
t - midbody - back and stomach
L- lower back - anterior leg
S - butt and posterior leg
151
nerve plexuses
network of interweaving spinal nerves
split into multiple named nerves that innervate various body structures
cervical, brachial, lumbal, sacral
152
cervical plexus
spinal nerves C1-C4
innervate anterior neck and part of head and shoulder
phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm
153
brachial plexus
spinal nerves C5- T1
innervates pictorial girdle and upper limb
axillary nerve/artery, musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar, median
154
lumbar plexus
spinal nerves L1-L4
innervates anterior and medial thigh
femoral nerve
155
sacral plexus
spinal nerves L4-S4
innervates all of lower limb except anterior/medial thigh
sciatic nerve, tibial nerve, common fibular nerve
156
monosynaptic reflex
simplest of all reflexes
one CNS synapse
stretch reflex is an example - knee jerk
157
polysynaptic reflex
more complex neural pathway
response to pain
multiple CNS synapse are involved
includes interneurons
withdrawal reflex is an example
158
somatic nervous system
one motor neuron to target
innervates skeletal muscle
159
autonomic nervous system
chain of two motor neurons to target
preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
divided in parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
160
sympathetic division
preganglionic axon synapse in sympathetic ganglia
sympathetic ganglia are near CNS and vertebral column
161
sympathetic division function
fight or flight
activated in emergency situations and when excited or stressed
162
sympathetic division exit from CNS
thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
163
parasympathetic division
preganglionic axons
164
parasympathetic division functions
rest and digest
conserves energy and replenishes energy stores
165
parasympathetic division exit from CNS
brainstem (CN 3, 7, 9, 10)
sacral spinal cord
166
dual innervation
most organs innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions - often oppose each other
167
dual innervation of pupil
parasympathetic - pupil constriction
sympathetic - pupil dilation
168
dual innervation of digestive system
p: increase activity related to digestion
s: reduce activity related to digestion
169
dual innervation of heart
p: decrease heart rate
S: increase heart rate
170
dual innervation of heart
p: decrease heart rate
S: increase heart rate
171
enteric nervous system
wall of digestive tract
automatically control digestive system
172
dorsal nerve root
The sensory axons enter the spinal cord
173
ventral root - anterior
The motor fibers, both somatic and autonomic
174
general senses
temperature, pain, touch, stretch, pressure
175
special senses
gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, audition
176
what are stimuli detected by
receptors
177
mechanoreceptors
touch, pressure, vibration
178
thermoreceptors
temperature
179
nociceptors
tissue damage
180
photoreceptor
light
181
chemoreceptor
chemical stimuli - taste or smell
182
dermis
pain and temperature
free nerve endings
183
muscle spindle
detect muscle stretch
184
Golgi tendon
detect tendon stretch
185
filiform papillae
no taste buds
186
fungiform papillae
few taste buds
187
foliate papillae
taste buds during infancy
188
circumvallate papillae
many taste buds
189
cells in taste buds
gustatory cells
supporting cells
basal cells
190
gustatory cells
chemoreceptors
5 basic tastes
replaced every 7-10 days
191
5 basic tastes
salt, sour, sweet, bitter, umami
192
basal cells
immature cells replaces other two cell types
193
tongue surface
stratified squamous epithelium
194
olfaction
olfactory receptor neurons - chemoreceptors, bipolar neurons
supporting cells
basal cells - immature cells for renewal of other cells
195
vision eye muscles
superior rectus
inferior rectus
lateral rectus
medial rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique
eye goes toward contracting muscle
superior contract - eye goes up
196
eyebrow, eyelash, eyelid function
prevent foreign objects from contacting the eye
197
conjunctiva
covers eye's anterior surface and internal eyelid surface
198
tarsal glands
sebaceous gland – oily secretion to prevent tear evaporation
199
lacrimal gland
produce tears
200
caniculi
drain tears into sac
201
nasolacrimal duct
move tears to nasal cavity
202
lacrimal sac
tears collected
203
lens
focus light to back of eye
204
pupil
hole in center allowing light to enter
205
anterior chamber
cornea and iris
206
posterior chamber
iris and lens
207
aqueous humor
fills anterior and posterior chambers
208
vitreous chamber
behind lens
209
vitreous humor
viscous fluid in posterior cavity
210
sclera
outermost layer
211
cornea
clear part of outer layer
212
choroid
highly vascularized connective tissue - blood supply to the eye
213
ciliary body
muscular structure attached to lens
214
suspensory ligament
attach ciliary body to lens
215
iris
muscle that opens or closes the pupil
216
retina
contain nervous tissue for photoreceptors
217
rod/cone
light detection
218
fovea centralis
center of retina
only cones - maximal visual acuity
219
optic disc
where optic nerve begins, blind spot
no rods or cones
220
fibrous tunic
sclera
cornea
221
vascular tunic
choroid
ciliary body
suspensory ligament
iris
222
neural tunic
retina
223
rod
function in dim light - no sharp vision or color vision
224
cones
bright light
high acuity and color vision
225
cataracts
cloudy lens
226
glaucoma
high pressure in eye - hurts optic nerve
227
macular degeneration
the area around the fovea degenerates
228
external ear
auricle
external auditory canal
ceruminous glands
tympanic membrane
229
ceruminous glands
produce cerumen
earwax impedes microorganism growth
230
ossicles
malleus
incus
stapes
231
middle ear
auditory tube connects air-filled middle ear to nasopharynx
usually closed, opens to equilibrate pressure in middle ear
otitis media: infection of middle ear
232
inner ear
vestibule
semicircular canal
cochlea
vestibular/cochlear nerves
233
vestibule
utricle and saccule
detect linear acceleration and head position
help sense equilibrium
234
semicircular canals
detect rotational movement
help sense equilibrium
235
cochlea
detect sound waves
236
hair cells
send messages to sensory neurons within the vestibulocochlear nerve, which in turn, relays the information to the brain
237
parallel
fibers run parallel to long axis
238
circular
concentric rings
239
convergent
broad origin, coverge toward insertion
pectoralis major
240
pennate
short fibers are obliquely attached to tendon
blends into a tendon at an angle that runs through the central region of the muscle for its whole length
241
unipennate
one direction of striations
242
bipennate
two directions of striations
243
multipennate
a lot of striations
244
naming muscles
action
body region
attachment
orientation - external abdominal oblique
shape/size
head
245
origin
less moveable attachment site
246
insertion
more moveable attachment site
247
agonist
principle muscle producing primary action
prime mover
248
synergist
assisting muscle in action
249
fixator
muscle that stabilizes bone - attached to agonist origin
250
antagonist
opposite action of prime mover
251
lateral flexion
toward right/left
252
supination
palm forward
253
pronation
palm back
254
inversion
bottom of foot toward midline
255
eversion
bottom of foot away from midline
256
protraction
should moves forward
257
retraction
scpula pulled back
258
opposition
tip of thumb in contact with finger
259
reposition
return thumb to anatomical position
260
mastication muscles
masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoind
lateral pterygoid
261
elbow flexors
biceps brachii
brachial
brachioradialis
262
elbow extensors
triceps brachii
ancones
263
lateral rotators of humerus
teres minor
infraspinatus
264
abductor of humerus
supraspinatus
265
medial rotator of humerus
subscapularis
266
shoulder adductor/flexor
coracobrachialis
pectoralis major
267
shoulder adductors/extensors
teres major
latissimus dorsi
268
shoulder abductor - flex and extend shoulder
deltoid
269
knee extensors
vastus muscles
rectus femoris
common insert: tibial tuberosity
270
knee flexors
semitenindosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris
common origin: ischial tuberosity
271
hip adductors
3 adductor muscles
pectinous
gracilis - inferior pubic ramus - tibia surface
272
hip abductors
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
273
hip flexors
iliacus
rectus femoris
psoas major
ilipsoas
274
hip extensor
gluteus maximus
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris
275
endocrine system
endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
use hormones to direct functions of the body
276
hormones
carried throughout body by the bloodstream
initiate specific actions in target cells - have receptors for hormone
277
tropic hormones
hormones that affect the release of other hormones
gonadotrophins
278
how endocrine differs from nervous system
use nerves and neurotransmitters - electrical system
279
specifics how endocrine is different
can affect any cell in the body
widespread effects
slower but longer lasting responses
280
amine hormone
modified amino acid
281
peptide hormone
short chain of linked amino acids
282
protein hormone
long chain of linked amino acids
283
steroid hormone
derived from the lipid cholesterol
284
hypothalamus–pituitary complex
the command center of the endocrine system
secretes hormones
coordinate message between ES and NS
285
anterior pituitary
glandular tissue
286
posterior pituitary
nervous tissue
287
antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
initiate water retention in kidney during dehydration
increase blood pressure through vasoconstriction
288
oxytocin
uterine contractions and milk ejection
289
two posterior pituitary hormones
antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin
290
thyroid stimulating hormone
acts on thyroid gland
291
prolactin
acts on mammary glands
292
adrenocorticotropic
acts on adrenal cortex
293
growth hormone
acts on all body tissue, especially bone, muscle, and adipose connective tissue
294
follicle stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone
act on gonads - testes and ovaries
295
melanocyte stimulating hormone
acts on melanocyte in epidermis
296
pineal gland
part of epithalamus
produces melatonin - help regulate circadian rhythm
297
thyroid gland
produce - thyroid hormone - increase metabolic rate
calcitonin - lower blood calcium
decrease osteoclast increase osteoblast
298
parathyroid gland
posterior surface of thyroid gland
produce parathyroid hormone
increase blood concentration of calcium
increase osteoclast decrease osteoblast
299
thymus
lower neck and mediastinum
yellows and atrophies after puberty
produce thymopoietin and thymosins
stimulate growth and maturation of T-lymphocytes
300
adrenal glands
adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla
301
adrenal cortex
aldosterone - sodium and water retention in kidney
cortisol - help body deal with stressful situations
302
adrenal medulla
epinephrine - adrenaline
norepinephrinem
- fight or flight
303
pancreas
posterior wall of abdominal cavity
pancreatic islets
produce glucagon and insulin
304
glucagon
secreted by alpha cells
glycogen breakdown in the liver
increases blood glucose levels
305
insulin
secreted by beta cells
signal body cells to take up and use glucose for energy
decrease blood glucose levels
306
ovary
bilateral structure located in pelvic cavity
produce estrogen and progesterone
307
estrogen
maturation of follicles, stimulate development to female reproductive organs
308
progesterone
stimulate growth of uterine lining
309
testis
bilateral structure located externally within scrotum
produce testosterone
310
testosterone
activate sperm production, stimulate development to male reproductive organs
311
kidney
bilateral structure within abdominal cavity
produce renin
312
renin
stimulates formation of angiotensin that leads to production of aldosterone
313
heart
thoracic cavity
produce atrial natriuretic peptide
increase loss of sodium and water
314
oxytocin TO
uterus and mammary gland
315
ADH TO
kidney
316
FSH TO
gonads
317
LH TO
gonads
318
ACTH TO
adrenal cortex
319
TSH TO
thyroid
320
prolactin TA
mammary glands
321
GH target organ
skeletal muscle, bone, fat
322
MSH TO
melanocyte of epidermis
323
Melatonin TO
brain
324
T3 and T4 TO (thyroid)
body cells
325
calcitonin TO
bones
326
parathyroid hormone TO
bones
327
thymopoietin and thyroxin TO
thymus
328
aldosterone TO
kidney
329
cortisol TO
liver
330
epinephrine and norepinephrine TO
body cells
331
glucagon TO
body cells, liver
332
insulin TO
body cells
333
estrogen TO
ovary, uterus, mammary glands
334
progesterone TO
uterus
335
testosterone TO
testis, prostate
336
renin TO
liver
337
atrial natriuretic peptide TO
kidney
338
muscle relaxation
calcium is resorbed, ATP is required
thick and thin filament interaction relaxes
muscle lengthens and relaxes
