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Anatomy > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of blood

A

transportation
regulation
defense

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2
Q

blood transportation

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide
nutrients, hormones, waste products

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3
Q

blood regulation

A

absorbs heat and distributes throughout body
regulates body pH and fluid levels

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4
Q

blood defense

A

protect from infection
transport infection fighting antibodies
forms blood clots

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5
Q

blood composition

A

55% plasma
Buffy coat: leukocytes and platelets 1%
erythrocytes: 44 % (red)

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6
Q

plasma

A

92% water
7% protein
other solutes

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7
Q

proteins in plasma

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
regulatory proteins

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8
Q

other solutes in plasma

A

electrolytes
nutrients
respiratory gases
waste products

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9
Q

erythrocytes (RBC’s) structure

A

small, biconcave disc
- allow gas to be loaded/unloaded

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10
Q

erythrocyte characteristics

A

filled with hemoglobin (transport o2 + CO2)
no nucleus or organelles
single file as pass through vessels

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11
Q

erythrocyte life cycle

A

form in red bone marrow
circulate in blood stream (120 days)
aged phagocytized in liver, spleen, bone marrow
old broken to make new
heme converted to bilirubin and secreted in bile by liver

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12
Q

polycythemia

A

too many erythrocytes in the blood
increase viscosity of blood, strain on heart

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13
Q

anemia

A

low levels of erythrocytes or hemoglobin
low blood O2 levels

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14
Q

leukocyte (WBC) structure

A

larger than erythrocytes

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15
Q

leukocyte characteristics

A

nucleus and organelles
initiate immune response and defend against pathogens
diapedesis and chemotaxis

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16
Q

diapedesis

A

WBC leave blood stream and enter tissue

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17
Q

chemotaxis

A

WBC attracted to site of infection by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens

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18
Q

types of leukocytes

A

granulocyte and agranulocyte

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19
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil

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20
Q

neutrophil

A

phagocytizes pathogens
granulocyte

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21
Q

eosinophil

A

destroy parasite
allergies
granulocyte

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22
Q

basophil

A

promote inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin
granulocyte

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23
Q

agranulocytes

A

monocyte
lymphocyte

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24
Q

monocyte

A

exit bloodstream and become macrophage
phagocytize pathogen and debris
agranulocyte

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25
Q

lymphocyte

A

reside in lymphatic tissue
coordinate immune response
t call, B cell, natural killer
agranulocyte

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25
Q

lymphocyte

A

reside in lymphatic tissue
coordinate immune response
t call, B cell, natural killer
agranulocyte

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26
Q

leukocytosis

A

High WBC count
infection, inflammation, extreme stress

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27
Q

leukopenia

A

low WBC count
viral or bacterial infection

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28
Q

leukemia

A

cancer in leukocyte forming cells in bone marrow
proliferation of abnormal leukocytes
cancer cells take over bone marrow - slow erythrocytes and platelets - anemia and bleeding

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29
Q

platelets (thrombocytes)

A

cell fragments of megakaryocytes
live 8-10 days
assist in blood clotting

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30
Q

blood clots

A

fibrin (form fibrinogen)
platelets
trapped erythrocytes

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31
Q

thrombocytosis

A

high platelet count
results from disease of blood or bone marrow, cancer, removal of spleen, or an infection

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32
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

low platelet count
damage to bone marrow, chemotherapy, leukemia, overactive spleen

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33
Q

what determines blood type

A

surface antigens

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34
Q

how are antibodies formed

A

against antigens it doesn’t have

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35
Q

group A antibodies and antigens

A

anti B - antibodies
A antigen

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36
Q

group b antibodies and antigens

A

anti A - antibodies
b antigen

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37
Q

group AB antibodies and antigens

A

no antibodies
a and B antigens

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38
Q

group o antibodies and antigens

A

anti a and anti b antibodies
no antigens

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39
Q

hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)

A

production of blood’s formed element
- erythropoiesis, thrombopoiesis, leukopoiesis
red bone marrow
erythropoietin made by kidney controls erythrocyte production

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40
Q

erythropoiesis

A

formation of red blood cells

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41
Q

thrombopoiesis

A

formation of platelets

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42
Q

leukopoiesis

A

formation of white blood cells

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43
Q

how often heart beats

A

75/minute
108,0000/day

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44
Q

average cardiac output

A

5.25 L/min

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45
Q

heart is a dual pump for what?

A

pulmonary and systemic circuits

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46
Q

heart orientation

A

within mediastinum
lies on diaphragm, posterior to sternum

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47
Q

base

A

posterior and superior surface of heart

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48
Q

apex

A

anterior and inferior, points to left hip

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49
Q

3 layers of pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium
serous (Parietal and visceral)

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50
Q

pericardial cavity

A

contains serous fluid

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51
Q

pericardium functions

A

prevent undesired movement
prevent overfilling of the heart
reduces friction

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52
Q

epicardium

A

visceral layer of serous pericardium
simple squamous epithelium

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53
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscle
bulk of the heart wall

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54
Q

endocardium

A

lines chambers and covers valves
simple squamous epithelium
“endothelium”

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55
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

carries blood too and from lungs
right ventricle is the pump

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56
Q

systematic circuit

A

transport blood too and from body tissues
left ventricle is the pump

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57
Q

oxygen poor blood

A

before lungs

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58
Q

oxygen rich blood

A

after lungs

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59
Q

right atrium

A

receiving chamber for oxygen poor blood from systemic circuit

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60
Q

right ventricle

A

pump of the pulmonary circuit
eject oxygen poor blood into pulmonary trunk

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61
Q

fossa ovalis

A

formane ovale during fetal circulation

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62
Q

papillary muscles

A

anchor chord tendineae

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63
Q

chordae tendineae

A

prevent valves from everting

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64
Q

left atrium

A

posterior surface of heart
receive oxygen rich blood from lungs through pulmonary veins

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65
Q

left ventricle

A

form apex and inferior surface of the heart
pump of systemic circuit- oxygen rich blood to aorta
most muscular of the chambers

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66
Q

heart valve structure

A

composed of dense connective tissue
two or three cusps

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67
Q

heart valve function

A

permit passage of blood in one direction
prevent back flow of blood

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68
Q

fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

dense connective tissue between atria and ventricles

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69
Q

fibrous skeleton functions

A

separates atria and ventricles
anchors heart valves
framework for cardiac muscle attachment

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70
Q

cardiac muscle tissue structure

A

short, branched
striated
1-2 nuclei

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71
Q

cardiac muscle tissue function

A

cells joined by intercalated discs
more mitochondria and ATP Tham skeletal muscle
gap junction and desmosomes

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72
Q

gap junctions

A

increase flow of electrical current

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73
Q

desmosomes

A

prevent cardiac muscle from pulling apart

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74
Q

Myocardial contractile cell

A

99% atria and ventricles

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75
Q

Myocardial conducting cells

A

conduction system of the heart

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76
Q

conduction system

A

specialized muscle cells that carry electrical impulses throughout the heart musculature

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77
Q

sequence of heartbeat

A

a. Cardiac rhythm established by sinoatrial node
b. Spreads through internodal pathways
c. Interatrial band connects directly the two atriums
d. Electrical event is trigger for muscle contraction

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78
Q

Atrioventricular bundle

A

goes through interventricular septum them splits in left and right bundle branches

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79
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

additional fibers that spread impulse cells in ventricle

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79
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

additional fibers that spread impulse cells in ventricle

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80
Q

cardiac plexus

A

parasympathetic NS
sympathetic NS

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81
Q

parasympathetic NS

A

emerges from medulla
vagus nerve (CN X)
decrease heart rate

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82
Q

sympathetic NS

A

emerges from thoracic spinal cord
synapses in sympathetic chain ganglia
increases heart rate and force of contraction

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83
Q

coronary circulation

A

brings nutrients and oxygen to the heart wall
inadequate circulation causes heart attack

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84
Q

heart failure

A

progressive weakening of heart
can’t pump blood to meet bodies needs
weak ventricles fail to empty - overfill - back into veins
edema (congestion) in tissue outside pulmonary or systemic circuits

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85
Q

arteries

A

transport blood away from the heart
carry oxygen rich blood in systemic circuit
carry oxygen poor blood in pulmonary circuit and umbilical arteries

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86
Q

capillaries

A

smallest blood vessels
location of gas and nutrient exchange between blood and tissues

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87
Q

veins

A

transport blood towards the heart
carry oxygen poor blood in systemic circuit
carry oxygen rich blood in the pulmonary circuit and umbilical vein

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88
Q

tunica intima

A

simple squamous epithelium called endothelium

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89
Q

tunica media

A

circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers
location of vasodilation and vasoconstriction

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90
Q

tunica externa

A

collagen and elastic fibers
contains vasa vasorum

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91
Q

vessel tunics order

A

endothelium
basement membrane
internal elastic membrane
smooth muscle
external elastic membrane
vasa vasorum
tunica extenra

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92
Q

vessels in arteries

A

thick walls, small lumens
thickest layer is tunica media

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93
Q

capillaries

A

very small lumen (one RBC at a time)
only tunica intimate
allow rapid gas exchange

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94
Q

veins

A

thin wall, large lumens
thickest layer is tunica external
valves

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95
Q

elastic arteries

A

largest arteries
conducting arteries
high elastin content
aorta and major branches

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96
Q

conducting arteries

A

between heart and muscular arteries

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97
Q

high elastin content

A

stretch and recoil to dampen blood pressure changes resulting from contractions of heart

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98
Q

aorta and major branches

A

brachiocephalic
common carotid
subclavian
common iliac arteries

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99
Q

muscular arteries

A

distributing arteries - to body organs
thick tunica media
diameter of lumen changes to regulate blood flow and organs
named arteries in lab

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100
Q

muscular arteries

A

distributing arteries - to body organs
thick tunica media
diameter of lumen changes to regulate blood flow and organs
named arteries in lab

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101
Q

paired arteries you don’t know

A

inferior phrenic artery (above trunk)
suprarenal artery (superior kidney)

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102
Q

unpaired arteries you don’t know

A

abdominal aorta (abs)
median sacral artery (middle split)

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103
Q

arteriole

A

diameter regulated by local tissue factors
sympathetic nervous system

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104
Q

capillaries

A

smallest vessels
tunica intimate only
gas, nutrient, waste exchange

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105
Q

venules

A

smallest veins
primary location of diapedesis

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106
Q

continuous capillary

A

most common
muscle, skin, thymus, lungs
tight junctions, water transportation

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107
Q

fenestrated capillary

A

small intestine, kidneys, most endocrine glands
pores, nutrient absorption

108
Q

sinusoidal capillary

A

bone marrow, spleen, liver
intercellular gap, passage of large molecule

109
Q

veins

A

return blood to heart
blood reservoir
low blood pressure in veins
thinner than arteries
valves - prevent back flow
skeletal muscle contractions pump blood toward heart

110
Q

heart to hand

A

a. Aortic arch
b. Brachiocephalic trunk
c. Right subclavian artery
d. Axillary artery
e. Brachial artery
f. Radial or ulnar artery
- Radial or ulnar vein
- Brachial vein
- Axillary vein
- Subclavian vein
- Brachiocephalic vein
- Superior vena cava

111
Q

heart to foot

A

a. Aortic arch
b. Descending aorta
c. Thoracic aorta
d. Abdominal aorta
e. Common iliac arteries
f. External iliac artery
g. Femoral artery
h. Popliteal artery
i. Tibial artery
- Tibial vein
- Popliteal vein
- Femoral vein
- External iliac vein
- Common iliac vein
- Inferior vena cava

112
Q

portal venous system

A

drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract (apart from the lower section of rectum), spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver.

113
Q

hepatic portal system function

A

veins that transports blood from the digestive tract to the liver

114
Q

hepatic portal veins

A

superior mesenteric
splenic
left/right gastroomental
inferior mesenteric

115
Q

prenatal circulation

A

umbilical cord
ductus venous
formane ovale
ductus arteriosus

116
Q

umbilical cord

A

two umbilical arteries
one umbilical vein

117
Q

ductus venosus

A

take blood from umbilical vein to inferior vena cava - away from liver sinusoids

118
Q

foramen ovale

A

divert blood from right atrium to left

119
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

divert blood from pulmonary trunk to aortic arch

120
Q

baby blood flow

A

a. Placenta
b. Umbilical vein
c. Ductus venosus
d. Inferior vena cava
e. Right atrium
f. Right ventricle OR left atrium – left ventricle
g. Out of aorta to body – pulmonary artery

121
Q

postnatal umbilical cord

A

arteries > medial umbilical ligament
vein > round ligament of liver ligament teres

122
Q

postnatal ductus venosus

A

ligamentum venosum

123
Q

postnatal foramen ovale

A

fossa ovalis

124
Q

postnatal ductus arteriosus

A

ligamentum arteriosum

125
Q

umbilical arteries/vein location

A

umbilical cord and abdomen

126
Q

umbilical arteries function

A

carry oxygen poor blood from fetus to placenta

127
Q

umbilical vein function

A

carry oxygen rich vein from placenta to fetus

128
Q

formanen ovale location

A

between heart atria

129
Q

ductus arterioles lcoation

A

between pulmonary trunk and aorta

130
Q

atherosclerosis

A

progressive disease of elastic and muscular arteries - aorta and coronary arteries
atheroma (fatty plaque) thickening of tunica intima and narrowing of arterial lumen

131
Q

varicose veins

A

dysfunctional valves leads to blood pooling in superficial limb veins
genetic predisposition again, strain that inhibits venous return

132
Q

lymphatic system components

A

lymphatic vessels
lymphatic nodules
lymphatic organs
lymphatics cells

133
Q

lymphatic system functions

A

return leaked plasma to bloodstream
screen lymph for foreign substances (antigens)
house lymphocytes that generate immune response
transport dietary lipids

134
Q

flow of lymph

A

capillaries
series of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
lymphatic trunks
lymphatic ducts
venous circulation

135
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

closed-ended tubes
overlapping endothelial cells form one way flap
occur most everywhere blood capillaries occur
absent from RBM, CNS, avascular tissue
lacteals

136
Q

lacteals

A

special lymphatic capillaries in small intestine
pick up interstitial fluid, dietary lipid, lipid soluble vitamins
gastrointestinal lymph called chyle

137
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

receive lymph from lymphatic capillaries
valves prevent back flow in low pressure system
resemble veins with three tunics (intima, media, externa)
afferent and efferent

138
Q

afferent lymphatic vessel

A

flow towards lymph nodes

139
Q

efferent lymphatic vessel

A

flow away from lymph nodes

140
Q

open valve

A

lymph flows foward

141
Q

closed valve

A

back flow of lymph is prevented

142
Q

lymph nodes anatomy

A

afferent and efferent vessels
cortex and medulla
macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes

143
Q

lymph nodes functions

A

screen lymph for foreign antigens
initiate immune response

144
Q

lymph nodes location

A

axillary
inguinal
cervical
scattered throughout body

145
Q

lymphatic ducts

A

return lymph to cardiovascular system at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins

146
Q

area drained by right lymphatic duct

A

right shoulder and arm - breast

147
Q

area drained by thoracic lymphatic duct

A

everything else

148
Q

thoracic duct

A

midline

149
Q

cistern chyli

A

groin

150
Q

lymphedema

A

edema due to lymph node obstruction
extreme cases: elephantiasis
not operable or curable

151
Q

edema due to lymph node obstruction

A

surgical removal of nodes, scar tissue within node
malignant tumors of nodes
parasitic infection of nodes

152
Q

primary lymphatic organs

A

bone marrow
thymus

153
Q

bone marrow

A

hemocytoblasts create lymphoid stem cells
lymphoid stem cells that differentiate and mature in the bone marrow become B cells and natural killers cells

154
Q

thymus

A

some lymphoid stem cells migrate to the thymus to mature. these cells become T cells
each lobe of the thymus contains a cortex (immature T cells) and medulla (mature T cells)

155
Q

secondary lymphatic organs structure

A

lymphatic tissue that ARE surrounded by connective tissue capsule
contain macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes

156
Q

secondary lymphatic organs

A

lymph nodes
spleen

157
Q

spleen

A

largest lymphatic organ
upper left quadrant of abdomen
white pulp
red pulp

158
Q

white pulp

A

contains lymphocytes and macrophages
monitors blood for foreign antigens
initiatie immune response when antigens are found

159
Q

red pulp

A

functions as blood reservoir
hemolysis (phagocytosis of old erythrocytes and platelets)
remove debris from blood

160
Q

lymphatic nodules structure

A

oval cluster of lymphatic tissue NOT surround by a connective tissue capsule
contain macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes

161
Q

lymphatic nodules functions

A

screen for and attack foreign antigens

162
Q

lymphatic nodules locations

A

tonsils
mucosa- associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

163
Q

lymphatic cells

A

macrophages and dendritic cells
lymphocytes

164
Q

macrophages and dendritic cells

A

phagocytosis of foreign substances
antigen presentation to lymphocytes to initiate immune response

165
Q

lymphocytes

A

most abundant cell type in lymphatic organs and nodule
B lymphocyte, T lymphocyte, natural killer cells
migrate through lymphatic system searching for foreign antigens
mount immune response when activated

166
Q

T lymphocytes

A

cytotoxic T cells
and memory T cells
helper T cells
regulatory T cells

167
Q

activated T cells

A

cloned and destroy infected cells in the body

168
Q

memory T cells

A

produced and are activated if this antigen is encountered again

169
Q

helper T cells

A

orchestrate an effective immune response by secreting cytokines, chemical signals that bind to and activate other immune system cells

170
Q

regulatory T cells

A

suppress the immune response to keep it under control and turn it off after the infection is over

171
Q

b lymphocytes divide and become

A

plasma cells and memory B cells

172
Q

plasma cells

A

produce immunoglobulins (antibodies)
antibodies bind to antigens, tagging them for destruction

173
Q

memory B cells

A

patrols body after an attack
easily activated if infected again

174
Q

natural killer cells

A

respond to multiple antigens
each B and T lymphocyte can only respond to a single antigen
kill wide variety of infected cells and some cancerous cells

175
Q

lymphoma

A

cancer of lymphatic cells
often presented as enlarged lymph node

176
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

sinus
nasal cavity
pharynx

177
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

larynx
trachea
bronchial tree
lung alveoli

178
Q

respiratory system functions

A

pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
gas exchange (external respiration)
gas conditioning (warm, humidify, cleanse air)
sound production
olfaction
defense

179
Q

nasal cavity functions

A

airway for respiration
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
warm, humidify, clean inhaled air
resonating chamber for speech and sound
houses olfactory receptors

180
Q

pharynx

A

throat
connect nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus

181
Q

3 regions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

182
Q

nasopharynx

A

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

183
Q

oropharynx

A

stratified squamous epithelium

184
Q

laryngopharynx

A

stratified squamous epithelium

185
Q

larynx

A

voice box
provide open airway
epiglottis
vestibular fold
vocal fold
thryoid, cricoid, arytenoid

186
Q

epiglottis

A

routes air and food

187
Q

vestibular fold (false)

A

don’t produce sound

188
Q

vocal fold (true)

A

produce sound

189
Q

trachea

A

c shape hyaline cartilage ring
posterior wall not rigid, muscular
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
muscus producing goblet cells

190
Q

bronchial tree

A

primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
more divisions
bronchioles

191
Q

bronchioles

A

microscopic
no longer contain cartilage
smooth muscle

192
Q

respiratory membrane diagram

A

pulmonary capillaries
alveolar type 1 cell
alveolar type 2 cell
alveolar macrophage
alveolar pore

alveolar epithelium
capillary endothelium

193
Q

pulmonary inhalation

A

inspiration or inhalation
diaphragm contracts
external intercostals, scalenes, others contract

194
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

expiration or exhalation
lung elastic recoil
diaphragm passively relaxes
abdominal wall, internal intercostals, others contract

195
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange between blood (pulmonary capillaries) and air (alveoli)
O2 diffuses from air into blood
CO2 diffuses from blood into air

196
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange between blood (systemic capillaries) and tissue cell
O2 diffuses from blood into body cells
CO2 diffuses from body cells into blood

197
Q

asthma

A

airway hypersensitivity leads to inflammation and bronchoconstriction
wheezing, coughing, short breath, excess mucous
treatment: inhaled steroids with bronchodilators
pollen, smoke, mold, dust mites, pollution, pet, exercise, anxiety

198
Q

emphysema

A

chronic destruction of alveoli and loss of lung elastic tissue
decrease in gas exchange surface area
loss of elastic tissue makes difficult to exhale
old air is trapped in alveoli
caused by smoking

199
Q

GI tract organs

A

oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

200
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

teeth
tongue
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder

201
Q

digestive processes

A

ingestion
propulsion
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
absorption
defecation

202
Q

ingestion

A

entry of food through mouth, chewing

203
Q

propulsion

A

movement of food through digestive tract
swallowing
peristalsis

204
Q

mechanical digestion

A

chewing, tongue movement, purely physical
chewing
churning
segmentation

205
Q

chemical digestion

A

start in mouth, break down food molecules , to small intestine

206
Q

absorption

A

food enters blood stream and nutrients are put to work

207
Q

defecation

A

undigested materials are removed

208
Q

histology of tissue

A

serosa
muscularis
submucosa
mucosa
lumen

209
Q

lumen

A

space in gastrointestinal tract

210
Q

mucosa

A

epithelial lining closest to lumen, performs secretion and absorption

211
Q

submucosa

A

vascularized and innervated connective tissue

212
Q

muscularis

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle

213
Q

serosa

A

visceral peritoneum

214
Q

oral cavity

A

lips and oral cavity are lined with non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
first site of mechanical and chemical digestion

215
Q

salivary glands

A

submandibular
parotid
sublingual
autonomic innervation
1.5 L saliva per day

216
Q

submandibular gland

A

60-70% of saliva production

217
Q

parotid gland

A

25-30% of saliva production

218
Q

sublingual gland

A

3-5% of saliva production

219
Q

produce 1.5 L saliva per day

A

wet and bind food into a bolus
cleans and lubricate oral cavity
kills harmful microorganism
enzymes begin digestion of starch

220
Q

how is saliva regulated

A

autonomic nervous system

221
Q

primary or deciduous teeth (20)

A

8 incisors
4 canines
8 molars

222
Q

permanent teeth (32)

A

8 incisors
4 canines
8 premolars
12 molars

223
Q

tooth anatomy

A

crown
neck
root

224
Q

pharynx

A

naso, oro, laryngo

225
Q

nasopharynx

A

air only
lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

226
Q

oro and laryngo

A

food and air
stratified squamous epithelium

227
Q

deglutition

A

voluntary phase
pharyngeal phase
esophageal phase

228
Q

voluntary phase

A

bolus of food is pushed by tongue against the hard palate and moves toward oropharynx

229
Q

pharyngeal phase

A

soft palate and uvula close off the nasopharynx
involuntary
larynx and hyoid elevate and epiglottis closes over laryngeal opening

230
Q

esophageal phase

A

involuntary
peristaltic contractions of esophageal muscle push bolus toward stomach

231
Q

esophagus

A

muscular tube
peristalsis propels swallowed food to stomach
stratified squamous epithelium
sphincter muscles

232
Q

muscular tube

A

upper one third: skeletal muscle
middle third: skeletal and smooth
lower: smooth muscle

233
Q

sphincter muscles

A

superior esophageal sphincter
inferior esophageal sphincter

234
Q

esophagus

A

esophageal hiatus
reflux esophagitis

235
Q

esophageal hiatus

A

opening in the diaphragm

236
Q

reflux esophagitis

A

acidic contents regurgitate into the esophagus

237
Q

stomach functions

A

storage of food
mechanical digestion: churn food with gastric juice
chemical digestion: initiate protein digestion
limited absorption

238
Q

histology of the stomach wall

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

239
Q

surface mucous cell

A

secretes mucin to protect the stomach wall

240
Q

parietal cell

A

secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

241
Q

chief cell

A

secretes pepsinogen

242
Q

enteroendocrine cell

A

secretes gastrin into the bloodstream

243
Q

peptic ulcers

A

erosion of stomach or duodenal mucosa
majority of cases or associated with bacterium helicobacter pylori
perforating ulcer

244
Q

small intestine functions

A

chemical digestion
digestive enzymes from pancreas
bile from liver emulsifies fat so it can be chemically digested
nutrient absorption

245
Q

small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum
large intestine
rectum

246
Q

anatomy of small intestine

A

subdivisions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
lined with simple columnar epithelium
suspended by the mesentery proper

247
Q

duodenum anatomy

A

accessory pancreatic duct
minor duodenal papilla
common bile duct
main pancreatic duct
major duodenal papilla
longitudinal layer
circular layer
submucosa

248
Q

modifications for absorption folds

A

circular folds - place circulares (macroscopic)

249
Q

modifications for absorption villi

A

villi (microscopic)
covered with simple columnar epithelium
blood vessels and lacteals found internally

250
Q

modifications for absorption microvilli

A

on the apical surface of villar cells
collectively called the brush border
contain brush border enzymes

251
Q

inguinal hernia

A

intestines push through inguinal canal
more common in males

252
Q

umbilical hernia

A

intestine push through the rectus abdomens

253
Q

large intestine function

A

absorb water and electrolytes
forces feces toward rectum

254
Q

large intestine anatomy

A

lined with simple columnar epithelium
teniae coli
haustra
epiploic appendages
mesocolon

255
Q

rectum and anal canal

A

rectal valves
internal anal sphincter
external anal sphincter
anal sinuses

256
Q

rectal valves

A

transverse folds
separate feces from gas

257
Q

internal anal sphincter

A

smooth muscle
involuntary
controlled by ANS

258
Q

external anal sphincter

A

skeletal muscle
voluntary
controlled by somatic nervous system

259
Q

anal sinuses

A

produce mucus to lubricate anal canal

260
Q

inflammatory bowel disease

A

periodic inflammation of intestinal wall
symptoms include cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, intestinal bleeding

261
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

pancreas, liver, gallbladder
no part of GI tract, part of digestive tract because they secrete substances In GI tract to facilitate digestion

262
Q

pancreas exocrine functions

A

acinar cells produce digestive enzymes and secrete them through pancreatic ducts

263
Q

pancreas endocrine functions

A

pancreatic islets produce the hormones insulin and glucagon

264
Q

liver blood functions

A

storage of excess blood nutrients
detoxification of poisons, metabolites, drugs
clean debris and old RBCs
production of blood proteins

265
Q

blood proteins

A

albumin
globulins
blood clotting proteins

266
Q

liver histology

A

hepatocytes
hepatic sinusoids
bile canaliculi and ducts

267
Q

gallbladder

A

stores and concentrates bile

268
Q

biliary tract

A

carries bile to the duodenum

269
Q

gallstones

A

crystallization of cholesterol or calcium and bile salts

270
Q

mesenteries

A

double layer fold of peritoneum that suspend and support intraperitoneal organs
greater/lesser omentum
mesentery proper
neocolon

Anatomy (10 decks)

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