Exam 2

Question 1

Life History Strategy

Answer 1

how an organism obtains evolutionary fitness through its lifetime

Question 2

Life history decisions are driven by

Answer 2

resource availability
external cues (seasons, temperature, precipitation)

Question 3

r-selected characteristics

Answer 3

“live fast, die young”
rapid reproduction and high growth rates (exponential growth)
short life-span, quick to develop, low parental investment

Question 4

k-selected characteristics

Answer 4

“slow and steady”
slower reproduction and gets slower as population approaches carrying capacity
long life span, slow development, late maturation, high parental investment

Question 5

Life history trade-offs

Answer 5

foraging vs. vigilance
size vs. number of offspring

Question 6

Semelparous species

Answer 6

reproduce once and die
salmon and pineapple

Question 7

Iteroparous species

Answer 7

reproduce many times
bunnies

Question 8

How is evolutionary success determined?

Answer 8

reproductive success

Question 9

Vegetative reproduction

Answer 9

asexual reproduction
offspring produced from non-sexual tissues of parent
cloning and binary fission

Question 10

Parthenogenesis

Answer 10

asexual reproduction
offspring produced without fertilization

Question 11

Sexual reproduction

Answer 11

requires 2 types of gametes
results in genetic recombination

Question 12

Characteristics of asexual reproduction

Answer 12

quick
direct copy of your genome
slow reaction time to changing environment (pathogens could wipe them out quickly)

Question 13

Characteristics of sexual reproduction

Answer 13

genetic recombination
changing conditions have less of an effect
lost 1/2 genetic information each time
takes longer than asexual reproduction

Question 14

Hermaphrodites

Answer 14

possess both male and female parts

Question 15

Sequential hermaphrodites

Answer 15

change once (nemo)

Question 16

Simultaneous hermaphrodites

Answer 16

can change back and forth multiple times

Question 17

Characteristics of social monogamy

Answer 17

biparental care
occurs when care by both parents is important to survival
occurs when it is difficult to monopolize multiple females
birds, beach mouse

Question 18

Characteristics of polygyny

Answer 18

female sociality
male control of resources coupled with defending one’s own habitat
occurs when females are clumped
pipefish

Question 19

Characteristics of polyandry

Answer 19

very rare
male-biased sex ratio (no choice for males)
rich in resources

Question 20

Characteristics of promiscuity and polygynandry

Answer 20

multiple mating by males and females
presence/absence of social ties
plural breeding

Question 21

Intrasexual selection

Answer 21

mate competition (MvM or FvF)
intense fighting/ competition

Question 22

Intersexual selection

Answer 22

choosier sex picks mate
mates are picked based on preferred characteristics

Question 23

Characteristics of anisogamy

Answer 23

females produce small amounts of large eggs
males produce large amount of small sperm

Question 24

Why choose your mate?

Answer 24

material benefits like fertility and survival
genetic benefits to give more offspring

Question 25

Handicap principle

Answer 25

females prefer a trait that reduces male survival "honest signal" of fitness

Question 26

Sex role reversal

Answer 26

if males invest more per offspring that females access to males is limiting resource choosy males

Question 27

Benefits to group living

Answer 27

protection group hunting care of offspring thermoregulation

Question 28

Costs to group living

Answer 28

attracts predators spread of disease competition conspecific aggression

Question 29

Cooperation

Answer 29

joint activity among animals to achieve a shared goal

Question 30

Altruism

Answer 30

behavior that increases direct fitness of recipient but lowers direct fitness of donor

Question 31

Kin selection

Answer 31

animals help relatives reproduce, and so pass on shared alleles

Question 32

A relative will help when...

Answer 32

the benefits x relatedness outweighs the cost Br>c (Hamilton's rule)

Question 33

Characteristics of eusocial species

Answer 33

adults live in a group overlapping generations cooperative brood care reproductive dominance by one or a few individuals haploiddiploid honeybees (queen, worker, drone)

Question 34

Conflict and cooperation in eusocial species

Answer 34

workers cooperate more with relatives workers behave less favorability toward less related animals

Question 35

To increase a population, there needs to be...

Answer 35

more reproduction or movement into the group than deaths or movement out of the group

Question 36

Geometric growth assumptions

Answer 36

deaths are constant 1 birthing event unlimited resources equal individuals no immigration or emmigration

Question 37

Lamda is...

Answer 37

geometric population growth rate

Question 38

Exponential growth assumptions

Answer 38

unlimited resources all individuals are equal no movement in or out of a population births and deaths are constant

Question 39

r is...

Answer 39

intrinsic growth rate (for exponential)

Question 40

Lamda values for: decrease pop steady pop increase pop

Answer 40

lamda<1 lamda=1 lamda>1

Question 41

r values for: decrease pop steady pop increase pop

Answer 41

r<0 r=0 r>0

Question 42

Density-dependent factors

Answer 42

cause birth/death rate ect. to change as population density changed

Question 43

Density-independent factors

Answer 43

no relationship with density natural disasters

Question 44

Logistic model assumptions

Answer 44

k is constant unlimited resources all individuals are equal no movement in or out of a population births and deaths are constant

Question 45

Age structure

Answer 45

the proportion of individuals in a population in different age classes

Question 46

Incorporating age structure relaxes the assumptions that...

Answer 46

all individuals are the same birth and death rates are constant

Question 47

What do the age structures for the following look like? Stable Growing Shrinking

Answer 47

constant all the way up with a lil hat on top think like a pyramid larger in the middle with a small bottom layer

Question 48

Type 1 survival curve

Answer 48

survival to old age like bears and humans half of an upsidedown parabola

Question 49

Type 2 survival curve

Answer 49

constant dying like squirrels negative liner line

Question 50

Type 3 survival curve

Answer 50

most die young like dandelions negative exponential graph

Question 51

Survivorship

Answer 51

proportion surviving from birth to age x can vary within and between populations can be affected by habitat and social factors

Question 52

Fecundity

Answer 52

average number of offspring produced by a female of age x

Question 53

Does age structure change from year to year?

Answer 53

No, it does not proportion in each age class remains the same

Question 54

Population fluctuations

Answer 54

unpredictable changes through time

Question 55

Population cycles

Answer 55

nearly constant intervals alternate high and low abundance