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Ecology and Evolution Exam 2 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

Ecology

A

The scientific study of how organisms interact with each other and the environment

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2
Q

Communities

A

All the plants and animals in an area

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

Includes living organisms and the environment around them

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4
Q

Direct fitness

A

Ability to survive and reproduce

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5
Q

Indirect fitness

A

Producing relatives

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6
Q

Properties of water

A

Solid below 0C
Liquid between 0-100C
Vapor over 100C
High specific heat
Resists change
Highest density at 4C

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7
Q

Osmosis

A

Water will move from areas of low concentration to high concentration of solute

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8
Q

Water potential

A

Water flows from high to low water potential
Potential energy of water

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9
Q

Plants and water trade-offs

A

Closing stomates to increase H2O retention and reduce intake of CO2
Opening stomates to increase CO2 but lose water

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10
Q

Conduction

A

Heat is transferred through touching an object
touch a hot thing, you get hotter

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11
Q

Convection

A

Heat is transferred through circulation of air or water

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12
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

Water loss through evaporation and transpiration

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13
Q

Ectothermy

A

Rely on energy exchange with external environment to regulate body temp
Reptiles

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14
Q

Endothermic

A

Rely on internal heat generation to regulate body temp
Humans

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15
Q

Climate

A

Long-term trends in temp, wind, and precipitation based on averages and variations measured over decades

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16
Q

Weather

A

Current temp, wind, precipitation…

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17
Q

Drivers of climate variation

A

Solar radiation
Earth’s surface
Chemical composition of the atmosphere
Atmospheric and oceanic circulation

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18
Q

Albedo

A

The capacity of land surface to reflect solar radiation
Low- high surface warming, keeps energy
High- low surface warming, energy is reflected

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19
Q

Greenhouse gas

A

Atmospheric gas that absorbs longwave radiation
Water vapor, CO2, methane, nitrous oxide

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20
Q

Life history strategy

A

How an organism obtains evolutionary fitness throughout it’s lifetime

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21
Q

What are life history decisions driven by?

A

Resource availability and external cues

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22
Q

R-selected species ideas

A

Live fast, die young
Rapid reproduction and high growth rate
Exponential growth

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23
Q

K-selected species ideas

A

Flow and steady
Slower reproduction rates when the population approaches carrying capacity

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24
Q

Semelparous

A

Reproduce once and then die
Salmon, pineapple

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25
Iteroparous
Reproduce many times Bunnies
26
Asexual reproduction
Vegetative reproduction and parthenogenesis
27
Vegetative reproduction
Offspring produced from non-sexual tissues of parent
28
Parthenogenesis
Offspring produced without fertilization
29
Asexual versus sexual reproduction
Asexual is quicker and a direct copy of your genome and change can be difficult Sexual you lose half your genetic info each time and it takes longer but changes can happen easier
30
Hermaphrodites
Possess both male and female functions
31
Social monogamy
Biparental care Occurs when it is difficult to monopolize multiple females
32
Polygyny
Associated with female sociality Male control of resources coupled with habitat heterogeneity
33
Polyandry
No choice for males, very few females
34
Intrasexual selection
Mate competition within gender Intense fighting Competition and dominance
35
Intersexual selection
Choosier sex picks their mate Choose mates with preferred characteristics
36
Handicap principle
Females prefer a trait that reduces male survival
37
Benefits of group living
Protection against predators Group foraging/hunting Care of offspring Thermoregulation
38
Costs of group living
May attract predators Spread of disease/parasites Competition Conspecific aggression
39
Cooperation
Positive for donor and recipient
40
Selfishness
Positive for donor Negative for recipient
41
Altruism
Negative for donor Positive for recipient Behavior that increases the recipient's direct fitness, while lowering the direct fitness of the donor
42
Spitefulness
Negative for donor and recipient
43
Kin selection
Animals help relatives reproduce, and so pass on shared alleles
44
A relative will help if...
Benefit times relatedness will outweigh the cost
45
Characteristics of eusocial species
Adults live in a group Overlapping generations Cooperative brood care Reproductive dominance by one or a few individuals, with sterile individuals
46
Coefficient of relatedness values for Parent-child Full sibs Half sibs Grandparent-grandchild
0.5 0.5 0.25 0.25
47
Population
Same species that occupy the same area and interact with each other
48
Exponential growth assumptions
Unlimited resources All individuals are equivalent No I or E B and D are constant
49
Geometric growth assumptions
Unlimited resources All individuals are equivalent No I or E 1 birthing event with constant deaths
50
Doubling time
Time required for a population to double in size
51
Density-dependent factors
Cause birth and death rates to change as population density changes
52
Logistic model assumptions
Unlimited resources All individuals are equivalent No I or E Constant B and D K is constant
53
Carrying capacity (K)
Max population that can be supported and is dependent on species and environmental variables
54
Age structure
Proportion of individuals in a population in different age classes
55
Incorporating age structures relaxes the assumptions
That all individuals are the same The birth and death rates are constant
56
Types of survival curves
1- survival to old age 2- constant dying 3- most dye young
57
Survivorship
Proportion surviving from birth to age x
58
Fecundity
Average number of offspring produced by a female of age x
59
Metapopulations
A population of populations of the same species
60
Assumptions of Levins model
Infinite number of patches that are exactly the same Equal chance of patch recolonization Equal chance of patch extinction Colonization patches go to K more quickly than extinction and colonization rates
61
Levins model is at equilibrium when
The extinction and colonization rate are equivalent
62
How do you increase the metapopulation dynamics to work for a population?
Increase patch size Increase patch connectivity Look at what size and shape that population needs
63
Habitat fragmentation
Divides a previously continuous habitat
64
Mutualism
Positive for both species
65
Parasitism Predation herbivory
Positive for one species and negative for the other
66
Competition
Negative for both species
67
Commensalism
Neutral for one species and positive for the other
68
Amensulism
Neutral for one species and negative for the other
69
Why is there competition?
Limiting resources (nutrients, light, water, space)
70
Intraspecific competition
Competition between individuals of the same species
71
Interspecific competition
Competition between individuals of different species
72
Exploitation competition
Two species consuming the same limiting resource The species that requires less of the resource will survivie
73
Interference competition
Two species interact antagonistically for access to a resource
74
Allelopathy
Interference competition in plants that occurs when a plant releases chemicals that are toxic to competitors
75
Co-Existence can't happen when
Two species use the same resource in the same way
76
Species can co-exist when
Species have two different niches
77
Niche
Unique combination of conditions under which a species can survive
78
Competitive exclusion principle
If two species use resources in exactly the same way, one will eventually drive the other to extinction
79
Resource partitioning
Co-existing species use the same resources in different ways
80
Predation
One organism kills and eats another individual
81
Herbivory
One organism eats living tissue of plants/algae
82
Parasitism
One organism lives on or in another individual, feeding on parts of the host
83
Assumptions of prey model
Predators control prey abundance (without predators, prey would grow without limits) No density dependence Intrinsic growth rate and capture efficiency are constant
84
Assumptions of predator model
Predator population is controlled by prey abundance No density dependence Efficiency of prey to predators, capture efficiency, and mortality rate of predators are constant
85
Stability of LV model occurs when
p=1 N=1
86
Aposematism
Conspicuous appearance of prey that indicates to a predator that it is dangerous or unpleasant
87
Müllerian mimicry
Two unpalatable species have similar appearances
88
Batesian mimicry
A palatable species mimics an unpalatable species
89
How do plants reduce herbivory?
Avoidance Tolerance Defense
90
Avoidance
Swamping seed predators by synching up reproduction of seeds (like acorns)
91
Tolerance
Compensation by removal of plant tissue stimulates growth
92
Defense
Structural or chemical defenses like cacti or toxins
93
Constitutive timing of plant secondary compounds
Compound is always produced
94
Induced timing of plant secondary compounds
Compound only produced in response to herbivory
95
Parasite
Lives on/in other organisms that consume resources from host
96
Pathogens
Parasites that cause disease
97
Ectoparasites
Lives on a host High exposure to natural enemies and external enviornment
98
Endoparasites
Lives inside of a host High exposure to host's immune system, easy to feed, and difficult to move between hosts
99
Vertical parasite transmission
Between offspring and parent
100
Horizontal parasite transmission
Between other individuals
101
Vectors
Intermediates that pathogens have to go through to get to a host
102
How do you reduce disease spread?
Reduce transmission rate (sanitation, exposing fewer people) Increase rate of infected to not susceptible (vaccination, increasing rate of recovery)
103
Coevolution
Evolution of two interacting species, which respond to selection imposed by the other species

Ecology and Evolution Exam 2 (2 decks)

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