Exam 2 Flashcards
(225 cards)
1
Q
what are the two populations of proteins
A
Intergral and peripheral
2
Q
Firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer most are transmembrane
A
Intergral proteins
3
Q
-Attach loosely to intergral proteins
some are enzymes
many are glycoproteins
A
Peripheral Proteins
4
Q
-All living organisms are composed of these
- human body has trillions
- about 200 different types
A
Cells
5
Q
What are characteristics of erythrocytes
A
-red blood cells
- play a crucial role in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
- no replication
6
Q
What are characteristics of Fibroblast
A
- actively mitotic cells that forms the fibers of connective tissue
7
Q
- cells that connect body parts, form linings or transport gases cells
A
Epithelial Cells
8
Q
cells that move organs and body parts
A
skeletal muscle cells
9
Q
Cell that stores nutrients and is a triglyceride that stores long term energy
A
fat cell “mr.store it
10
Q
Cell of reproduction
A
Sperm
11
Q
cell that fights disease
A
Macrophage
12
Q
cell that gathers information and controls body functions
A
Nerve cells
13
Q
basic components of cells
A
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
14
Q
Excitable cells that conduct electrical current
A
smooth muscle cells and nerve cells
15
Q
outer lining of a cell
- barrier
- communication
- secretion
A
plasma membrane
16
Q
- requires energy
- moves molecules against conc. gradient
A
Active transport
17
Q
Uses a membrane pump, directly fueled by hydrolysis of ATP, to move molecules against a concentration gradient
e.g. Na+/K pump (sodium potassium pump
A
1 active transport (primary)
18
Q
There is always more ______ outside the cell than in
A
Sodium
19
Q
There is always more _________ inside the cell than out
A
Potassium
20
Q
Molecules in low concentration, hitch a ride with the molecules perviously pumped across the membrane by 1 active transport.
e.g. glucose rides with sodium ions as they diffuse down conc. gradient.
A
2 Active transport (secondary)
21
Q
can be used to transport large particles and macromolecules and requires energy
A
Vesicular transport
22
Q
Plasma membrane in fold and pinches off inside cell.
A
Endocytosis
23
Q
what are the three types of endocytosis
A
- Phagocytosis
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Pinocytosis
24
Q
-cell eating
- forms phagosomes
- fused with lysosome and contents digested
- used by macrophages and WBCs
A
Phagocytosis
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-cell drinking
- Occurs in most cells
- method of absorbing nutrients
- plasma membrane enfolds
Pinocytosis
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- very selective mechanism for taking molecules inside the cell
- molecules that are taken up this way: insulin, cholesterol, iron
- "lock and key"
receptor-mediated endocytosis
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Substances inside the cell move outside
exocytosis
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what are examples of cells that practice exocytosis
1. hormones
2. neurotransmitters
3. mucus secretion
4. cell waste
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the membrane bound vesicle migrates to the plasma membrane
Phase 1 of exocytosis
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Proteins at the vesicle surface (v-SNAREs) bind with t-SNAREs (plasma membrane protein)
Phase 2 of exocytosis
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the vesicle and plasma membrane fuse and pore opens up
phase 3 of exocytosis
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vesicle contents are released to the cell exterior
phase 4 of exocytosis (final)
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-region between plasma membrane and nucleus
- where 90% of cell activity occurs
Cytoplasm
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What is the cytoplasm composed of
cytosol (fluid)
organelles
molecules
pigments
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specialized cellular organs each performing its own job
cytoplasmic organelles
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power plant that makes ATP
- glucose goes in, ATP comes out
Mitochondria
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Fluid + organelles =
Cytoplasm
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What are the genetic disease that are only inherited through the maternal line because of an error in mitochondrial DNA (mDNA)
1. Myoclonic Epilepsy
2. Lebers hereditary neuropathy (causes blindness)
39
- Are granules of protein and ribosomal RNA
-Site of protein synthesis
- some are attached to ER and some float freely in cytoplasm
- "the chef"
Ribosomes
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Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes
- occupy most of cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
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Covered in ribosomes which constantly attach and detach
- the attached ribosomes assemble all proteins secreted from cell
- most abundant secretory cells (liver cells)
Rough ER
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what cells produce most blood proteins and are responsible for
- cholesterol synthesis
- steroid hormone production
- detoxification
Liver cells
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- NO role in protein sythesis
- tubule network containing intergral protein enzymes that catalyze :
- lipid metabolism
- cholesterol synthesis
- Detoxification
Smooth ER
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Bags of powerful digestive enzymes acid hydrolyses called oxidases and catalases
Lysosomes
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pH of 5.0 and can degrade bacteria, viruses, and toxins, worn out organelles through phagocytes
Lysosomes
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What breaks down bone to release calcium into the blood
Lysosomes
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Look like lysosomes.
- like to go after free radicals : highly reactive molecules with an unpairs electron in the outer orbital
- Antioxidants help these
Peroxisomes
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example of a free radical
Superoxide anion
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A series of stacked and flattened membranes
a traffic director for cellular proteins
Golgi Apparatus
50
Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and fats made in the ER
Golgi apparatus
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The control center of the cell
- contains all of the instructions ( encoded in DNA) to build most of the body's proteins
Nucleus
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Transcribing the DNA into mRNA in the nucleus
Transcription
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Translation
Translating the message into something that can be understood in the cytoplasm
- mRNA in the cytoplasm is read by the ribosomes
54
what is the stop codon that the ribosome reaches that causes translation to stop
UAA
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essential amino acids
1. Histidine
2. Isoleucine
3. Lysine
4. Methoionine
5 .phenylalanine
6. Threonine
7. Tryptophan
8. Valine
56
Non-Essential amino acids
1. Alanine
2. Arginine
3. Asparagine
4. Aspartic acid
5. Cysteine
6. Glutamic acid
7. Glutamine
8. Glycine
9. Proline
10. Serine
11. Tyrosine
57
A disease that results from a mutation in our genetic code or DNA. (spelling mistake in the code)
Genetic Disease
58
Why does a dysfunctional protein causes a genetic disease?
Proteins carry out most of the cells activities and malfunctioning protein will affect the cells ability to carry out certain processes and therefore its ability to function properly.
59
Examples of Genetic diseases?
- Sickle Cell anemia
- Huntington's disease
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Hemophilia
- Breast Cancer
60
at least 200 different types and are specialized to perform different functions
Cells
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Group of cells similar in structure and functions
Tissue
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What are the four Primary tissue types?
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Control
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Internal communication tissue that is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Nervous tissue
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Contracts to cause movement and is found in the muscles that are attached to bones, muscles of the heart, and muscle of the wall of hollow organs
Muscle tissue - Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
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Forms boundaries between different enviroments, protects, secrets, absorb, and filters.
Epithelial tissue
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What tissue lines the digestive tract organs/ other organs, glands (pancreas) and skin surface ( epidermis)
Epithelial Tissue
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Supports, protects, and binds other tissues together.
Connective tissue
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Where is connective tissue found?
- bones
- tendons
- fat and other soft padding tissue
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Collection of tissue that have a specialized function
- most have 4 types of tissue
Organ
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What are Epithelial Cells
Cover the body surface and line body cavities
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What are the three types of epithelial
1. cutaneous
2. Mucous
3. Serous
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Wet - most secret mucous - line body cavities that open to the exterior
Mucous epithelia
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Dry - skin - protects
Cutaneous epithelia
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Wet - secret serous fluid, a lubricating fluid - lines that closed ventral body cavity
Serous Epithelia
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Peritoneum
Wraps around organs
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What are the functions of epithelial cells
- Protection ---> Skin
- Absorption ---> DIgestive tract
- Filtration ---> Kidney
- Excretion ---> Kidney
- Secretion ---> Glands
- Sensation ---> Skin
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what tissues is a single layer of flattened cells with dics shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simples of the epithelia and are found in the air sacs of the lungs
Simple Squamous
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What tissue is a single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei and are found in the Kidneys ?
Simple Cuboidal
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what tissue is a single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei and are found in the intestines?
Simple Columnar
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What tissue is a single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface with cilia and are found in the respiratory tract (trachea)
Pseudo-stratified columnar
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protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion and are found in the esophagus
Stratified Squamous
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An adhesive sheet of glycoproteins secreted by the epithelial cells
basal lamina
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A layer of collagen fibers. Is a part of underlying connective tissue
Reticular Lamina
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Basal Lamina + Reticular Lamina =
basement Membrane
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Function is to reinforce the epithelium. less stretching and tearing
basement membrane
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Other characteristics of epithelium
- avascular
- Innervated
- Regenerative
- Nourished by diffusion of nutrients from connective tissue
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Layers of cuboidal and Columnar cells and function is protection and secretion and is only located in the male urethra
Stratified Columnar
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Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar
apical cells can change shape
domed
located in the ureters, bladder, part of urethra
Transitional Epithelia
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Glands are groups of cells that make and secret a particular fluid
Glandular Epithelia
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what glands Produce hormones
Endocrine Glands
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All secret products onto skin or into body cavities
products = mucous, sweat, oil, saliva, etc.
Exocrine glands
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What are the two types of exocrine glands
Unicellular and multi cellular
93
secret their products by exocytosis
Merocrine glands
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Glands in the intestine that are tubular secretory
Simple tubular
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Stomach (gastric glands) that are tubular secretory
Simple branched tubular
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Duodenal glands of small intestine that are tubular secretory structures
Compound tubular
97
What is a type of alveolar secretory structure
Simple alveolar
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Sebaceous (oil) glands that is a alveolar secretory strucutre
Simple branched alveolar
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example of compound alveolar glands
Mammary glands
100
Example of compound tubloalveolar glands
Salivary Glands
101
The entire secretory cell ruptures, releasing secretions and dead cell fragments ( whole cell blows up)
Holocrine gland
102
Found everywhere in the body in different amounts but very little amounts are found in the brain
Connective tissue
103
what glands causes acne
holocrine
104
what are the 4 main classes of connective tissue
-Connective tissue proper (facia of the body)
- Cartilage
- Bone
- blood
105
What are the functions of connective tissue
Binding and support
protection
insulation
transportation
106
where does connective tissue come from?
An embryonic tissue called mesenchyme.
107
What are the two tpes of connective tissue proper?
1. loose connective tissue
2. Dense connective tissue
108
Subclass of loose connective tissue
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
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Subclasses of dense connective tissue
regular
irregular
elastic
110
What are all three fiber types
collagen, reticular, elastic
111
What are the types of cartilage
1. hyaline
2. elastic
3. fibrocartilage
112
Types of bone tissue
Compact bone
Spongy bone
113
Hard tissue that resist both compression and tension
function = support
Bone tissue
114
Fills space between cells
Ground subtance
114
What are the cells of connective tissue proper
Fibroblast and fibrocytes
114
What are the structural elements of connective tissue
Ground substance
Fibers
Cells
114
a fluid tissue that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients, water, and other substances
Blood tissue
114
Provide support
Fibers
115
What are the cells of cartilage
Chondroblast and chondrocytes
116
what are the cells of bone
osteoblast and osteocytes
117
What are the cells of blood tissue
Red blood cells
white blood cells
thrombocyte
plasma
erythocytes
platelets
118
What makes connective tissue proper?
Fibroblast
119
What make leukocytes, thrombocytes and erythrocytes
Hemocytoblast
120
fiber that makes blood clots
Fibrinogen
121
what is the fat storage tissue of the body
adipose tissue
122
The packaging material of the body
Areolar tissue
123
Mast cells and macrophages in lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph) nodes and bone marrow)
reticular tissue
124
The skin is composed of...
Epidermis, dermis, hyopdermis
125
Have Epithelia cells - outer protective layer
Epidermis
126
Fibrous connective tissue - vascularized
Dermis
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" Below skin"
- subcutaneous tissue
- is mostly adipose tissue - some areolar
Hypodermis
128
cells in the epidermis
Keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhan cells, merkel cells
129
Produce a fibrous protein keratin and is replaced every 25-45 days
Keratinocytes
130
In deepest layer of epidermis and make melanin
melanocytes
131
What is the function of pacinian corpuscle
detects Vibration (on of movement)
132
Made in bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis for immunity
Langerhan Cells
133
Touch receptor and associated with nerve endings
Merkel cells
134
What are the layer of the epidermis
1. Stratum corneum
2 . stratum granulosum
3 .Stratum spinosum
4. Stratum basale
135
Deepest layer and is a single row of rapidly dividing keratinocytes
Stratum Basale
136
Several layers thick
many desmosomes providing tension resistant attachments
Stratum Spinosum
137
3-5 cell layers
- nuclie and organelles disintergrating
Stratum Granulosum
138
thickest layer of the skin
keratinocytes are dead
primary protection
Stratum corneum
139
absent in the skin but is found in the plams of the hand, fingertips and sole of the feet
Stratum Lucidum
140
The dermis is what type of tissue?
areolar connective tissue
141
What does the dermis contain
collagen, elastin, and recticular
- machrophages
- fibroblast
142
where does mitosis occur in the epidermis?
Stratum Basale
143
What are the two layers of the dermis?
The papillary layer and the reticular layer
144
The_________ _________ is loose areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastin and is the superior surface
Papillary Layer
145
The _______ _______ is 80% of the dermis irregular dense fibrous connective tissue and has thick bundles of collagen for strength and water hydration
Reticular Layer
146
Function of the Integumentary System
Temperature regulation
Sensation
Metabolic Functions = vitamin D
Blood reservoir = 5% of bodys blood
Excretion - Sweat (uric acid, ammonia
147
Basal Cell Skin cancers
Affects basal of skin
Most common
least malignant
148
Squamous Cell Cancer
In keratinocytes if stratum spinosum
raised bump with central crusting ulcer
149
What are the three reasons for skin cancer
UV radiation (caucasians
X-rays
Chronic Skin Ulcers
150
Melanoma
Most dangerous
10% of skin cancers
Multiplying melanocytes
151
Detection of Melanoma
Asymmetry
Border Irregularly
Colors
Diameter (lager than 6mm)
Elevation
152
What is not a function f the ribosome during polypeptide sequence
- remove introns from Pre-mRNA
- Recognize a start codon on an mRNA
- align tRNA to mRNA codons
- move along the mRNA during the polypeptide elongation
Removing introns from pre-mRNA molecules
153
Only in the epidermis and involves fluid loss
First degree Burns
154
In the epidermis and upper dermis and takes 3-4 weeks to repair
Second Degree burns
155
In the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis -- causes slow regeneration and can cause suffacation
Third Degree burns
156
Melanocytes done make enough melanin or make reduced amounts of Melanin (hypomealonsis)
Albinism
157
Herpes simplex virus lies dormant in the nerves of the skin
Cold Sores
158
rasied pink lesions developing yellow crust
Impetigo
159
Autoimmune disease that causes dry, silvery, scales
Psoriasis
160
Very common skin condition that is the loss of melanocytes
Vitiligo
161
How many named bones are there in the body
206
162
What are the shape classifications of bones
Long, short, flat, irregular
163
what are the functions of bones
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, hematopoiesis
164
Shaft - thick collar of compact bone
- central medullar cavity filled with yellow bone marrow
Diaphysis
165
Ends of bones - expanded
- exterior is compact bone
- interior is spongy bone
-covered in hyaline cartilage
Epiphyses
166
Where the bones are lengthened before adulthood
- bones are fused and there is no cartilage there
- Seam
Epiphyseal line
167
Plate of cartilage
Epiphyseal plate
168
Shiny white double layered membrane that covers the surface of the the bone except on the join surfaces
Periosteum
169
Membrane that lines the inside of the bone and covers the surface of the spongy bone
Endosteum
170
Stem cell in the bone that forms osteoblast and osteoclast
Osteoprogenitor
171
Matrix-syenthisziging cell
- responsible for bone growth
Osteoblast
172
Mature bone cell
- monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix
Osteocyte
173
Bone reabsorbing cell
Osteoclast
174
Made of structures called osteons
Compact bone
175
rings of lamella (collagen fibers) with a central or Haverisna canal for blood
Osteon
176
what are lacunae and central canal connected by
Canaliculi
177
cavities between lamellae
Lucunae
178
Where is red bone marrow located
The is no red marrow below the shoulder or below you hips
179
What makes red bone marrow
Hemocytoblast
180
What is needed for osteoblast replication
calcium, Vitamin D and Vitamin C ( collagen synthesis)
181
what precentage of bone is recycled every week?
5-7%
182
How often is spongey and compact bone replaced
Spongy bone = every 3-4 years
Compact bone = every 10 years
183
What is a Displaced fracture
bones are out of alignment
184
What is a non-displaced fracture
the bones are aligned after fracturing
185
What is a complete fracture?
the bones is broken completely through
186
What is a incomplete fracture?
The bone is cracked and partially gone through
187
What is a linear fracture
parallel crack along the bone
188
What is a transverse fracture
Perpendicular to long axis
189
What is an Open (compound) fracture
Penetrates the skin and is also a displaced fracture
190
What is a closed fracture (simple)
When the bone is broken but the skin is still intact
191
What are the common fractures
commuted, compression,Spiral, depressed, greenstick, and epiphyseal
192
What is a comminuted fracture?
When bone fragments are broken into three of more pieces
193
What type of fracture is most common in aged, brittle bones
Comminute fracture
194
what is a compression fracture
when the bone is crushed from compression and is most common in porous bones
195
what is a Spiral Fracture
It is a ragged break that occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
196
What is a common sports fracture
Spiral Fracture
197
What is a epiphyseal fracture
When the epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate
198
What is a depresses fracture
When broken bone portion isn pressed inward
- typical in the skull
199
What is a greenstick fracture
When the bone brakes incompletely, only one side of the shaft breaks and the other bends
- most common in children
200
What bone disorder means that the bones are soft because calcium is not deposited into bone
Osteomalacia
201
What is the bone disorder that is characterized by the lack of vitamin D or calcium in the diet / bones and occurs in children
Rickets
202
What is the bone disorder that means there is a reduction in bone mass and the bones are lighter and porous.
Osteoporosis
203
Immovable joints
Synarthroses
204
Slightly moveable joints
Amphiarthroses
205
Freely moveable joints
Diarthroses
206
Strucutrally immovable/ slightly moveable joint
Fibrous
207
Structurally rigid/ slightnly moveable joint
ex. epiphyseal plate
Cartilaginous
208
Structurally freely moving joint
Synovial
209
What are Fibrous joints
Bones that are joined together by fibrous tissue
- have no joint cavity
- most immovable
210
What are the three types of fibrous joints
1. Sutures
2. Syndesmosis
3. Gomphoses
211
What are the characteristics or suture fibrous joints
- only in the skull
- Filled with minimal amounts of very short connective tissue
- wavy edges are interlocked
212
What are the characteristics of syndesmoses fibrous joints
example. tibiofiblular joint
-Bones are connected by a ligament of fibrous tissue
- vary in length
213
what are the characteristics of a Gomphoses fibrous joint
- held by periodontal ligaments
- "gum"
214
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses and Symphyses
215
What are the characteristics of synchondroses joints
- bone to bone joint
- united by hyaline cartilage
- all are synarthrotic (immovable)
- are temporary joints
216
What are the characterisitcs of Symphyses cartilaginous joints
- Allows limited movement of joints - designed for strength, shock absorption, and flexibility
- bones united by fibrocartilage
217
What are examples of symphyses cartliagouns joints
Intervertebral disc and Pubic symphysis
218
What are the three places in the body that have fibrocartilage
1. intervertabra
2. Pubic Symphysis
3. Knees
219
What are examples of synchondroses cartilaginous joints
Epiphyseal plate and the sternum
220
Synovial joints Characteristics of synovial joints
- articulating bones are spearated by a fluid filled joint cavity
-have 5 distinguishing features
allows alot of movement (diarthrotic)
- most joints of the body (limbs)
221
An elongated bursae that wraps completely around a tendon
Tendon Sheath
