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Anatomy and Physiology 2140 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of Muscle?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of all muscle tissue

A
  1. Excitability:ability to change membrane potential
  2. Contractibility: ability to shorten
  3. Extensibility: Ability to stretch
  4. Elasticity: ability to recoil to original length
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3
Q

What are the functions of muscle tissue?

A

Produce movement
Maintain posture
stabilize joints
generate heat

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4
Q

Longest muscle cells, attached to the skeleton, striated, voluntary

A

Skeletal muscle

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5
Q

Only in the heart, striated, involuntary

A

Cardiac

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6
Q

In the walls of hollow visceral organs, no striations, involuntary

A

Smooth

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7
Q

All Muscle tissue has what?

A

Muscle fibers
Blood vessels
Nerve Fibers
Connective tissue

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8
Q

Covering that surround the whole muscle (dense irregular connective tissue)

A

Epimysium

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9
Q

A group of muscle fibers.

A

Fascicle

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10
Q

What is skeletal muscle made of

A

Multiple fascicles

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11
Q

Covering around fascicle (dense irregular connective tissue)

A

Perimysium

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12
Q

Connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

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13
Q

Long, cylindrical, and multinucliate

A

Muscle fibers (muscle cells)

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14
Q

What is the plasma membrane of muscle fibers called

A

Sarcolemma

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of sarcoplasm that makes it different compared to the cytoplasm

A
  1. Has a large amount of glycogen in glycosomes
  2. has Myoglobin which is unique to muscle fibers but similar to hemoglobin (Stores Oxygen in muscle cells)
  3. Contains myofibrils alongside the usual organelles
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16
Q

What are contractile elements of muscle cells

A

Myofibrils

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17
Q

What makes up 80% of muscle cell volume?

A

Myofibrils

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18
Q

Why is skeletal muscle striated?

A

Because of Actin + Myosin

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19
Q

Made from repeating series of dark A bands and light I bands

A

Striations

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20
Q

Lighter stripe in middle of A band (relaxed muscle)

A

H Zone

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21
Q

Skeletal muscle are also referred to as

A

Muscle Fibers

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22
Q

Which of the following is most associated with the attachments formed between muscles and bones
- Epimysium
- Endomysium
- Perimysium

A

Epimysium

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23
Q

Which of the following is the smallest strucutral unit
- Myofibril
- sarcomere
- Myofilament
- Fascicle
- Muscle fiber

A

Myofilament

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24
Q

_____ is chiefly composed of the protein myosin that forms thick filaments

A

A band

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25
Q

Which of the following does not change length during shortening resulting from a muscle contraction

A

Thin myofilaments

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26
Q

Bisects H zone and A band

A

M line

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27
Q

Bisect I band

A

Z disc

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28
Q

Where thick filaments are found

A

A band

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29
Q

Where thick filaments are NOT found

A

I band

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30
Q

Region between Z discs, is a functional contractile unit and are what form a myofibril

A

Sarcomere

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31
Q

Fibers within a sarcomere

A

Myofilaments

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32
Q

Run the width of the A band

A

Thick filaments

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33
Q

What cells are excitable

A

Nerve cells and muscle cells

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34
Q

Where are the T tubules in the muscle

A

The space between the sarcoplasmic reticulum cisterna

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35
Q

Protein that forms Z discs, anchors filaments, and connects adjacent myofibrils

A

Alpha actin

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36
Q

Hold adjacent thick filaments together

A

Desmin

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37
Q

Fine protein strands that form M line

A

Myomesin

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38
Q

Composed of giant protein, titin and runs from Z discs to myosin.

A

Elastic filaments

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39
Q

What hold thick filaments in place and are extensible whe n muscle stretching

A

Elastic filaments

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40
Q

the protein that makes up thick filaments

A

Myosin

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41
Q

what troponin binds actin

A

TnI

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42
Q

What troponin binds to tropmyosin and positions it on actin

A

TnT

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43
Q

What Troponin binds calcium ions

A

TnC

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44
Q

What determines that position of tropomyosin

A

The shape of troponin

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45
Q

What determined the ability of the muscle contracting?

A

The position of the tropomyosin

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46
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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47
Q

What surrounds each myofibril and is a network for tubules

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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48
Q

The junctions between the A band and I band in the SR that gets thicker

A

Terminal Cisternae

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49
Q

In a ________ muscle, the thick and thin filaments overlap at the ends of the A band and not in the H Zone

A

Relaxed

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50
Q

In a _________ muscle the thick and thin filaments overlap more such that the H zone gets smaller of fully disappears

A

Contracted

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51
Q

The active site on actin is exposed and Ca2+ binds troponin

A

Step 1 of Cross bridge

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52
Q

The myosin head forms a cross bridge with actin

A

Step 2 of Cross bridge

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53
Q

Powerstoke begins, and during that the myosin head bends and ADP and phospate are released

A

Step 3 of Cross bridge

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54
Q

A new ATP molecule attaches to the myosin head causing the cross bridge to detach

A

Step 4 of Cross bridge

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55
Q

ATP hydrolyzes to ADP and phosphate, which returns myosin to original state

A

Last Phase of Cross bridge

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56
Q

Which of the following events occurs during the relaxation phase of muscle twitch?
- Binding of Ca2+ to thin filaments
- Release of Ach into the synaptic cleft
- Active transport of Ca2+ into the SR
- Depolarization of T tubules

A

Active transport of Ca2+ ot the SR

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57
Q

Increased Contractile force due to recruitment results from ________.

A

Simulation of a muscle by increasing numbers of activated somatic motor neurons.

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58
Q

What is expected to occur during the recovery period following strenuous exercise?

A

Glycogen is formed from glucose

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59
Q

What explains the decreased contractile force generated by a stretched muscle?

A

Stretching of myofibrils within the muscle fibers decreases the overlap between thin and thick myofilaments

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60
Q

What is a similarity between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle?

A

Both smooth muscle and skeletal muscle are contain thin and thick myofilaments

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61
Q

What are the functions of the central and peripheral nervous system?

A

Gather sensory information both internal and external
- Process info, filter and interpret info
- Produce a response: voluntary or involuntary

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62
Q

What are the parts central nervous system?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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63
Q

What are the parts of the Peripheral nervous system?

A

nerves not located in the CNS
- Spinal and cranial nerves

64
Q

What is the name of the process that sends impulse to the CNS

A

Afferent

65
Q
A
66
Q

What are the two types of afferent fibers and what are the locations they send impulses to

A

Somatic: Skin muscle and joints
Visceral: organs in the ventral body cavity

67
Q

What is the name of the process that nerves carry away impluses from the CNS exit

A

Efferent

68
Q

What are the two types of efferent nerves

A

-Somatic (voluntary)
- autonomic (involuntary)

69
Q

What are the two types of autonomic nerves?

A

Sympathetic (fight of flight)
Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

70
Q

What part of the body are somatic sensory fibers and is it afferent or efferent?

A

the skin (afferent)

71
Q

What part of the body are visceral sensory fibers and is it afferent of efferent

A

The stomach (afferent)

72
Q

What part of the body is motor fiber of somatic nervous system and is it afferent of efferent?

A

Skeletal muscle (efferent, voluntary motor nerve)

73
Q

What part of the body are sympathetic motor fibers of ANS and is it efferent or afferent, somatic or visceral

A

The heart (efferent, involuntary, visceral)

74
Q

What part of the body is a parasympathetic motor fiber os ANS and is is afferent or effrent, somatic or viceral

A

The bladder
(involuntary, efferent, visceral nerve)

75
Q

What is the nervous tissue in PNS and CNS made of

A
  1. nerve cells (neurons)
  2. Supporting cells (neuroglia)
76
Q

Information messengers, Most diverse kind of cells in the body

A

Nerve cells (neurons)

77
Q

Smaller than neurons and out number them 9:1

A

Neuroglia

78
Q

What are the Neuroglia of the CNS

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Microglia
  3. Ependymal cells
  4. Oligodendrocytes
79
Q

What is the most abundant of glial cells

A

Astrocytes

80
Q

What are the three basic jobs of astrocytes

A
  1. helpform a network on which neurons grow
  2. anchor neurons to capillaries
  3. mop up leaked neurotransmitters
81
Q

have a protective role and are apart of our immue system by turning into macrophages and phagocytose for debris

A

Microglia

82
Q

Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord and are ciliated to keep cerebrospinal fluid moving

A

Ependymal cells

83
Q

What are the two neuroglia of PNS?

A
  1. Satellite cells
  2. Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)
84
Q

Which part of the nervous system transmitts impulses that most directly lead to and increase in heart rate.

A

Autonomic Nervous system

85
Q

Glia cells that have processes that form myelin sheaths around the CNS nerve fibers

A

Oligodenrocytes

86
Q

What cells form Myelin sheaths

A

Schwann Cells

87
Q

What are the receptive regions on a neuron?

A

Dendrites

88
Q

What is the cell body on a neuron

A

Soma

89
Q

What is the conducting region on a neuron

A

Axon

90
Q

What is the out put region on a neuron

A

Nerve terminal

91
Q

What maintains the shape and integrity of a soma

A

Neurofibrils

92
Q

What are clusters of cells bodies in the CNS called

A

Nuclei

93
Q

What are clusters if cell bodies in the PNS called

A

Ganglia

94
Q

What transmits incoming information to axon hillock and are branching extensions of the cell body?

A

Dendrites

95
Q

How many axons are there per neuron?

A

One

96
Q

What is the projection of the cell body and arises from the axon hillock

A

Axon

97
Q

Have numerous dendrites and have 3 oe more cells processes

A

Multipolar nuerons

98
Q

Have 2 processes and are rare but found in the retina of the eye, sense organs, and olfactory mucosa

A

Bipolar nuerons

99
Q

have 1 process that emerges from the cell body and most are sensory neurons in PNS

A

Unipolar Neurons

100
Q

What two neuroglia form insulating coverings called myelin sheaths?

A

Oligodenrocytes and Schwann Cells

101
Q

Which type of neuroglia form epithelia layers within the central nervous system

A

Ependymal cells

102
Q

What is the purpose of the central nervous system

A

filter, interpret, or ignore electrical information

103
Q

What are the smallest neurons in the body

A

Interneurons

104
Q

Anterograde

A

From the cell body to terminal (kinesin)

105
Q

retrograde

A

From the terminal to cell body (dynenin )

106
Q

What direction does electrical current go?

A

From the cell body to the nerve terminal

107
Q

How do neurons communicate with each other?

A

by generating electrical signals which are just the movement of charged ions.

108
Q

What are the two types of electrical signals

A

Graded Potential and action potential

109
Q

In the dendrites and cel body the electrical signal called a

A

Graded potential

110
Q

In the axon the electrical signal or nerve impulse is called an

A

Action potential

111
Q

The dendrites in the body have ______ and or mechanically gated channels

A

Chemically

112
Q

Th axons, sarcolemma and T-tubules have _____ gated channels

A

Voltage

113
Q

Where do graded potentials occur

A

In the dendrites (receptive region) and cell body
- are due to the opening of chemically gated ion channels.WH

114
Q

Where do action potentials occur

A

On the axon (sacrolemma and (T-tubules)
- Are based on the large degreel of voltage

115
Q

The membrane potential moves toward 0 mV, the inside becoming less negative (more positive)

A

Depolarization

116
Q

The membrane potential increases, the inside becoming more negative

A

Hyperpolarization

117
Q

which event directly explains that polarity of the resting membrane potential of an unstimulated neuron plasma membrane

A

Leakage of K+ out of the neuron
(K+ diffusing out of the cell through the leakage channels causes the cell to become more negative inside

118
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70 mV

119
Q

What is threshold

A

-55 mV this is needed to result in a full action potential

120
Q

A motor neuron along with the muscle fibers supplies is

A

Motor unit

121
Q

Each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a neuron at a single

A

Neuromuscular junction

122
Q

In the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, the myofilaments slide over each other, resulting in the overlapping of actin and

A

myosin

123
Q

What is the cause of rigor mortis?

A

Calcium influx into the sarcoplasm after death

124
Q

The refractory period in which the muscle will NOT contract if stimulated occurs during __________ of the muscle cell.

A

repolarization

125
Q

What produces a voltage difference across the membrane

A

Resting membrane potential = The inside of the membrane being more negative compared to the outside.

126
Q

Polarized state

A

The inside of the cell is more negative than the outside

127
Q

How do you get electrical current to flow?

A

BY depolarizing the membrane

128
Q

The sequence of electrical changes that occurs along the sarcolemma when a muscle fiber is stimulated is known as the

A

Action potential

129
Q

When does a graded potential occur

A
  1. a chemical (neurotransmitter) binds to the chemically gated ion channels on dendrites in the cell body
  2. the ion channels open allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell
  3. the inflow of postitive charge causes a depolarization of the membrane
    4 . the more sodium that flows in, the greater the depolarization
  4. the movement of the positively charges sodium in the cell is electrical current
  5. the sodium flows a certian distance before the sodium potassium pump picks it up and sends it back out of the cell, thus the current becomes weakers and weaker the further it travels from the site of initial stimulus
130
Q

If electrical current (Na+) travels towards the axon hillock and changes the membrane potential from -70 to -55 then a large ____________ will occur

A

Depolarization

131
Q

What is the fastest group in nerve fibers

A

Group A
- speed of conduction is up to 150 m/s or 300 mph

132
Q

Mostly somatic sensory + motor fibers serving
- the skin
-skeletal muscles
- joints
fastest group

A

Group A

133
Q

Autonomic Nervous system + motor fibers
- small somatic sensroy fibers (pain +small touch fibers)
- medium diameter
- speed of conduction is up to 15 m/s or 40 mph

A

Group B

134
Q

Same fibers as group b
- small diameter
unmyelinated
slow speed of conduction

A

Group C

135
Q

Immune systems makes antibodies to myelin –> destruction of myelin sheath

A

multiple sclerosis

136
Q

motor nueron diease
degeneration of motor nerves - sporadic 90-95% of cases

A

ALS (amyotrophic lateral scelosis

137
Q

What does a Neuromuscular junction 9at the end of the axon branches) consist of

A

Motor neerve terminal, the synaptic cleft, and the motor end plate

138
Q

Contains synaptic vesicles (sacs contaiing neurotransmitter)

A

Nerve terminal

139
Q

A chemical message

A

Neurotransmitter

140
Q

At the NMJ the NT is

A

Acetylcholine (ach)

141
Q

SOD 1

A

Protects us from free radicals
individuals with ALS have small amounts SOD1

142
Q

Motor nerves are

A

efferent, voluntary, somatic

143
Q

The gap between nerve terminal and sarcolemma

A

Synaptic cleft

144
Q

When is acetocholine released?

A

When calcium enters the nerve terminal and binds to chemically gated ion channel

145
Q

What are the three places in your neuromuscular nervous system where there are voltaged gated ion channels

A

Axon, sarcolemma, and T tubules

146
Q

A dimple in the sarcolemma which are junctional folds in tf the sarcolemma

A

Motor end plate

147
Q

What is at the motor end plate

A

chemically gated ion channels

148
Q

What is the location of chemically gated ion channels

A

dendrites

149
Q

What type of paraylisis is it when the muscles contract and will not relax
( in patients that have ahd a stroke0

A

Spastic paralysis

150
Q

What type of paralysis is it when the muscles will not contract

A

Flaccid paralysis
no electrical signal = no muscle contraction

151
Q

A botanical neuromuscular blocking agent that binds to ach R and keeps it from binding to cause flaccid paralysis ( competitive antagonist)

A

Tubocurarine

152
Q

drugs that block Ach r

A

anticholineasterase

153
Q

One of the most potent poisons known and is found in Japanese puffer fish
- block sodium ion channels and is deaht by flaccid paralysis of respiratory muscles

A

Tetrodotoxin

154
Q

Autoimmune disease caused when the immune system developed antibodies to Ach receptors, destruction by macrophages

A

Myasthenia Gravis

155
Q

From bacteria clostridium botulinum that blocks Ach relese from the nerve terminal and creates botulism. -paraylisis of muscles

A

Botulinus Toxin (BOTOX)

156
Q

temporary removal of pain while fully conscious that black voltage gated Na+ channels

A

Local anesthetics (lidocaine, xylocaine, procaine, cocaine

Anatomy and Physiology 2140 (7 decks)

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