exam 2

Question 1

what is prosocial behavior?

Answer 1

voluntary behavior that benefits others

Question 2

According to Kohlberg’s model, levels of moral development depend upon

Answer 2

the reasons people give for why they would or would not steal the drug

Question 3

5 year old Sonny has begun to understand what other people might be thinking… Sonny is developing

Answer 3

Theory of mind

Question 4

theory of mind is important in schools because it influences students’ ability to

Answer 4

understand and relate to their teachers and fellow students

Question 5

adolescents tend to overestimate how much attention others are paying to them, which can make them feel self conscious or nervous. This error of theory of mind is called

Answer 5

the spotlight effect

Question 6

Which is an example of inductive discipline

Answer 6

don’t eat your dessert first because you won’t be hungry for the food that is more nutritious

Question 7

authoritarian parents …

Answer 7

favor punitive measures to control children’s behavior

Question 8

parenting styles are categorized based on what two dimensions?

Answer 8

responsiveness and control

Question 9

which type of compliance should be the long term goal of discipline

Answer 9

committed compliance

Question 10

the ability to inhibit impulses, obey rules, ignore distractions, be patient, and stay focused on a task is called

Answer 10

self control

Question 11

what is short term goal of discipline?

Answer 11

to influence children to behave appropriately right now

Question 12

what is the long term goal of discipline?

Answer 12

to promote self control

Question 13

which of the following statements about dependency and attachment is true?

Answer 13

secure attachment liberates children and is not dependency

Question 14

A one year old child largely ignores the fact that his mother has left him with a stranger and does not seem to care when mother returns. what form of attachment is this?

Answer 14

insecure avoidant

Question 15

effective teachers should attempt what for their insecurely attached students?

Answer 15

disconfirm their negative internal working models

Question 16

temperament traits discussed in the text include which of the following?

Answer 16

negative emotionality and behavioral inhibition

Question 17

what is NOT a characteristic that parents who have securely attached children tend to exhibit

Answer 17

they tend to maintain strict rules and use harsh discipline

Question 18

the branch of biology that seeks to describe the function of behavior from an evolutionary perspective is …

Answer 18

ethology

Question 19

7 year ols is very active, curious and questioning. some parent would be annoyed, but his parents like those traits. walt’s situation shows a high degree of what?

Answer 19

goodness of fit

Question 20

the textbook describes a cohort effect in personality as an example of the influence of the chronosystem in Brofenbrenner’s model. there was a huge …. in the personality trait of…. for children from 1950s to 1980s in the US

Answer 20

increase; anxiety

Question 21

children with which personality trait tend to have the lowest academic achievement?

Answer 21

undercontrolled

Question 22

the textbook suggests that school bonding is especially important for lower SES students, students going through transitions to new school buildings, and generally students in which academic level?

Answer 22

middle school

Question 23

which of the following about the current level of unwed teen pregnancies in the U.S. is true?

Answer 23

lower than in the past few decades

Question 24

children of same sex parents tend to show high rates of identification s gay or lesbian

Answer 24

false

Question 25

elevated level of cortisol is an indicator of what

Answer 25

high stress

Question 26

although the effect size of most outcomes following divorce is relatively small, divorce tends to have a large effect size on which outcome?

Answer 26

externalizing disorders, especially for boys

Question 27

a researcher claims that it's good for paretns to work because it adds income to support their child, but bad if it takes too much time and prevents the parents from spending time with their child. this researcher is most likely using which theoretical model to support their position?

Answer 27

family investment model

Question 28

according to the text, which of the following is the least effective way to encourage parent involvement with school?

Answer 28

have parents sign contracts in which they commit to be involved

Question 29

Openness to experience

Answer 29

personality trait. curious, good self-expression, being smart

Question 30

conscientousness

Answer 30

a personality trait. get things done

Question 31

extraversion

Answer 31

a personality trait. basically an extravert

Question 32

agreeableness

Answer 32

personality trait. liked by others kind, cooperative, warm

Question 33

neuroticism

Answer 33

personality trait neurotic people need narcotics because they are anxious

Question 34

Cohort effect

Answer 34

society wide changes can result in personality differences in birth cohorts, or children born at one time compared with children born at another time

Question 35

what is strange situation procedure

Answer 35

an experiment to test quality of attachment

Question 36

secure attachment

Answer 36

ideal outcome freely explore by comes back to parent

Question 37

avoidant attachment example

Answer 37

home alone

Question 38

avoidant attachment

Answer 38

doesn't give shit about parents basically walks up to any strangers

Question 39

resistant attachment

Answer 39

hover near parents addicted to parents bad outcome... child doesn't explore

Question 40

disorganized attachment example

Answer 40

Ginny & Goergia

Question 41

disorganized attachment

Answer 41

conflicted by desire to be with parents and to avoid them at the same time

Question 42

what is adult attachment interview

Answer 42

a lengthy interview designed to determine adolescents or adults "state of mind" regarding the quality of attachment to each parent

Question 43

what is the sensitive period for attachment?

Answer 43

18-24 months

Question 44

how stable is attachment

Answer 44

fairly stable possible, but not common, for people to become more secure over time

Question 45

if someone is attached to parents, its a bad thing (T/F)

Answer 45

false... its actually beneficial

Question 46

babies start out with strong attachment to one parent (T/F)

Answer 46

False

Question 47

what is internal working model?

Answer 47

memories and expectations of the self & others, that influence whether child approaches or avoids others, with either positive or hostile emotions

Question 48

example of internal working model

Answer 48

ruby gets up and goes to bathroom, she thanks stella for saving her spot... but stella did not notice she was gone. this is rubys internal view of herself

Question 49

what is temperament?

Answer 49

individual differences in reactivity and the ability to control this reactivity

Question 50

what are the four temperament traits

Answer 50

activity level effortful control behavioral inhibition negative emotionality

Question 51

what are the three personality types?

Answer 51

resilient overcontrolled under controlled

Question 52

how stable is personality?

Answer 52

changes from situation to situation

Question 53

how stable is temperament?

Answer 53

moderately stable

Question 54

what is bioecological model?

Answer 54

a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment biological core microsystem mesosystem ecosystem macrosystem chronosystem

Question 55

what is internalization

Answer 55

part of discipline The child adopts the adult’s values and rules as his or her own guide for behavior. The child complies or behaves appropriately without being monitored

Question 56

what is committed compliance

Answer 56

children accept the authority figure's agenda as their own even when they are not being supervised

Question 57

what is situational compliance

Answer 57

children comply with demands, but really only when authority figure is present

Question 58

Authoritatian parents

Answer 58

strict too harsh

Question 59

authoritive parents

Answer 59

warm just right

Question 60

permissive parents

Answer 60

not strict at all too soft

Question 61

corporal punishment

Answer 61

power assertive discipline that involves bodily harm to the child, ranging in severity from light spanking to abuse

Question 61

effective discipline

Answer 61

discipline refers to attempt to correct misbehavior

Question 62

victim-centered induction

Answer 62

the adult explains the reasons and points out consequences for breaking the rules points out how their actions made others feel

Question 63

persistent persuasion

Answer 63

an approach to discipline that uses induction repeatedly until the child complies, but without using power assertion

Question 64

How do we test ToM

Answer 64

False belief tasks

Question 65

social referencing

Answer 65

The tendency of a person to look to a significant other in an ambiguous situation to obtain clarifying information

Question 66

moral judgement

Answer 66

how children reason about moral issues and law

Question 67

moral behavior

Answer 67

how children act

Question 68

social conventions

Answer 68

standards of behavior dictated by culture

Question 69

moral transgression

Answer 69

behavior that is inherently wrong, independent of culture, and regardless of rules