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geology > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

petrology

A

the study of rocks

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2
Q

igneous rock

A

form directly from a magma via freezing/crystallizing; made up of randomly distributed crystals, characterized by shade and texture

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3
Q

bowen’s reaction series

A

minerals freeze at varying temperatures; quartz melts at 800, olivine and plagioclase melt at 1200, potassium feldspar is in the middle

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4
Q

dark igneous rocks

A

mafic

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5
Q

light igneous rocks

A

felsic

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6
Q

phaneritic texture

A

coarse crystals visible to the naked eye, cool slowly 1-10 mi underground, plutonic

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7
Q

aphanitic texture

A

fine crystals that require magnification, cool rapidly on the surface, volcanic

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8
Q

granite

A

felsic phaneritic igneous rock

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9
Q

diorite

A

intermediate phaneritic igneous rock

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10
Q

gabbro

A

mafic phaneritic igneous rock

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11
Q

rhyolite

A

felsic aphanitic igneous rock

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12
Q

andasite

A

intermediate aphanitic igneous rock

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13
Q

basalt

A

mafic aphanitic igneous rock

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14
Q

obsidian and pumice

A

glassy igneous rocks

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15
Q

magma

A

liquid rock located 1-10 miles underground

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16
Q

batholith

A

frozen body of igneous rock deep underground that contain rare elements, become exposed by extensive uplift and erosion

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17
Q

sills

A

branches of batholiths in the host rock that freeze horizontally

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18
Q

dikes

A

branches of batholiths in the host rock that freeze vertically

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19
Q

igneous intrusions

A

more resistant to weathering than the host rock ex: stone mountain in Atlanta

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20
Q

active volcanos

A

any eruption during human history

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21
Q

dormant volcanos

A

sleeping/inactive but have the potential to erupt, no human has seen it erupt

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22
Q

extinct volcanos

A

no longer has the potential to erupt

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23
Q

effusive eruptions

A

lava flow, quiet and controlled eruptions from mafic volcanos; caused because they contain iron rich minerals which melt at high temps (1000-1200) so all minerals are melted form shield volcanos

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24
Q

shield volcanos

A

10x wider than they are tall, primarily made of basalt, have effusive eruptions

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25
explosive eruptions
violent, producing mostly ash and limited lava from felsic volcanos; minerals melt at low temperatures (800-1000), not all minerals melt at once causing blockages that build up pressure, form composite volcanos
26
composite volcanos
steep, made up of built up ash and primarily rhyolite, smaller because they destroy themselves, have explosive eruptions
27
pyroclastic material
ash
28
caldera
hole in a volcano
29
phreatic eruptions
very big explosive eruptions surrounded by water, powered by steam when water enters the magma chamber, krakatoa and tambora
30
sedimentary rocks
made up of cemented debris, stratified, bedded, layered, give earth's history form at 50-250 degrees
31
4 step process of sedimentary rock formation
weathering, erosion, deposition, lithification
32
weathering
atmosphere attacks rocks causing decay
33
mechanical weathering
physical, decreases size and increases surface area, ex: freeze thaw
34
chemical weathering
reactions that change the mineral composition to a more stable form from atmospheric chemicals oxidation - mafic minerals oxidize to rust hydrolysis - feldspar hydrates to clay carbonation - CO2 forms carbonic acid which dissolves carbonate minerals
35
erosion and deposition
dependent on size of clasts and speed of movement
36
sand
clasts 2-0.05mm
37
silt
clasts 0.05-0.002mm
38
clay
clasts <0.002mm
39
fluvial processes
flowing water is a vehicle to transport sediment and dissolved minerals
40
eolian processes
flowing wind moves small clasts such as clay globally, silt shorter distances, and sand very short distances forming dunes
41
loess
wind blown silt deposits
42
lag gravel
clasts left behind because they are too big to move by wind
43
total fluvial transport
bedload (movement on the bottom that moves by saltation) + suspended load + dissolved load
44
glacial processes
flowing ice in polar or alpine regions, or Pleistocene climates
45
lithification
compaction and cementation over time by adding weight, quartz, calcite, and iron are common glues, requires 10s of millions of years, generates 50-250 degrees of heat
46
clastic sedimentary rocks
based on size, form via mechanical weathering, made of sand silt and clay, rough grainy texture
47
sandstone
grainy texture made of quartz sand clasts, forms in a high energy environment
48
shale
made of clay clasts, flat shape, fissile, forms in a low energy environment
49
fissile
breaks into thin sheets
50
nonclastic sedimentary rocks
biochemical, form via chemical weathering, undissolved precipitates
51
limestone
nonclastic sedimentary rock, gray, varying thickness, can contain fossils, made up of calcite, fizzes with HCl, forms in shallow marine environments
52
coal
compacted organic matter, require a tropical climate, forms in swamps of shallow water to prevent decomposition; pressure and heat convert peat to coal over a long period of time
53
lignite
first stage of coal formation, water is removed from peat
54
bituminous coal
soft bedded coal found in western PA
55
anthracite
hard shiny coal found in eastern PA
56
coquina
nonclastic sedimentary rock made up of broken shells, fizzes with HCl, can compact further into limestone
57
chalk
white, dull, nonclastic sedimentary rock fizzes with HCl
58
chert
similar to limestone in appearance, vitreous with conchoidal fractures, used for arrow heads
59
conglomerate
clastic sedimentary rock formed from water, rounded pieces of rock debris, non uniform
60
breccia
clastic sedimentary rock formed from earthquakes, angular rock debris, non uniform
61
siltstone
clastic sedimentary rock, very fine sandstone
62
metamorphic rocks
changed by heat and pressure cooks rocks creating aligned mineral crystals different from the original form at 250 - 750 degrees
63
foliation
swirls and bands on metamorphic rocks
64
methods of metamorphic formation
burial and tectonics both require depth followed by erosion and occur on a large scale, contact metamorphism is smaller scale
65
burial
under 10's of km's of material creates high pressure and increases heat
66
tectonics
pressure from the sides pushes materials in and up, acts on the roots of mountains
67
contact metamorphism
as plutons of magma move towards the surface in dikes and sills, they cook the walls of the host rock, 1-10ft below the surface
68
metamorphosis of shale
compresses to slate (low grade) which compresses to phyllite which compresses to schist which compresses to gneiss (high grade)
69
slate
harder, darker, and smoother than shale
70
schist
sparkly due to muscovite mica
71
phyllite
shiny aligned layers
72
gneiss
zebra striped in pink or white and black
73
marble
contact metamorphizes from limestone, still fizzes under HCl
74
quartzite
contact metamorphizes from quartz sandstone

geology (3 decks)

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