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adult psychopathology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

A future-oriented mood state characterized by apprehension and worry (adaptive only at low-to-moderate levels)

A

Anxiety

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2
Q
  • Excessive anxiety and worry about numerous events or activities. Lasts for more than 6 months.
  • Difficulty controlling the worry
  • Significant distress or impairment
  • Disturbance not due to physiological effects of substance or another medical condition
A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

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3
Q

Restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance

A

Symptoms of GAD

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4
Q

Metacognitive theory, Intolerance of uncertainty theory, and avoidance theory
- received considerable research support in understanding how GAD develops

A

Cognitive Etiology Theories of GAD

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5
Q

Problematic assumptions in GAD are the individual’s worries about worrying – meta-worry; developed by Wells

A

Metacognitive Theory

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6
Q

Individual believes that any possibility of a negative event occurring means that the event is likely to occur

A

Intolerance of Uncertainty Theory

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7
Q

Worrying serves “positive” function for those with GAD by reducing unusually high levels of bodily arousal; developed by Borkovec

A

Avoidance Theory

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8
Q

Cognitive Therapy, Behavioral Therapy, Biological Treatment

A

Treatment for GAD

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9
Q
  • Work to change maladaptive thinking by challenging erroneous assumptions
  • Help patient replace dysfunctional thoughts with more balanced thoughts
A

Cognitive Therapy

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10
Q

Worry less about worrying and practice acceptance

A

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy

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11
Q

Worry exposure

A

Behavioral Therapy

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12
Q

Antidepressant drugs (SSRIs)

A

Biological Treatment

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13
Q

How do phobias differ?

A

More intense fear, greater desire to avoid the feared object, and distress, which interferes w/ functioning

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14
Q
  • Marked and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation that is excessive and unreasonable. Lasts for more than 6 months
  • Immediate fear/anxiety following exposure to object
  • Fear is out of proportion to the actual object
  • Avoidance of the feared situation
  • Significant distress or impairment
  • Anxiety is not better accounted for by another mental disorder
A

Specific Phobia

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15
Q

Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, and modeling
- Phobias maintained through avoidance
- Prepardness

A

Behavioral Etiology of Specific Phobia

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16
Q

Where two events occur closely together in time

A

Classical Conditioning

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17
Q

Negative reinforcement (avoidance reinforced)

A

Operant conditioning

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18
Q

Observation and imitation

A

Modeling

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19
Q

Exposure therapies for specific phobias and mechanism of action (how they work)

A

Behavioral Treatments for Specific Phobias

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20
Q

Systematic Desensitization, Flooding, and Modeling

A

Exposure Therapies for Specific Phobias

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21
Q
  • Provide patient with new evidence about the phobic (conditioned) stimulus (e.g., dogs, airplanes) - new learning
  • Help patient disconfirm negative belief (e.g., not all dogs are dangerous, not all flights have turbulence)
A

Mechanism of Action

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22
Q

Teach relaxation skills, create fear hierarchy, and pair relaxation with feared objects or situations (relaxation response is thought to substitute for fear response due to incompatibility); technique developed by Joseph Wolpe

A

Systematic Desensitization

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23
Q

Nongradual Exposure (single session, no relaxation)

A

Flooding

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24
Q

Therapist confronts the feared object while the fearful person observes

A

Modeling

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25
In vivo and covert
Types of Exposures
26
Live exposure
In vivo
27
Imaginal exposure
Covert
28
Marked & persistent fear or anxiety about social situations involving possible scrutiny by others as well as fear of showing visible signs of anxiety in public - Fear that one will humiliate/embarrass oneself - Anxiety following exposure to feared situation - Fear out of proportion to the actual event - Avoidance of the feared situations - Lasts for more than 6 months and significant distress or impairment
Social Anxiety Disorder
29
Social anxiety is ____ common in developed countries (US) and ____ common in countries where introversion is valued
more; less
30
Biological etiology of SAD
Genetics
31
Parent reinforces child's anxiety, parent's own anxiety impacts response to child's behavior/anxiety, (anxious) child doesn't get practice interacting w/ peers --> poor social skills, child's anxiety maintained
Behavioral Etiology of SAD
32
Exposure Therapy and Social Skills Training
Behavioral Treatments for Social Anxiety Disorder
33
Antidepressants
Biological Treatment for SAD
34
Exposure therapy for SAD
Group therapies
35
Therapist models appropriate social behaviors and patient tests out behaviors in role plays
Social Skills Training
36
Humans are biologically predisposed to develop certain phobias (learn to fear) and not others
Preparedness
37
A discrete period of intense fear or discomfort, in which symptoms such as sweating, sensations of shortness of breath, chest pain/discomfort, and/or chills/heat sensations (4 or more) develop abruptly
Panic Attacks
38
Recurrent *unexpected* panic attacks. At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month (or more) of concern, worry about additional attacks or their consequences (e.g., going crazy, having a heart attack, etc.) and/or a significant change in behavior - Absence (or presence) of agoraphobia - Panic attacks not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or general medical condition - Panic attacks are not better accounted for by another anxiety disorder
Panic Disorder
39
People prone to panic over-focus on bodily sensations and misinterpret meaning behind bodily sensations; cascading physiological symptoms
Cognitive Etiology of Panic DIsorder
40
Assuming bodily sensations are harmful, dangerous
Anxiety Sensitivity
41
Psychoeducation, Coping Skills, and Interoceptive Exposure
Behavioral (exposure) Panic Control Treatment
42
Exposure to panic-like symptoms; Ex. Breathe through a straw to induce hyperventilation
Interoceptive Exposure
43
Biological Treatment for PD
Antidepressants
44
Marked fear/anxiety about 2+ situations such as public transportation, open/enclosed spaces, standing in line or in a crowd, etc - Fears these situations b/c of thoughts that escape or help might not be possible in case of developing panic-like or other symptoms - Situations always provoke fear - Situations are avoided, requires presence of companion or endured w/ intense fear - Fear out of proportion to actual danger - Fear/anxiety/avoidance persistent greater than 6 months - Significant distress or impairment
Agoraphobia
45
Similar to that of specific phobia (panic attacks)
Etiological explanation for Agoraphobia
46
Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted and that cause marked anxiety and distress - Attempts to ignore or suppress thoughts, or neutralize them with another thought or action
Obsessions
47
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession - Behaviors/mental acts are aimed at reducing distress but are not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralize *or are clearly excessive*
Compulsions
48
Obsessions and/or compulsions that are distressing, time consuming, or impairing. Not related to another mental disorder and disturbance is not due to effects of a substance or medical condition
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
49
Thoughts feel intrusive & foreign
Ego Dystonic
50
Learning by chance, learn compulsions randomly, believed compulsion is changing situation after repeated associations, act becomes a key method to avoiding/reducing anxiety
Behavioral Etiological Perspective of OCD
51
Everyone has repetitive, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts, those with OCD overreact to unwanted thoughts (would "neutralize" thoughts w/ compulsions to avoid), neutralizing action is reinforced as it reduces anxiety
Cognitive Etiological Perspective of OCD
51
Identify, challenge, and change distorted thoughts
Cognitive Elements of Therapy
51
* be more depressed than others * have higher standards of conduct and morality * believe thoughts are equal to actions and are capable of bringing harm * believe that they can, and should, have perfect control over their thoughts and behaviors
People more likely to develop OCD
51
2-3%
Lifetime Prevalence for OCD
52
Patient is exposed to objects/situations that elicit obsessions & produce anxiety; patient resists performing compulsions - Often combined with cognitive restructuring
Exposure & Response Prevention
53
Genetic influences, low serotonin activity
Biological Etiological Perspective of OCD
54
Combination of CBT and pharmacotherapy
Treatment for OCD
55
People who believe they must save items Great distress if they try & discard items Huge collection + clutter in living situations Distress & impairment
Hoarding disorder
56
Repeatedly pull hair out of scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes Triggered by anxiety
Hair-pulling disorder
57
Pick at skin resulting in sores/wounds Triggered by anxiety
Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder
58
Preoccupation with physical defect or flaw that are not observable or appear slight to others Individual has performed repetitive behaviors/mental acts in response to appearance concerns
Body dysmorphic disorder
59
6%
Lifetime prevalence of GAD
60
12%
Lifetime prevalence of Specific Phobia AND Social Anxiety
61
5%
Lifetime prevalence of Panic Disorder
62
2.2%
Lifetime prevalence of Agoraphobia

adult psychopathology (3 decks)

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