Exam 2

Question 1

What are the 3 universal psychological needs according to the basic psychological needs theory?

Answer 1

Relatedness: meaningful relationships, sense of belonging
Competence: feeling capable, mastery, effective in actions
Autonomy: in control of behavior, choices, ownership

Question 2

What are the aspects of Iso-Ahola’s Model of Leisure Behavior?

Answer 2

escaping personal environments
escaping interpersonal environments
seeking personal rewards
seeking interpersonal rewards

Question 3

What is perceived freedom?

Answer 3

perceiving one’s actions as voluntary

Question 4

What are the two types of control?

Answer 4

Primary: directly influencing one’s world
Secondary: maintaining control by accepting or adjusting to situation

Question 5

Langer and Rodin’s control study?

Answer 5

old people, one group responsible for taking care of self and room, other group nurses did
30% of residents in second group died 18 months later compared to 15% in 1st group

Question 6

What is learned helplessness?

Answer 6

learning that your action do not impact the world around you

Question 7

what is the psychological reactance theory

Answer 7

threat to perceived freedom –> aversive state –> psychological reactance: motivation to restore freedom

Question 8

What is intrinsic motivation

Answer 8

people like the activity, feels good

Question 9

What are the 3 types of intrinsic motivation identified by Vallerand and Losier?

Answer 9

IM towards knowledge, towards accomplishment, towards experiencing stimulation

Question 10

What are the categories in the Organismic Integration Theory?

Answer 10

Intrinsic: activity itself
Integrated: part of identity
Identified: activity is important
Introjected: internal pressures
External: external to activity
Amotivation: lack of motivation

Question 11

What is an example of how to measure extrinsic motivation?

Answer 11

BREQ questionnaire

Question 12

What did they find in the articles that tested the relationship between different types of motivation and exercise behavior?

Answer 12

more self-determined forms of motivation predicted greater exercise behavior

Question 13

What is a good strategy for changing motivation

Answer 13

Autonomy support

Question 14

What is autonomy support

Answer 14

creating an environment that allows individuals to feel that they have control over their behavior and experiences

Question 15

What is the over-justification effect

Answer 15

When rewarding an activity that the individual already enjoyed, they attribute origin of behavior to external source, rather than internal

Question 16

What are some consequences of external rewards

Answer 16

behavior becomes contingent on reward
reward becomes goal, not the behavior itself
locus of causality shifts from internal to external
evidence for over-justification effect

Question 17

What is personality

Answer 17

enduring patterns of thought, feelings, and behavior that are expressed in different circumstances
Consistent behavior across time and situations

Question 18

What are the two aspects of personality

Answer 18

structure: what makes it up
individual differences: how do people differ

Question 19

What are 3 important terms related to personality

Answer 19

Needs: achievement, play, affiliation
Temperament: general style of behavior, energy, alertness, emotions
Traits

Question 20

What are traits?

Answer 20

emotional, motivation, cognitive, and behavioral tendencies that represent underlying dimensions of personality
How many? How measure? Where from?

Question 21

How many personality traits are there?

Answer 21

tons

Question 22

What are the three categories of traits?

Answer 22

Broad/universal traits: components
Specific traits: types of human behavior
Leisure-specific traits: leisure contexts

Question 23

What is the lexical approach to discovering universal personality traits?

Answer 23

clump similar adjectives together and some clumps might be highly correlated with each other. Can clump together using statistical procedures (factor analysis)

Question 24

What are the big 5 personality traits?

Answer 24

Neuroticism
Extraversion
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
OCEAN

Question 25

What is neuroticism?

Answer 25

Anxiety, angry hostility, depression, impulsiveness, vulnerability to stress Emotionally stable vs. neurotic

Question 26

What is extraversion?

Answer 26

Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, excitement-seeking, positive emotions Introverted vs. extroverted

Question 27

What is openness?

Answer 27

Fantasy, feelings, ideas, values, actions, aesthetics Conventional vs. openness

Question 28

What is aggreeableness?

Answer 28

Trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tendermindedness Hostile vs. agreeable

Question 29

What is conscientiousness?

Answer 29

Competence, order, dutifulness, achievement-striving, self-discipline, deliberation Disorganized vs. conscientious

Question 30

How do we measure personality traits?

Answer 30

Self-report questionnaires Continuums are better than categories Myers-Briggs Type Indicator- 16 types - poor reliability and validity, test-retest problems

Question 31

Where do traits come from?

Answer 31

Nature and nurture

Question 32

what is self as entertainment and what are the 3 components?

Answer 32

the capacity / ability of people to fill their free time with activities that are satisfying 3 components: Self: believe they can structure free time Mind play: using imagination Environment: going places, seeking out others

Question 33

What are the social psychological processes present in leisure?

Answer 33

imitation/modeling conformity persuasion social comparison

Question 34

When are you more likely to model the behavior of another?

Answer 34

if they are: competent, physically attractive, similar to target

Question 35

What is imitation?

Answer 35

people imitate the behavior of others siblings, parent, teacher, uncle, aunty, friends

Question 36

What is conformity?

Answer 36

a change in behavior as a result of the real of imagined influence of other people

Question 37

When can conformity be good?

Answer 37

in ambiguous situations crisis situations experts are present

Question 38

What is persuasion?

Answer 38

deliberate attempts to affect someone's behavior

Question 39

What is the elaboration likelihood model?

Answer 39

2 routes of persuasion central: arguments Peripheral: things not directly related to the message itself

Question 40

When is a central route of persuasion more useful?

Answer 40

person is interested, motivated, able or an expert

Question 41

When is the peripheral route of persuasion more useful

Answer 41

person is disinterested, amotivated, not experts

Question 42

What is the self-evaluation maintenance model

Answer 42

People are motivated to have positive views of themselves Relevant domains: success of others is threatening and can reduce self esteem Irrelevant domains: not threatening, can enhance esteem