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EBP > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

population

A

group that meets study criteria

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2
Q

elements

A

basic unit of the population (what is being studied?)

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3
Q

subjects

A

select group of subjects who will represent all eligible subjects

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4
Q

target population

A

elements that meet all study criteria

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5
Q

accessible population

A

group of elements that the researcher has access to

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6
Q

sample

A

select group of subjects who will represent all eligible subjects

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7
Q

sampling error

A

subjects don’t represent population
(often a result of small sample size)

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8
Q

sampling bias

A

sample over or under represents characteristics of target population

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9
Q

inclusion criteria

A

those things people have that you want in your study

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10
Q

exclusion criteria

A

those aspects to people you do not want in your study

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11
Q

power analysis

A

analysis that shows how large a sample needs to be in order to detect a difference in the outcome

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12
Q

validity

A

accuracy
does the instrument accurately measure what it is supposed to measure

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13
Q

reliability

A

consistency
extent to which the instrument produces the same results if behavior is repeatedly measured with the same instrument

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14
Q

stability

A

same scores with repeated tests

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15
Q

equivalence

A

agreement between raters or similar test produce same results

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16
Q

homogeneity/internal consistency

A

all items in a questionnare measure the same concepts

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17
Q

external validity

A

the degree to which the results of the study are generalizable to other populations

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18
Q

internal validity

A

did the independent variable really make an impact or were there confounding factors

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19
Q

content validity

A

does the instrument adequately represent the content
CVI

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20
Q

content validity index (CVI)

A

tells us: how accurately the question asks what we want (0.78-1.0 is acceptable)

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21
Q

criterion related validity

A

how much do the observed score and the true score relate to eachother

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22
Q

construct validity

A

how well does the instrument measure a theoretical concept

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23
Q

cronbach alpha

A

probability of making a type 1 error (tests internal reliability)
used for the likert scale
minimum acceptable 0.7

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24
Q

probability sampling

A

every element has an equal chance of being selected, done w/ randomization

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25
simple randomization
most effective yet time consuming (draw names out of a hat)
26
stratified randomization
divide population into strata, subjects were randomly selected from each strata
27
cluster sampling
multistage sampling (ex: BSN students in US randomly choose 10 states, then 3 schools from each state, then % of students from each school)
28
nonprobability sampling
random selection not required less likely to be representative of whole population
29
convenience sampling
“accidental”, easy access inclusion criteria determined before selecting subjects
30
quota sampling
elements are conveniently chosen recruitment until target sample size is reached
31
purposive sampling
subjects selected who are considered to be typical of the population useful in studying populations w/ rare characteristics
32
snowball sampling
(networking) identify initial participant who then refers researcher to others who meet criteria for the study
33
relationship btw reliability and validity
CAN be reliable without validity CANNOT be valid without reliability
34
descriptive statistics
allows researchers to describe and summarize data
35
measures of central tendency
mean- arithmetic average median- score with 50% above and 50% below mode- most frequent value in a distribution
36
measures of variability
range- difference between highest and lowest scores standard deviation-measure of average deviation of the scores from the mean and should always be reported with the mean
37
inferential statistics
looks at error allows the testing of hypotheses using data obtained from samples
38
parameter vs statistic
parameter- characteristic of a population statistic- characteristic of a a sample
39
measurement
process of assigning numbers to variables or events according to rules
40
nominal
lowest level of measurement classifies variables into categories (dichotomous- yes/no, female/male) (ex: apples, oranges, lemons)
41
ordinal
relative rankings of variables (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
42
interval
scale with equal intervals and NO absolute zero can be positive or negative (temp)
43
ratio
highest level of measurement scale of equal intervals and absolute zero must be positive (height, weight, BP, pulse)
44
hypotheses
statements about the researcher’s prediction of the relationship between variables in a specific population
45
research/scientific hypothesis
what the researcher believes will be the outcome of the study
46
null hypothesis
says the relationship does NOT exist researcher either accepts or rejects the null
47
type 1 error
researcher rejects the null when the null is true the worst, gives false hope
48
type 2 error
researcher accepts a null when it is actually false a missed opportunity
49
statistical significance
unlikely to have been caused by chance P value: tells us probably of error occurring
50
parametric tests of significance
answers whether null is to be accepted or rejected most powerful, gives effect of intervention used with interval and ratio variable variable must be normally distributed pearson R
51
Pearson R
-1 to +1 (closer to 0=weaker the relationship) for parametric testing
52
nonparametric tests of significance
for nominal and ordinal data used when data is skewed assesses relationship, not effect
53
tests of difference
T-test: statistically tests mean difference between 2 groups. only used with parametric testing Degrees of freedom: tells us variation within a sample (n-1, total # of variables-1)
54
fisher vs chi square test
fisher- smaller samples, less than 6 in each cell chi square- look at difference in frequency btw big groups
55
confidence interval (CI)
if it crosses 0 or 1= NO significance also,95 or 99%+
56
tests of relationship
explore association or correlation between two or more variables
57
systematic reviews
pulling together a collection of studies
58
meta analysis
critical appraisal w/ statistical analysis level 1 goal: determine effect of IV on DV forest plot!
59
phase 1 of meta analysis
extract data
60
phase 2 of meta analysis
decision about appropriateness of calculating pooled average
61
effect size
estimate of how large a difference there is btw intervention and control groups
62
meta synthesis
integration of qualitative studies
63
generalizability
ability to apply results of study to other similar populations
64
epidemiology
study of the distribution of disease
65
prevalence
cases that exist in the population
66
incidence
new cases
67
risk ratio
cohort studies follows group over time to see who develops outcome (disease) tells us the risk of getting disease when exposed compared to those not exposed
68
risk ratio calculation
(subjects with exposure and disease/total exposed) over / (subjects with no exposure and disease/total not exposed) A/(A+B)over C/(C+D) RR=1 (no association) RR less than 1 (lower incidence in exposed group) RR=1+ (possible risk factor)
69
odds ratio
case control studies tells us the risk of having outcome when exposed
70
odds ratio calculation
(disease and exposed/disease and not exposed)= X (no disease and exposed/no disease and not exposed)= Y X/Y= odds ratio A/C=X B/D=Y answer is "blank times more likely that they were exposed and developed the disease"
71
quality improvement
uses data to monitor the outcomes of care processes and improvement methods to design and test changes to continuously improve the quality and safety of health care system CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT
72
benchmarks
goals that are set to determine at what level the outcome indicators should be met
73
PICO
Population Intervention Comparison Outcome
74
pyramid of evidence
1- meta analysis 2- randomized control trials 3- quasi experimental 4- nonexperimental 5- metasynthesis 6- qualitative 7- opinions by committees or organizations
75
process of EBP
Ask Acquire Appraise Apply Assess
76
informed consent
requires... Information Comprehension Voluntariness
77
qualitative study
words, feelings, descriptions goal is to understand (metasynthesis)
78
quantitative study
numbers tests an intervention
79
autonomy
respect for persons self determination
80
beneficence
to do good
81
justice
fair treatment
82
nonmaleficence
do no harm
83
fidelity
truthfulness

EBP (2 decks)

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