Exam 2

Question 1

When practicing multicultural humility, a psychologist is likely to attend to ________ - Chapter 5

a) biases
b) lenses
c) assumptions
d) all of these

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A psychologist is practicing active listening. Which of these is NOT observations you would expect to see in their responses and behavior?

a) The psychologist repeats what the client says word for word.
b) The psychologist reflects the affect expressed by the client.
c) The psychologist asks an open-ended question.
d) The psychologist guides the client to consider thoughts more deeply.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of these is an example of a clarifying question?

a) “It sounds like your breakup was challenging. Can you tell me what it was like for you?”
b) “What was your response?”
c) “First, you said that your partner broke up with you, but now you are saying that you broke up with them. Can you help me understand?
d) “Tell me more about that.”

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of these is NOT a goal of active listening?

a) The client will feel understood.
b) The client will be confronted about inconsistencies.
c) The client may have a chance to think about their feelings
d) The client will expound upon what they said.

Answer 4

B

Question 5

Facilitative questions are used to help clients clarify what they mean so the psychologist can better understand, and this may help clients to _________.

a) challenge inconsistencies or contradictions
b) begin the discussion of a new topic
c) guide the flow of the interview
d) achieve greater awareness of their own feelings

Answer 5

D

Question 6

Which of these is an example of an open-ended question?

a) “Are you in an intimate relationship?”
b) “Have you ever served in the military?”
c) “Can you tell me about your experiences in school?”
d) “Are you having any feelings of anxiety today?”

Answer 6

C

Question 7

A psychologist is conducting an interview to determine a school placement. It is important to be cognizant of the challenges that may arise and how the circumstances may impact the _____ of the interview data.

a) reliability
b) validity
c) insight
d) competence

Answer 7

B

Question 8

Rapport is not founded on ______.

a) mutual respect
b) power differential
c) confidence
d) trust

Answer 8

B

Question 9

Compared to structured interviews, unstructured interviews ________.

a) have less interviewer bias
b) have greater reliability and validity
c) are not well suited for building rapport
d) have a risk of interview bias

Answer 9

D

Question 10

Compared to structured interviews, unstructured interviews _______.

a) are less likely to have interviewer bias
b) have greater reliability and validity
c) are not well suited for building rapport
d) are more flexible

Answer 10

D

Question 11

Compared to unstructured interviews, structured interviews ________.

a) are less reliable and valid
b) are better for building rapport
c) have greater reliability and validity
d) have a risk of interview bias

Answer 11

C

Question 12

Which of these is true?

1. Clarifying questions are used by therapists to make sure they understand what the client is expressing.
2. A social history interview typically includes questions about a client’s family.
3. We often know someone is listening to us based on their assessments while we talk.

Answer 12

1 and 2

Question 13

Which of these is true?

1. The intake-admission interview typically includes questions about possible suicidal ideation.
2. Open-ended questions are used by therapists to challenge inconsistencies or contradictions.
3. Clarifying questions are used by therapists to give clients responsibility and latitude for responding; these types of questions require more than a yes or no answer.

Answer 13

1 ONLY

Question 14

Which of these is true?

1. Confronting questions are used by therapists to challenge inconsistencies or contradictions.
2. Open-ended questions are used by therapists to give clients responsibility and latitude for responding; these types of questions require more than a yes or no answer.
3. The intake-admission interview typically includes questions about the client’s possible pathological symptoms.

Answer 14

1 and 2

Question 15

A mental status examination is typically conducted to assess the presence of in-the-moment cognitive, emotional, or _____.

a) behavioral problems
b) delusional disorders
c) rapport problems
d) anxiety disorders

Answer 15

A

Question 16

A psychologist suspects a client meets criteria for major depressive disorder. In order to arrive at a reliable and valid diagnosis, it would be recommended that they regularly assess depressive symptoms using _____.

a) social history interview
b) structured interview
c) unstructured interview
d) intake-admission interview

Answer 16

B

Question 17

When using a(n) ________, there are several benefits, including removal of the subjective nature of the diagnostic interview process, increased reliability and validity, and increased accuracy of diagnosis.

a) unstructured interview
b) intake-admission interview
c) mental status examination
d) standardized scoring system

Answer 17

D

Question 18

When having a conversation with a friend, you want to convey that you not only heard what they said but you understand. You repeat back what your friend said in your own words. This is an example of __________.

a) mood and affect
b) multicultural humility
c) active listening
d) stimulus value

Answer 18

C

Question 19

A psychologist asks a client to describe their experiences in their family relationships. This is an example of a(n) ______.

a) facilitative question
b) confronting question
c) open-ended question
d) direct question

Answer 19

C

Question 20

During an interview, a psychologist asks the client about their family relationships, occupational history, and educational history. What type of interview is the psychologist conducting?

a) mental status examination
b) intake-admission interview
c) social history interview
d) diagnostic interview

Answer 20

C

Question 21

A psychologist observes the client’s speech, affect, and attention. The psychologist notices the client’s speech is quiet and slowed, and the client’s affect is restricted. The client appears to be paying attention to the discussion during the session. These are observations that they will document in the _________.

a) assessment report
b) mental status examination
c) diagnostic formulation
d) social history interview

Answer 21

B

Question 22

A client nods along as the psychologist speaks about the agenda for the session, but when an uncomfortable topic comes up, the client shifts in their seat and makes limited eye contact. The psychologist notices these subtle changes, which are examples of ____________.

a) verbal behaviors
b) stimulus value
c) silence
d) nonverbal behaviors

Answer 22

D

Question 23

A therapist’s behavior is likely to impact the client’s behavior and shape the context in which therapy occurs. This is known as ________.

a) standardization
b) stimulus value
c) rapport
d) active listening

Answer 23

B

Question 24

An awareness that no matter how insightful or sensitive we may think we are, psychologists must never fully stop learning about our own filters and continually challenge ourselves to question our own assumptions is known as ______.

a) rapport
b) nonverbal language
c) active listening
d) multicultural humility

Answer 24

D

Question 25

When trying to understand a client's symptoms, a psychologist should consider the _______ through a culturally based perspective. a) stimulus b) nonverbal behavior c) clinical diagnosis d) rapport

Answer 25

C

Question 26

Because clinicians may administer, score, and interpret the results of the Rorschach Inkblot Test differently, it is very difficult to establish the ______ of the test. - Chapter 6 a) face validity b) reliability c) standardization d) objectivity

Answer 26

B

Question 27

In projective tests, _____ refers to the use of open-ended test items that permit a nearly infinite range of responses. a) indirectness b) lack of standardization c) freedom of response d) qualitative response interpretation

Answer 27

C

Question 28

A personality trait is a(n) _______ way of perceiving the world and of ________. a) consistent; thinking b) stable; behaving c) ambiguous; emoting d) neurotic; analyzing

Answer 28

B

Question 29

Compared to projective tests, objective tests _______. a) require qualitative response interpretation b) are relatively easy to score and administer c) allow free form of responses d) usually have ambiguous test stimuli

Answer 29

B

Question 30

Compared to objective tests, projective tests ______. a) are relatively easy to score and administer b) tend to use a standard set of questions with fixed set of options c) are thought to bypass conscious awareness d) are more economical

Answer 30

C

Question 31

Which of these is not one of the PSY-5 Scales on the MMPI-3? a) agressiveness b) stress c) psychoticism d) disconstraint

Answer 31

B

Question 32

Which of these is true? 1. Content validation is an approach to test development that emphasizes the selection of items by members of different diagnostic groups, regardless of whether the items appear theoretically relevant to the diagnoses of interest. 2. Projective personality test use people's responses to ambiguous test stimuli to make judgments about their adjustment-maladjustment. 3. The projective hypothesis proposes that people unconsciously reveal critical aspects of their personalities when trying to make sense of ambiguous material.

Answer 32

2 and 3

Question 33

Which of these is true? 1. Projective personality tests consist of presenting the test taker with ambiguous stimuli and then assessing how the individual response to such stimuli. 2. Assessments such as the Rorschach or TAT are based on Freud's concept of projection, an ego defense mechanism in which people unconsciously assign their own negative impulses and traits onto other around them. 3. Location refers to the area of the Rorschach card to which the individual responded _____ the whole blot, a large detail, a small detail, white space, and so on.

Answer 33

1, 2, and 3

Question 34

Which of these are the facets of the conscientiousness dimension of the Five-Factor Personality Model? a) competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, self-discipline, deliberation b) warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, positive emotions c) fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values d) trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender-mindedness

Answer 34

A

Question 35

In the Five-Factor Model, the _______ dimension is made up of facets including trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, and tender-mindedness. a) conscientiousness b) agreeableness c) openness to experience d) extraversion

Answer 35

B

Question 36

The _____ proposes that test taker will unconsciously reveal critical aspects of their personality when trying to make sense of ambiguous material. a) projective hypothesis b) situational perspective c) factor analytic approach d) construct validity approach

Answer 36

A

Question 37

Using _____, it is not necessary to select test items in a rational, theoretical fashion. All that is required is to show scientific basis that members of a given diagnostic group respond to a given item in a similar way. a) empirical criterion keying b) qualitative response interpretation c) situational perspective d) the construct validity approach

Answer 37

A

Question 38

Using ______, emotions and behaviors are viewed as resulting from beliefs about circumstances and events. For example, fear would be seen as stemming from exaggerated estimates of danger. a) situational perspective b) the construct validity approach c) the five-factor model d) projective hypothesis

Answer 38

A

Question 39

Which of these is true? 1. Methods of content validation include carefully defining all relevant aspects of the construct, consultig experts, having judges assess the relevance of each potential item, and evaluating the psychometric properties of each potential item. 2. The Thematic Apperception Test is a projective personality assessment that uses the stories clients produce in response to a series of pictures to evaluate their personality characteristics. 3. Test bias occurs when different decisions or predictions are made for members of two groups, even when they obtain the same score on an instrument.

Answer 39

1,2, and 3

Question 40

Projective personality tests lack evidence in the areas of _____ and _____. a) content; construct validity b) reliability; validity c) item identification; factor analysis d) perception; cognition

Answer 40

B

Question 41

The _____ intends to reveal a person's basic personality characteristics through the interpretation of their imaginative productions in response to a series of pictures. a) Thematic Apperception Test b) Revised NEO Personality Inventory c) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory d) Five-Factor Model Test

Answer 41

A

Question 42

Methods of _____ include carefully defining all relevant aspects of the construct, consulting experts, having judges assess the relevance of each potential item, and evaluating the psychometric properties of each potential item. a) content validation b) standardization c) scoring d) interpretation

Answer 42

A

Question 43

A psychologist administers a test with the intention of making predictions about the sample. The test was validated with a sample of white, cis-gender, heterosexual individuals. Assume that you are administrating a test, and your sample is much more diverse and, on average, about 30 years old than the mean age of the validation sample. Using this test to make predictions may introduce ______. a) over inclusiveness b) ambiguity c) bias d) illusory correlation

Answer 43

C

Question 44

_______ tests use people's responses to _____ test stimuli to make judgements about their adjustment-maladjustment. a) projective personality; ambiguous b) projective personality; unambiguous c) objective personality; ambiguous d) objective personality; unambiguous

Answer 44

A

Question 45

After developing a scale to measure social support, you review each question with a team to determine if the item is ambiguous or confusing. This process is called ______. a) construct validation b) factor analysis c) content validation d) item analysis

Answer 45

D

Question 46

The stimuli for projective test are intentionally designed to be _______, meaning that they could be interpreted in a number of ways, allowing for variety in responses. a) objective b) biased c) ambiguous d) fixed

Answer 46

C

Question 47

Established about 80 yrs ago, the ______ was published by Hathaway and McKinley in 1943. Over the years, it has been revised and is still considered the preeminent objective personality test. a) Revised NEO Personality Inventory b) Rorschach Inkblot Test c) Thematic Apperception Test d) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Answer 47

D

Question 48

You are scoring and interpreting a Rorschach. You begin with the nature the object perceived in the inkblot, such as an animal. What determinant are you focused on? a) content b) perception c) location d) projection

Answer 48

A

Question 49

_______ for a scale is.are determined by demonstrating, through a series of studies, that those who achieve certain scores on the scale behave in non-test situations in a fashion that could be predicted from their scale score. a) Scoring instructions b) Construct validity c) Reliability d) Standardization

Answer 49

B

Question 50

When a person responds to the fact that they are being observed by changing their behavior, this phenomenon is called ______. - Chapter 7 a) sign b) reactivity c) target behavior d) event recording

Answer 50

B

Question 51

Researchers might ask participants to complete assessments on their phone via a mobile application about their mood or behavior. This is an example of _______. a) ecological validity b) controlled observation c) ecological momentary assessment d) functional analysis

Answer 51

C

Question 52

Because human beings have many internal experiences, like emotions, thoughts or physical sensations, it is important to complement behavioral observation with ______. a) controlled observation b) self-monitoring c) event recording d) behavioral approach tasks

Answer 52

B

Question 53

A school psychologist observes a child in their classroom to avoid manipulating in the environment, and they document the behavior as it occurs in the person's context. The school psychologist is conducting ______. a) interval coding b) event recording c) naturalistic observation d) controlled observation

Answer 53

C

Question 54

When a target behavior is lengthy or occurs less frequently, a psychologist might opt to conduct _______. a) event recording b) functional analysis c) interval coding d) self-monitoring

Answer 54

C

Question 55

When observing behavior, it is important to consider the _________. a) patient's culture b) psychologist's culture c) input of family, when needed, to interpret the behavioral assessment d) patient's and psychologist's culture and the input of family, when needed

Answer 55

D

Question 56

A patient repeatedly washes their hands to get rid of thoughts about contamination. From a learning theory perspective, the washing behavior is ______ by the reduction in distress that follows. a) negatively reinforced b) positively reinforced c) negatively punished d) positively punished

Answer 56

A

Question 57

Behavioral interviews can provide a wealth of information about the antecedents and consequences of a behavior. One drawback of such an approach is _____. a) it focuses too strongly on cognitions b) it incorporates self- monitoring, which is vulnerable to internal biases c) it focuses on just one target behavior at a time d) observing the client is vulnerable to the psychologist's biases

Answer 57

C

Question 58

When working with a young child, the _____ is usually conducted with the child's caregiver and/or teacher. a) functional assessment b) sample c) cognitive-behavioral assessment d) behavioral interview

Answer 58

D

Question 59

A child is refusing to attend school, so the school psychologist is consulted. The school psychologist is able to observe the child at home as the caregivers ready the child to leave for school. The psychologist is taking a(n) ______ approach to assessment. a) nomothetic b) cognitive-behavioral c) idiographic d) antecedent

Answer 59

C

Question 60

Remy is having difficulties finishing tasks at work. They notice that when they feel tired, they are less able to focus on their work, and then they fall behind and become distressed. Using functional analysis, what might a psychologist label the "tired" feeling that Remy describes? a) antecedent b) behavior c) consequence d) desired outcome

Answer 60

A

Question 61

A child is throwing tantrums before leaving for school in the morning. When the child throws a tantrum, the parents often drive the child to school, rather than the child taking the bus, which the child reportedly dislikes. From an assessment perspective, what might be observed? a) The child's behavior is being positively reinforced by not having to ride the bus b) The child's behavior is being punished by having to go to school c) The child's behavior is being negatively reinforced by not having ride the bus. d) The child's behavior is being positively punished by not having to ride the bus.

Answer 61

C

Question 62

Behavior assessment is based on _____ and _____ conditioning. a) learning; unconscious b) operant; classical c) relational; conscious d) personality; behavioral

Answer 62

B

Question 63

Compared to controlled observation, naturalistic observation _______. a) employs interval and event coding to ensure incremental validity b) cannot determine the precise causes of the behavior being observed c) includes behavioral approach tasks (BATs) to expose a patient to the feared object d) uses cognitive-behavioral assessment of thoughts and feelings

Answer 63

B

Question 64

Compared to controlled observation, naturalistic observation ______. a) includes assessments like the Saving Cognitions Inventory b) includes behavioral approach tasks (BATs) c) allows observers to systematically vary aspects of the situation to observe their effects on behavior d) maximizes ecological validity

Answer 64

D

Question 65

Which of these if true? 1. In naturalistic observation, there is no control over the environment, so there is no way to determine the precise causes of the behavior being observed. 2. Interval coding is a procedure in which the observer records whether the target behavior occurs within a specific period of time. 3. Clinicians can directly observe thoughts and feelings of their clients.

Answer 65

1 and 2

Question 66

Which of these is true? 1. In contrast to diagnostic assessment, in which the overall goal is to establish a personality type, the aim of self-monitoring is to observe a patient in their natural environment. 2. Behavioral approach tasks should provide a representative sample of the person's behavior, especially the behavior of interest. 3. Behavioral assessment, which works to understand a person's particular problem behavior in context, can be said to represent an idiographic approach to assessment, whereas diagnostic assessments a nomothetic approach in that it largely overlooks the role of contextual factors.

Answer 66

3 only

Question 67

_______ are used in clinical and research settings to get a realistic idea of the severity of a person's fear and avoidance behaviors when faced with their feared situation. a) antecedents b) functional analyses c) behavioral approach tasks d) clinical diagnoses

Answer 67

C

Question 68

In behavioral assessment, a _______ must be an active or observable response, as opposed to a passive or covert one. a) target behavior b) symptom c) disorder d) consequence

Answer 68

A

Question 69

________ is widely used in cognitive and behavioral therapies to help client track target behaviors and assess treatment outcome. a) Behavioral interviewing b) Functional analysis c) Intelligence assessment d) Self-monitoring

Answer 69

D

Question 70

In behavioral assessment, the goal is to gather behavioral _______ that are representative of the situations and behaviors of interest. a) samples b) symptoms c) antecedents d) consequences

Answer 70

A

Question 71

Observation methods provide the clinician with a sample of the ________. a) antecedents b) automatic thoughts c) clients intelligence d) problem behavior

Answer 71

D

Question 72

The ______ diagnostic approach emphasizes target behaviors and influences that apply to the general population, not to a specific individual. a) idiographic b) behavioral c) nomothetic d) operant

Answer 72

C

Question 73

_______ is typically accomplished through the use of electronic diaries or smartphones. a) Interval coding b) Controlled observation c) Behavioral interviewing d) Ecological momentary assessment

Answer 73

D

Question 74

A patient who is experiencing ______ might mistake shortness of breath for suffocation. a) obsessive-compulsive disorder b) posttraumatic stress disorder c) panic attacks d) generalized anxiety

Answer 74

C

Question 75

Examples of ______ that may impact intelligence test scores include test-taking setting, and whether the client got a good night's sleep, remembered to take their medication, or were under pressure from family to perform well. a) contextual factors b) componential intelligence c) nonverbal abilities d) psychosocial contributors

Answer 75

A

Question 76

IQ scores necessarily reflect the fact that some people have _____ than others to develop certain cognitive abilities. a) more consistency b) a different genetic makeup c) more diverse employment d) greater opportunities

Answer 76

D

Question 77

_________ involves correlations between two parts of the same test. a) Test-retest reliability b) Split-half reliability c) Internal consistency d) Interrater reliability

Answer 77

B

Question 78

The _____ index of the WISC-V is a measure of inductive and quantitative reasoning. a) working memory b) processing speed c) fluid reasoning d) visual spatial

Answer 78

C

Question 79

______ is a subtest from the WAIS-IV wherein the questions tap knowledge that one would be expected to have acquired as a result of everyday living and cultural interactions. a) Picture Completion b) Similarities c) Comprehension d) Information

Answer 79

D

Question 80

As a result of civil rights suit (Larry P. v. Wilson Riles), the California Board of Education 1975 suspended the use of intelligence tests to assess disabilities in Black Americans. The California Board of Education in 1975 held that IQ testing is biased against _____ children and tend to unjustly place them in stigmatizing programs for cognitively impaired individuals. a) Latinx American b) female c) Black American d) European American

Answer 80

C

Question 81

The overall goal of intelligence testing is to compare the performance of the person being tested, the person's ______, with the performance of a representative sample of others at the same ______ ---- the standardization sample. a) fluid ability; crystallized ability b) mental age; chronological age c) verbal intelligence; nonverbal intelligence d) ratio IQ; deviation IQ

Answer 81

B

Question 82

Heritability of intelligence does not appear to be ______ across the lifespan. a) stable b) changeable c) environmentally influenced d) instable

Answer 82

A

Question 83

______ is a research specialty in which both genetic and environmental influences on a particular behavior are evaluated. a) Psychometrics b) Behavioral genetics c) General intelligence factor d) Neurobehavior

Answer 83

B

Question 84

Most studies find few if any significant differences between ____ and ____ in overall IQ scores. a) youth; adults b) males; females c) European Americans; Latinx Americans d) Black Americans; European Americans

Answer 84

B

Question 85

According to Strenze (2007( the correlation between IQ scores and grades is about ______. a) .80 b) .72 c) .56 d) .41

Answer 85

C

Question 86

Approximately ______ of the population have an IQ between 85 and 115. a) one-fourth b) one-half three-fourths d) two-thirds

Answer 86

D

Question 87

Stern developed the concept of the intelligence quotient to be able to express intelligence as a ratio of a person's _______ relative to their ______. a) ratio IQ; deviation IQ b) verbal intelligence; nonverbal intelligence c) mental age; chronological age d) fluid ability; crystallized ability

Answer 87

C

Question 88

Sternberg's intelligence deemphasizes ______ and _____ of performance and instead focuses on planning responses and monitoring them. a) memory; speed b) verbal; precision c) nonverbal; processing d) speed; accuracy

Answer 88

D

Question 89

Gardner has described a family of eight intelligences. Which of these is NOT one of the eight intelligences? a) musical b) spatial c) crystallized d) interpersonal

Answer 89

C

Question 90

Writing a paper, receiving a good grade in school, or solving a problem are examples of _________. a) fluid ability b) naturalistic intelligence c) crystallized ability d) linguistic intelligence

Answer 90

C

Question 91

Thurstone (1938) proposed that intelligence was comprised of seven primary mental abilities that work together in combination. Which of these is NOT one of seven primary mental abilities? a) memory b) processing speed c) spatial visualization d) numerical facility

Answer 91

B

Question 92

Which of these if TRUE? 1. Score index is the extent to which items on the scale correlate with one another. 2. The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence is a developmentally appropriate version of many of the same sub-scales used in the WISC, but also includes several sub-scales designed specifically for younger children. 3. The full-scale abstract thinking IQ score on the WISC-V is derived from 7 of the 10 primary subtests: both Verbal Comprehension subtests, one Visual Spatial subtest, two Fluid Reasoning subtests, one Working Memory subset, and one Processing Speed subtest.

Answer 92

2 only

Question 93

_______ thought that having more or less general intelligence factor (g) determined one's overall level of intelligence. a) Sternberg b) Thurstone c) Gardner d) Spearman

Answer 93

D

Question 94

The ____ general cognitive ability of the Stanford-Binet Fifth Edition refers to the ability to process and hold both verbal and nonverbal information and then interpret it. a) visual-spatial processing b) working memory c) fluid reasoning d) quantitative reasoning

Answer 94

B

Question 95

IQ scores outperform predictors of job performance, including: a) biographical data b) referenece checks c) education d) all of these

Answer 95

D

Question 96

Definitions of intelligence emphasize: a) ability to learn b) ability to think abstractly c) ability to adapt to the environment d) all of these

Answer 96

D

Question 97

Cattell (1965) partitioned Spearman's g into two components: _________, nonverbal culture-free mental skills, and ______, skills and knowledge acquired through interactions specific to one's culture and indicated by intellectual achievements. a) perceptual reasoning; processing speed b) working memory; verbal comprehension c) fluid ability; crystallized ability d) spatial; interpersonal

Answer 97

C

Question 98

Wechsler introduced _____ to address problems observed when applying ratio IQ to older individuals. a) index scores b) fluid ability c) deviation IQ d) general intellectual level

Answer 98

C

Question 99

Who invented the first intelligence test in 1905? a) Spearman b) Thurstone c) Binet d) Cattell

Answer 99

C