Exam 4: Chapter 13 - 16

Question 1

Compared to other general therapeutic approaches, dialectical behavior therapy is ______ effective in terms of depression and suicidal behavior.

a) much more
b) slightly more
c) slightly less
d) much less

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The literature to support acceptance and commitment therapy is overall _____ than the literature to support cognitive-behavioral therapy.

a) more rigorous
b) less often published
c) less rigorous
d) more often published

Answer 2

C

Question 3

An important way to diminish the power dynamic in dialectical behavior therapy is to combine _____ and _____.

a) emotion mind; rational mind
b) validation; change
c) behavioral change; experiential avoidance
d) mindfulness; validation

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The developers of acceptance and commitment therapy have argued that the focus on _____ helps it to overcome the multicultural issues inherent in other psychological treatments.

a) mindfulness
b) values
c) acceptance
d) committed action

Answer 4

B

Question 5

Raj feels anger with a friend after overhearing them make a comment behind his back. If using the skill of _____ from dialectical behavior therapy, Raj might respond with patience and care rather than acting on anger.

a) S.T.O.P
b) improving the moment
c) opposite action
d) G.I.V.E

Answer 5

C

Question 6

An exercise in dialectical behavior therapy that requires clients to engage the S.T.O.P skill —- Stop and do nothing; Take a step back and a deep breath; Observe what is happening; and Proceed using mindfulness and acceptance—- is an example of a skill from the ______ module.

a) distress tolerance
b) emotion regulation
c) interpersonal effectiveness
d) mindfulness

Answer 6

A

Question 7

A therapist helps a client to see their difficult thoughts as “passengers” on a bus, where the client can fight with them, ignore them, or listen to them as mere suggestions. This metaphor conveys the core process of _______.

a) observing self
b) mindfulness
c) defusion
d) distress tolerance

Answer 7

C

Question 8

A client is trying to quit smoking, and they notice that whenever they have a craving to smoke, they try to distract themselves to avoid thinking about the craving. What might you share with them about the consequences of experiential avoidance?

a) Distraction is a sustainable strategy in the short- and long-term
b) Distraction does not work in the short- and long-term, and the client should never do it
c) Distraction works in the short-term by providing relief, but does not work in the long-term as the craving will come back (and usually stronger)
d) distraction will worsen the craving in the short-term, but in the long-term, the craving will likely go away

Answer 8

C

Question 9

Compared to “third-wave” treatments (acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behavior therapy), cognitive- behavioral treatments:

a) shift the emphasis away from trying to reduce unwanted thoughts and emotions
b) have a goal of helping clients show up to the present moment, stepping toward what matters in life, and accepting themselves
c) are aimed at changing reinforcement contingencies, conditioned responses, and thinking patterns
d) include the concepts of mindfulness, acceptance, and dialectics

Answer 9

C

Question 10

Compared ot cognitive-behavioral treatments, “third-wave” treatments (acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behavior therapy):

a) have a goal of helping clients show up to the present moment, stepping toward what matters in life, and accepting themselves
b) are aimed at changing reinforcement contingencies, conditioned responses, and thinking patterns
c) have a goal of eliminating or reducing unwanted unpleasant emotional responses
d) assume that psychological problems arise from certain learning histories and maladaptive cognitions

Answer 10

A

Question 11

Which of these is true?

1. In dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), the rational mind is ruled by facts, reason, and pragmatics.
2. The dialectical aspect of DBT captures the treatment’s core philosophy that seemingly conflicting ideas can be true at the same time.
3. Opposite action involves behaving contrary to the urge provoked by a strong emotion.

Answer 11

1,2, and 3

Question 12

Which of these is true?

1. A concept opposite to psychological flexibility is mindfulness, which is considered a maintaining factor in psychological distress and dysfunction.
2. In dialectical behavior therapy, psychological interventions refer to a set of strategies clients are taught to help promote distress tolerance when in a crisis situation.
3. The ability to be in the present moment. engage in activities that are personally important, and live a meaningful life despite the fact that difficult experiences will occur is a concept known as psychological flexibility.

Answer 12

3 only

Question 13

Which of these is true?

1. Experiential avoidance may be a perfectly good strategy for managing emotions every now and then, but when it becomes habitual. rigid, and automatic, it tends to cause even more distress and impairment in peoples’ lives.
2. When clients connect with their beliefs, they are able to move their life in meaningful directions, even in the face of difficult or painful private experiences.
3. When clients are in a state of cognitive fusion, their thoughts and feelings seem like literal rules that must be obeyed or threats that must be dealt with.

Answer 13

1 and 3

Question 14

_______ operates within a framework of methods, which focuses on the client’s ability to view issues from multiple perspectives and arrive at a resolution of contradictory information and positions.

a) Dialectical behavior therapy
b) Relational frame theory
c) Biosocial theory of personality functioning
d) Acceptance and commitment therapy

Answer 14

A

Question 15

_____ is a skill involving consideration of what is occurring without evaluating the experience, but by simply noticing it.

a) Dialectical thinking
b) Emotion regulation
c) Acceptance
d) Mindfulness

Answer 15

D

Question 16

_____ techniques encourage a willingness to have universal experience whenever and wherever they show up without struggling with them, running from them, or giving them too much attention.

a) Awareness
b) Acceptance
c) Dialectical thinking
d) Opposite action

Answer 16

B

Question 17

The first step in acceptance and commitment therapy is to help clients ______.

a) to develop mindful awareness of their surroundings
b) to identify irrational or illogical thoughts
c) to develop skills to communicate more effectively within interpersonal relationships
d) understand that experiential avoidance is the problem rather than the solution

Answer 17

D

Question 18

______ helps clients think about what really matters to them and then take action to enrich their lives based on their personal values.

a) Dialectical behavior therapy
b) Relational frame theory
c) Acceptance and commitment therapy
d) Cognitive and behavioral treatment

Answer 18

C

Question 19

If a client is feeling sad and wants to withdraw, they might try walking tall, maintaining eye contact, and getting out and doing activities to stay busy. This is an example of ______.

a) distress tolerance
b) opposite action
c) the G.I.V.E skill
d) self-soothing

Answer 19

B

Question 20

You have been conducting dialectical behavior therapy with a client for several months, and they present to a session having recently lost an important relationship. The client is expressing anguish that they rate as a 10 out of 10. In this situation, _______ skills are most likely to be helpful.

a) mindfulness
b) interpersonal effectiveness
c) emotion regulation
d) distress tolerance

Answer 20

D

Question 21

A friend begins a skills group where they learn how to remain in control of their behaviors while also being sensitive to emotions. This demonstrates the skill of ______ in ______ therapy.

a) acceptance; relational frame
b) wise mind; dialectical behavior
c) committed action; acceptance and commitment
d) noticing thoughts; cognitive-behavioral

Answer 21

B

Question 22

A colleague participates in an acceptance and commitment therapy workshop, where they learn to help clients to estimate the distance between their current behavior and their values using a ______ metaphor.

a) Bull’s Eye
b) Passengers on a Bus
c) Chessboard
d) Stop Sign

Answer 22

A

Question 23

The ____ aspect of dialectical behavior therapy captures the treatment’s core philosophy that seemingly _____ ideas can be true at the same time.

a) dialectical; conflicting
b) mindfulness; conflicting
c) dialectical; complex
d) mindfulness; complex

Answer 23

A

Question 24

_____ is a theory of language that proposes that human cognition and communication are founded in people’s capacity for identifying and creating links between stimuli.

a) Relational frame theory
b) Dialectical thinking theory
c) Acceptance and commitment theory
d) Emotion efficacy therapy

Answer 24

A

Question 25

_____ is the ability to be in the moment and engage in meaningful activities even when difficult thoughts and feelings "show up" inside. a) Awareness b) Emotion regulation c) Psychological flexibility d) Dialectical thinking

Answer 25

C

Question 26

______ is the defense mechanism that occurs when an unconscious impulse is consciously express by its behavioral opposite. a) repression b) regression c) reaction formation d) fixation

Answer 26

C

Question 27

Freud was interested in treating ________, a psychological condition marked by paralysis, blindness, and deafness. a) depression b) anxiety c) hysteria d) psychosis

Answer 27

C

Question 28

The fulfillment of one's talents and potential is referred to as ______, and this is a core tenant of ______. a) unconditional positive regard; Freudian psychoanalytic theory b) congruence; phenomenological theory c) empathy; Freudian psychoanalytic theory d) self-actualization; phenomenological theory

Answer 28

D

Question 29

Dream analysis consists of two levels: _______, the actual description of the dream, and ______, what it is thought to symbolize. a) transference; countertransference b) manifest content; latent content c) latent content; manifest content d) countertransference; transference

Answer 29

B

Question 30

These are two sets of instincts in psychoanalytic theory including ______ and _______. a) ego; superego b) id; reality c) life; death d) pleasure; latency

Answer 30

C

Question 31

Which of these is NOT a key feature of psychodynamic psychotherapy? a) encourages clients to focus on affect and the expression of emotion b) identifies and focuses on recurring themes and patterns in clients' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors c) encourages clients to explore fantasy life (e.g.m uncensored thoughts, feelings, dreams) d) gives clients the space to further clarify their personal values

Answer 31

D

Question 32

Which of these is the final stage in Freud's psychosexual stages? a) genital stage b) latency c) anal stage d) oral stage

Answer 32

A

Question 33

Which of these stages occurs DIRECTLY AFTER the phallic stage in Freud's psychosexual stages? a) anal stage b) genital stage c) latency d) oral

Answer 33

C

Question 34

Compared to psychodynamic psychotherapy, interpersonal psychotherapy a) is largely derived from Freud's anecdotal experiences. b) encourages clients to explore fantasy life (e.g., uncensored thoughts, feeling, dreams) c) is as effective as cognitive therapy in reducing depressive episodes and suicidal ideation. d) is not based on any degree of scientific study

Answer 34

C

Question 35

Compared to interpersonal psychotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy a) has been successfully applied primarily for clients with depression b) involves a more focused, time-limited treatment c) is not based on any degree of scientific study d) targets major problem areas such as grief, role transitions, and communication or social skills deficits.

Answer 35

C

Question 36

Which of these is true? 1. The ego uses perception, learning, planning, and so forth to satisfy the needs of the organism while at the same time preserving its place in the world. 2. Death instincts are the innate drives that are responsible for all of the positive or constructive aspects of behavior. 2. The ego operates according to the reality principle.

Answer 36

1 and 3

Question 37

Which of these is true? 1. Transference is a key phenomenon in psychoanalytic therapy in which the client reacts to the therapist as if the therapist represented an important figure from the client's personal life. 2. The superego is the component of the personality that represents the ideals and values of society as they are conveyed to the child through the words and deeds of their parents. 3. The anal stage is the psychosexual stage that extends from about 6 months to 3 years of age, during which the child focuses on urination and defecation as a means of satisfaction.

Answer 37

1,2, and 3

Question 38

Which of these is true? 1. Projection is said to occur when an unconscious impulse is consciously expressed by its behavioral opposite. 2. The role of the ego is to mediate the demands of the id, the superego, and the real world to provide satisfaction while also preventing it from being destroyed by the real world. 3. The genital stage describes the phase in which a child feels sexual attraction for the parent of the opposite sex and feelings of hostility toward the parent of the same sex.

Answer 38

2 only

Question 39

Which of these is true? 1. Projection is the defense mechanism that occurs when a person attributes their unconscious feelings to someone else. 2. The eros operates according to the pleasure principle. 3. COngruence refers to the honest expression by the therapist of the behaviors, feelings, and attitudes that have been stimulated by the client.

Answer 39

1 and 3

Question 40

Which of these occurs during stage seven of Client-Centered Therapy? a) free expression of feelings and acceptance of them; previously denied feelings, although free some, are clearly in awareness; recognition of conflicts between intellect and emotions; acceptance of personal responsibility for problems; a desire to be what one is. b) free description of personal feelings as owned by the self; recognition that long-denied feelings may break into the present; loosening of personal constructs; some expression of self-responsibility; begins to risk relating to others on a feeling basis. c) acceptance of feelings without the need for denial; a vivid, releasing sense of experience; willingness to risk being oneself in relationship with others; trusts others to be accepting. d) client is now comfortable with experiencing the self; experiences new feelings; little incongrunence; ability to check validity of experience.

Answer 40

D

Question 41

Which of these occurs during stage four of Client-Centered Therapy? a) free description of personal feelings as owned by the self; recognition that long-denied feelings may break into the present; loosening of personal constructs; some expression of self-responsibility; begins to risk relating to others on a feeling basis. b) client is now comfortable with experiencing the self; experiences new feelings; little incongrunence; ability to check validity of experience. c) acceptance of feelings without the need for denial; a vivid, releasing sense of experience; willingness to risk being oneself in relationship with others; trusts others to be accepting. d) description of past feelings as unacceptable; freer flow of expressions of self; begins to question validity of own constructs; recognition that problems are inside rather than outside the individual

Answer 41

A

Question 42

Which of these occurs during stage three of Client-Centered Therapy? a) free expression of feelings and acceptance of them; previously denied feelings, although free some, are clearly in awareness; recognition of conflicts between intellect and emotions; acceptance of personal responsibility for problems; a desire to be what one is. b) description of past feelings as unacceptable; freer flow of expressions of self; begins to question validity of own constructs; recognition that problems are inside rather than outside the individual c) free description of personal feelings as owned by the self; recognition that long-denied feelings may break into the present; loosening of personal constructs; some expression of self-responsibility; begins to risk relating to others on a feeling basis. d) acceptance of feelings without the need for denial; a vivid, releasing sense of experience; willingness to risk being oneself in relationship with others; trusts others to be accepting.

Answer 42

B

Question 43

In Freud's stages of psychosexual development, the _____ is followed by the anal stage. a) oral stage b) phallic stage c) genital stage d) latency

Answer 43

B

Question 44

Freud believed that ___ operates according to the reality principle, deferring the gratification of instinctual urges until a suitable object and mode are discovered. a) the ego b) the eros c) the unconscious d) the id

Answer 44

A

Question 45

A therapist shares with a client how they genuinely feel about a comment that the client made during the session. This is an example of _____. a) congruence b) phenomenal self c) client-centered therapy d) self-actualization

Answer 45

A

Question 46

The ______ principle is the rule of conduct by which one seeks enjoyment and avoids pain. a) reality b) pleasure c) ego d) Oedipus

Answer 46

B

Question 47

The deep, inaccessible portion of the personality is referred to as the ______. a) superego b) ego c) id d) eros

Answer 47

C

Question 48

______ are used by client-centered therapists to show that they understand clients' thoughts and feelings and give clients the space to further clarify their own thoughts and feelings a) Clinical formulations b) Cognitive-behavioral treatments c) Psychologocial interventions d) Reflection statements

Answer 48

D

Question 49

From a psychoanalytic perspective, if a client is having difficulty talking about a topic, the clinician would likely interpret this as ____. a) repression b) transference c) resistance d) regression

Answer 49

C

Question 50

Clients raised in societies that value collectivism and individualism may not identify with the Western traditions inherent in ____ and the emphasis on sharing thoughts and feelings in ______, and thus not respond to these forms of treatment. a) growth potential; dream analysis b) psychodynamic concepts; client-centered therapy c) client-centered therapy; psychodynamic therapy d) interpersonal psychotherapy; free association

Answer 50

B

Question 51

When working with a couple whose cultural norms may be different from one another, which of these is NOT important to consider? a) basis for mate selection b) beliefs about sex c) responsibilities of each spouse d) responsiveness to restructuring intervention

Answer 51

D

Question 52

As part of an internship, you are able to lead a support group for patient with a new medical diagnosis. You are struck by the group members' comments about the main benefit of the group, stating that they realize that they are not alone in their experience of the new diagnosis. What phenomenon are you observing? a) instilling hope b) altruism c) universality d) catharsis

Answer 52

C

Question 53

Is using a group therapy approach where the early lessons are expected to build a foundation for later lessons, it is likely preferable to have a(n) _______ group. a) open b) closed c) nondirective d) directive

Answer 53

B

Question 54

The Unified Protocol emphasizes skills in _______, _______, and _______. a) psychodrama; communication; interpersonal assertiveness b) reenactment; consolidation; catharsis c) emotional awareness; acceptance of strong emotions; exposure d) altruism; universality; instilling hope

Answer 54

C

Question 55

A friend is shadowing a psychologist who leads a group, and they observe that the group leader often teaches coping skills, asks the group members to practice the skills outside of session, and plays a more didactic role. What type of group is your friend observing? a) nondirective group b) directive group c) Gestalt group d) interpersonal group psychotherapy

Answer 55

B

Question 56

Compared to nondirective groups, directive groups ______. a) are oriented toward the experience of the individual client b) are more likely to include clients with different types of presenting complaints c) are usually not time limited d) require therapists to play an active, almost didactic role

Answer 56

D

Question 57

Compared to directive groups, nondirective groups are ______. a) comprised of clients with similar problems b) usually time limited c) generally based on behavioral and cognitive-behavioral interventions d) less structured or "classroom-like"

Answer 57

D

Question 58

Compared to cognitive-behavioral couples therapy, emotion-focused couples therapy: a) relies on principles from social learning theories b) is focused on helping couples build new emotional experiences to foster attachment security. c) has a goal of improving how partners share thoughts and feeling with one another. d) has a goal of identifying and modify partners' unrealistic expectations regarding emotional expression.

Answer 58

B

Question 59

Compared to cognitive-behavioral couples therapy, emotion-focused couples therapy _______. a) includes the stages of de-escalation, restructuring, and consolidation b) relies on principles from social learning theories c) has a goal of building a teamwork approach to making decisions and solving problems d) has a goal of improving how partners share thoughts and feelings with one another

Answer 59

A

Question 60

Compared to emotion-focused couples therapy, cognitive-behavioral couples therapy ______. a) includes the stages of de-escalation, restructuring, and consolidation b) is based on the idea that partners signal distress to one another in ways that paradoxically keep their partner at a distance c) relies on principles from social learning theories d) is a short-term intervention used to improve attachment and bonding among couples

Answer 60

C

Question 61

Compared to nondirective groups, directive groups ______. a) are more likely to include clients with different types of presenting complaints b) tend to be grounded in gestalt principles c) are usually time limited d) are less structured or "classroom-like"

Answer 61

C

Question 62

Which of these is true? 1. Group members must be cautioned that despite the aforementioned insistence on privacy, it is simply not possible to guarantee confidentiality. 2. Doing treatment in groups allows for opportunities to practice social skills so group treatment is arguably the intervention of choice for clients with social anxiety. 3. Psychodrama is a psychodynamic group therapy technique in which clients act out events from their past as if performing in a play.

Answer 62

1, 2, and 3

Question 63

Which of these is true? 1. Enactment session help parnter explore and express deeper emotions and become more aware of each other's feelings, thus increasing empathy. 2. Cognitive-behavioral couples therapy teaches distressed couples effective ways to share difficult thoughts and emotions with, and listen effectively to, one another. 3. Conjoint couples therapy relies on principles from social learning theories and focuses on partners' cognitions, behaviors, and emotional responses to help them improve how they communicate and solve problems.

Answer 63

1 and 2

Question 64

Which of these is true? 1. Jackson and Weakland called attention to a phenomenon know as the double bind in which parents repeatedly place their child in a "no-win" situation. 2. General systems theory views behavioral and psychological problems and disorders as stemming from failures in communication among family members and conceptualizes the family as constantly striving to maintain a homeostatis. 3. In concurrent family therapy, the overall goals are the same as those of behavioral family therapy, yet the therapist works with each family member individually rather than as a group.

Answer 64

1 and 2

Question 65

During the _____ stage of ______ therapy, the partners share their emotions and show acceptance and compassion for each other. a) consolidation; emotion-focused couples b) restructuring; cognitive-behavioral c) consolidation; cognitive-behavioral d) restructuring; emotion-focused couples

Answer 65

D

Question 66

The _____ stage of ______ therapy involves learning and practicing new communication strategies. a) de-escalation; emotion-focused couples b) consolidation; emotion-focused couples c) restructuring; cognitive-behavioral d) consolidation; cognitive-behavioral

Answer 66

B

Question 67

The ____ stage of _____ therapy couples see how they have been able to change and how new interaction patterns can prevent conflict. a) consolidation; emotion-focused couples b) restructuring; cognitive-behavioral c) de-escalation; emotion-focused couples d) consolidation; cognitive-behavioral

Answer 67

A

Question 68

An intervention of ______ therapy might involve group members being introduced to a conceptual model of social anxiety that incorporates cognitive, behavioral, and physiological components. Next, group members receive social training, and practice exposure to feared social situations. a) cognitive-behavioral group b) conjoin family c) Gestalt d) multisystemic

Answer 68

A

Question 69

______ groups admit new members at any point if someone wants to join or to replace someone who decides to leave the group. a) Open b) Directive c) Nondirective d) Closed

Answer 69

A

Question 70

_____ therapy teaches distressed couples effective ways to share difficult thoughts and emotions with, and listen effectively to, one another. a) emotion-focused couples b) conjoint family c) cognitive-behavioral couples d) dialectical behavior

Answer 70

C

Question 71

Theodore Lidz and his research team emphasized the role of _______ in the etiology of ________. a) genetics; obsessive-compulsive disorder b) family; obsessive-compulsive disorder c) family; schizophrenia d) genetics; schizophrenia

Answer 71

C

Question 72

_______ is focused on recognizing problematic interaction patterns that lead to conflict, identifying negative emotions related to attachment problems, and then help couples better see how fears and insecurities hinder their relationship. a) de-escalation b) restructuring c) consolidation d) confidentiality

Answer 72

A

Question 73

_____ sessions help partners explore and express deeper emotions and become more aware of each other's feelings, thus increasing empathy. a) enactment b) directive c) disruptive d) pshychodrama

Answer 73

A

Question 74

________ therapy is a form of family therapy originally developed to treat juvenile offenders and their families. It focuses on the family's role in the offender's problems. a) behavioral b) multisystemic c) Gestalt d) collaborative

Answer 74

B

Question 75

________ family therapy involves teaching family members to self-monitor problematic behaviors and patterns of thinking, to develop new skills, and to challenge interpretations of family events and reframe these interpretations. a) concurrent b) cognitive-behavioral c) collaborative d) behavioral

Answer 75

B

Question 76

______ is a model of health behavior positing that behavior is a function of both threat appraisal and coping appraisal. a) relapse prevention b) motivational interviewing c) protection motivation theory d) health disparity

Answer 76

C

Question 77

The field of study that examines how stress interacts with body systems and shapes human behavior is ______. a) biopsychosociology b) psychoneuroimmunology c) psychosomatic medicine d) motivational interviewing

Answer 77

B

Question 78

AS part of informed consent, health psychologists must explain to their patients that _______. a) the medical record is completely private, such that other providers do not have access b) treatment is contingent upon compliance with medical recommendations c) notes will be written using vague or subjective comments d) the team will likely discuss any psychological evaluation and treatment

Answer 78

D

Question 79

Increasing compliance with medical recommendations might include: a) using prompts as reminders b) tailoring the treatment regimen to the patient's schedule and lifestyle c) using written contracts that promise a reward for complying with treatment guidelines d) all of these

Answer 79

D

Question 80

You are seeing a client who has been given new medical instrucitons. Which of these would you anticipate will predict decreased compliance? a) client's perception the illness is severe b) confidence in the provider c) needing increased medication doses d) illness is interfering with the client's physical appearance.

Answer 80

C

Question 81

_____ is an area of the field where psychologists collaborate with medical staff to deliver mental health care to medical patients. a) Bariatric pshychology b) Psycho-oncology c) Consultation/liaison psychology d) Neurology

Answer 81

C

Question 82

Traditional medical and dietary treatments for obesity have _____, as individuals may lose weight and _______. a) not been tested; maintain weight loss b) not been very effective; quickly regain it c) been proven effective; remain at a healthy body weight d) not been tested; regain it

Answer 82

B

Question 83

Relapse rates from intervention to help people stop smoking are high, ranging between _____ and ______. a) 40%; 50% b) 70%; 80% c) 50%; 60% d) 90%; 95%

Answer 83

B

Question 84

You are working with a patient who is experience chronic pain. You help your client to change their relationship with their thoughts, such as "I can't stand this pain," using _______ techniques. a) values-based b) mindfulness c) defusion d) committed action

Answer 84

C

Question 85

Which of these is NOT a reason for health disparities? a) longer wait times for treatment b) stress due to discrimination and racism c) more resources for mitigating behavioral risk factors d) poorer access to high-quality care

Answer 85

C

Question 86

_____ and _______ support associated with interpersonal ties protects against illness and disease by shielding people from prolonged effects of stress and increasing the probability that they will engage in healthy behavior patterns. a) Financial; psychological b) Tangible; emotional c) Instrumental; informational d) Cognitive; instrumental

Answer 86

B

Question 87

A nationwide survey by Stafford & Fingerhut (2020) indicated that Black Americans are nearly ______ times as likely to personally know someone who has died from COVID-19 than white Americans. a) five b) six c) three d) ten

Answer 87

C

Question 88

Alarming health disparities were observed in COVID-19-related deaths in Milwaukee and Chicago, where Black American are about ______ of the population, but represented over _______ COVID-19-related deaths. a) one-quarter; 50% b) one-third; 70% c) one-half; 75% d) one-quarter; 60%

Answer 88

B

Question 89

When experiencing stress, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the production and release of: a) epinephrine b) norepinephrine c) cortisol d) all of these

Answer 89

D

Question 90

Compared to cognitive-behavioral therapy, biofeedback: a) emphasizes the role of thinking in the development and maintenance of health-related problems b) is indicated in some studies to operate largely as a placebo c) may include rational emotive therapy d) aims to modify maladaptive and dysfunctional cognitions and perceptions

Answer 90

B

Question 91

Which of these is true? 1. Research shows that the reasons for smoking include short-term mood relief, social pressure, rebelliousness, and the addictive nature of nicotine. 2. The heart of motivational interviewing involves promoting and reinforcing change talk, which is the client's own arguments for wanting things to be different. 3. Motivational interviewing is a technique for strengthening one's commitment to a particular goal that they are hesitant to pursue, such as reducing alcohol use.

Answer 91

1, 2, and 3

Question 92

Which of these is true? 1. Chohn's disease is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, the two leading causes of death in the United States. 2. The rising rate of cigarette smoking appears to be a function of changes in eating habits and activity levels rather than the gene pool. 3. Only 36% of people maintain abstinence after alcohol abuse treatment, and even fewer at follow-up.

Answer 92

3 only

Question 93

Which of these is true? 1. Individual interventions can involve changes in public health policy. 2. Community interventions are designed to modify the environment to support healthy behaviors, such as free screening for high blood pressure at the local mall. 3. National interventions typically consist of drug therapy, surgery, or the use of a device.

Answer 93

2 only

Question 94

Increasing taxes on alcoholic beverages in an effort to reduce alcohol consumption is an example of a(n) _______. a) individual intervention b) medical intervention c) national intervention d) community intervention

Answer 94

C

Question 95

The _____ nervous system is the portion of the nervous system that is responsible for mobilizing body resources in urgent situations. a) immunological b) sympathetic c) physiological d) inflammatory

Answer 95

B

Question 96

Overproduction of ________ can lead to chronic inflammation. a) cytokines b) norepinephrine c) adrenaline d) epinephrine

Answer 96

A

Question 97

During COVID-19 pandemic, many adults reported greater problems with ______. a) sleeping b) eating c) increased alcohol consumption and substance use d) all of these

Answer 97

D

Question 98

_______ and relaxation are often included in the same treatment package, which is why the effects of each treatment are hard to differentiate. a) Psychopharmacology b) Biofeedback c) Telehealth d) Social support

Answer 98

B