Exam 2 Flashcards
(24 cards)
what does a ventrodorsal open mouth view of the skull target
nasal cavity and maxilla
what does a rostrocaudal view of the skull target
frontal sinuses
what does a rostrocaudal open mouth view target
tympanic bulla
canine and feline spine numbers
7 cerv, 13 t, 7 l, 3 s, variable caudal
best views for cardiac evaluation (opposite of lungs)
DV and right lateral
velocity of sound through average ST
1540
U/S power vs gain
power is how much sound put in (resolution) where gain is a multiplier (contrast)
three normal types of US probes
phased array (cardiac), curvilinear and linear
how does frequency relate to resolution
higher frequency is better resolution but decreased penetration (8 MHz = 8 cm)
side lobe artifact
sound outside the patient gets picked up by the ultrasound receiver, can be interpreted as inside the patient
3 causes of a cranioventral lung pattern
pneumonia, hemorrhage, and neoplasia
2 causes of caudodorsal lung pattern
cardiogenic pulmonary edema or non cardiogenic pulmonary edema (DIC, electrocution, vasculitis)
what can cause diffuse decreased opacity in the lungs
hypovascular causes
what are the causes of a reverse D sign
severe pulmonic stenosis in a young dog and heartworms in an old dog
what does a large artery mean?
pulmonary hypertension
what does a large vein mean?
left sided heart failure
what causes both the artery and vein to be large?
over circulation (PDA or fluid overload)
how big does a lung met have to be to be seen?
5mm
bernoulli equation
p = 4 v^2
three roentgen signs of pleural fluid
lungs small and retracted from body wall, ST opacity between lungs abd dorsal to sternum
what does a “tenting” of the diaphragm indicate
tension pneumo
sign of tracheobronchial lymph node enlargement
bowlegged bronchioles
signs of heart base mass
displaces trachea dorsally AND laterally
