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Sensation and Perception > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Attention

A

Process of focusing on some objects while ignoring others

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2
Q

Covert attention

A

Attention without looking directly at the object

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3
Q

Overt attention

A

Attention while looking directly at the object

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4
Q

Posner’s Precueing experiment

A

Showed that attention can enhance processing of a stimulus

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5
Q

Precueing

A

Presenting a cue indicating where a test stimulus will appear enhances the processing of a target stimulus

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6
Q

Treisman’s feature integration theory

A

an object is broken down into separate features and then the features are recombined to create our conscious perception of the object.

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7
Q

Treisman’s preattentive stage

A

Objects are analyzed into separate features

features exist independently, before conscious awareness, automatic and effortless

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8
Q

Treisman’s focused attention stage

A

Features are combined and we perceive the object

conscious awareness, influenced by attention

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9
Q

Divided attention task

A

Participants must pick out several features from an image after viewing for a limited time

results in illusory conjunctions

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10
Q

Illusory conjunctions

A

incorrect combination of features from different objects

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11
Q

Balint’s syndrome

A

parietal lobe damage that causes the inability to focus attention on individual objects

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12
Q

How does top-down processing prevent illusory conjunctions

A

we use our knowledge of what features common objects have to avoid mixing up features between objects

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13
Q

Visual scanning

A

moving the eyes to focus attention on different locations on objects or in scenes

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14
Q

Visual fixations

A

When the eyes stop moving to focus on something

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15
Q

Visual saccades

A

Eye movements between fixations

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16
Q

Corollary discharge theory

A

Explains why we don’t perceive the world as moving when we move our eyes

Takes eye movements into account, considers signals from the retina and eye muscles

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17
Q

Motor signal (MS)
(Corollary discharge theory)

A

command the brain sends to the eyes telling the eyes to moves

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18
Q

Corollary discharge signal (CDS)

A

Copy of the motor signal that goes to a different part of the brain to alert that the eyes are moving

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19
Q

Image displacement signal (IDS)

A

signal sent when image on the retina has changed

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20
Q

Comparator

A

Receives IDS and CDS

Hypothetical model that has not been localized in the brain

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21
Q

What happens when CDS and IDS occur at the same time

A

the brain knows the eyes are moving, not the scene

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22
Q

what happens when either CDS or IDS is received by the comparator?

A

Movement is perceived

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23
Q

Salience

A

physical characteristic of a stimulus that makes it stand out

ex. color, motion

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24
Q

Attentional capture

A

involuntary shift in attention caused by a salient stimulus

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25
Q

Attention is influenced by _______

A

Scene schemas, task demands, and interests and goals

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26
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to notice something that is completely visible because the person was actively attending elsewhere

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27
Q

Change blindness

A

Failure to notice a change between two visual stimuli presented one after another, with a short delay between

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28
Q

When is optic flow the fastest

A

for objects that are closest to you

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29
Q

Landmarks

A

Objects on a route that can serve as cues to indicate where to turn

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30
Q

Brain activation is greater at? (Decision point vs non decision point landmarks)

A

Decision point landmarks

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31
Q

Topographical agnosia

A

the inability to recognize landmarks

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32
Q

Cognitive map

A

a mental map of the spatial layout of an area of the environment

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33
Q

Place cells

A

fire when animal is in a certain place

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34
Q

Grid cells

A

fire when animal is in one of a set of places arranged in a hexagonal grid

helps determine direction and distance

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35
Q

Where are grid cells

A

entorhinal cortex

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36
Q

Head direction cells

A

fire when animals head is facing a certain direction

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37
Q

border cells

A

fire when animal gets close to the borders of its environment

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38
Q

Affordances

A

information that indicates how an object can be used

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39
Q

Acting on objects involves the coordination of the…

A

dorsal and ventral pathways

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40
Q

Parietal reach region (PRR)

A

Contains neurons that control grasping and reaching

different neurons respond to different types of grips

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41
Q

visuomotor grip cells

A

respond to both perception and action related to gripping something

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42
Q

proprioception

A

the ability to sense the position and movement of the body and limbs

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43
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Receptors that detect the position or movement of a part of the body

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44
Q

Muscle spindles

A

respond to stretch of muscles

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45
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

respond to tension

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46
Q

Size weight illusion

A

occurs when a person incorrectly predicts that a larger weight will feel heavier, resulting in the perception that it’s lighter

the one they predicted would be heavier they use more force to lift, making it appear lighter when they compare it to the smaller object of the same weight

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47
Q

Motion perception

A

gives us information about objects

helps us understand events in our environment

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48
Q

Event

A

a segment of time at a particular location that is perceived to have a beginning and an end

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49
Q

Event boundary

A

point in time when one event ends and another begins; associated with changes in nature of motion

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50
Q

Spatial neglect

A

neurological condition in which patients with damage to one hemisphere of the brain do not attend to the opposite side of the visual field

Failure of attention, not vision

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51
Q

Ecological approach to perception

A

Focuses on specifying information in the environment that is used for perception, emphasizing the study of moving observers to determine how their movement results in perceptual information that both creates perception and guides further movement

Proposed by JJ Gibson

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52
Q

Optic flow

A

The flow of stimuli in the environment that occurs when an observer moves relative to the environment

speed and directional information

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53
Q

Invariant information

A

information that remains constant regardless of what the observer is doing or how the observer is moving

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54
Q

Self-produced information

A

Perceptual information produced by the actions of the observer

ex. driving, dancing

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55
Q

Isolated optic flow information can help determine…

A

direction

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56
Q

Optic flow neurons

A

neurons in the medial superior temporal area of monkeys to respond to flow patterns

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57
Q

Lee & Aronson (1974) swinging room

A
  1. Emphasis on moving observer
  2. Identification of invariant and self-produced information in the environment that observers use for perception and movement
  3. Consideration of cooperation between senses
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58
Q

Visual direction strategy

A

Keep body oriented toward target

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59
Q

Spatial updating

A

Combines knowledge of movement and memory of target location

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60
Q

Wayfinding

A

process of navigation through the environment that involves
-perceiving objects in environment
- remembering objects and their relation to the overall scene
- Knowing when to turn and in what direction

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61
Q

Perceived motion can be…

A

real or illusory

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62
Q

real object perception and apparent motion perception seem to involve.. (similar or different brain mechanism)?

A

Similar brain mechanisms

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63
Q

Induced motion

A

motion of one object (usually larger) causes a nearby stationary object (usually smaller) to appear to move

ex. moon racing through the clouds

64
Q

Motion aftereffects

A

occurs when a person views a moving stimulus and then sees illusory movement in the opposite direction when viewing a stationary stimulus immediately after

65
Q

Optic array

A

pattern of light created by the environment

66
Q

Local disturbance in optic array

A

One object moves relative to environment

67
Q

Global optic flow

A

All elements move

68
Q

Reichardt detector

A

a neural circuit that results in neurons firing to movement in one direction

69
Q

Middle temporal (MT) area

A

involved in detecting speed and direction of motion

70
Q

Aperture problem

A

viewing only a small portion of a larger stimulus can result in misleading information about the direction the stimulus is moving

71
Q

biological motion

A

motion produced by biological organisms

72
Q

Superior temporal sulcus (STS)

A

Perception of motion related to animals and people (biological motion)

73
Q

Medial superior temporal (MST) area

A

processing optic flow; locating moving objects; reaching for moving objects

74
Q

Striate cortex (v1)

A

direction of motion across small receptive fields

75
Q

Functions of color vision

A

-serves as a signal
-aids with perceptual organization
-helps with object identification

76
Q

perceived color is most closely associated with the ___ of the light

A

Wavelength

77
Q

The color we perceive an object to be is generally determined by what wavelength of light it ___.

A

Reflects

78
Q

Chromatic colors (hues)

A

some wavelengths reflected more than others

79
Q

achromatic colors

A

all wavelengths reflected equally

80
Q

The color of a transparent object is determined by what wavelength it____.

A

Transmits

81
Q

Mixing pigments results in

A

Subtractive color mixing

both paints still absorb the same wavelengths they absorbed when alone, so the only wavelengths reflected are those reflected by both paints in common

82
Q

Mixing lights results in

A

additive color mixing

all of the light that is reflected from the surface by each light when alone is also reflected when the lights are superimposed

ex). blue+yellow = white

83
Q

Spectral colors

A

colors in the visible light spectrum

84
Q

nonspectral colors

A

colors not visible in the light spectrum

85
Q

Hue

A

experience of chromatic color

86
Q

saturation

A

amount of whiteness

87
Q

value

A

light- dark

88
Q

trichromatic theory of color vision

A

color vision depends on the ratio of activity in three receptor mechanisms, each with a different spectral sensitivity.

89
Q

Young-Helmholtz color matching experiments

A

possible to match any wavelength by adjusting three wavelengths

90
Q

three cone pigments identified by the trichromatic theory of color vision

A

Short-wavelength pigment (S)
Medium-wavelength pigment (M)
Long-wavelength pigment (L)

91
Q

how do the three cone types determine what color we perceive?

A

The ratio of responses by the three cone types determines what color we perceive

92
Q

Why are three receptor mechanisms necessary?

A

Having multiple pigments makes it possible to distinguish between wavelengths independent of light using ratio information

93
Q

Color deficiency

A

partial loss of color perception

94
Q

Monochromatism

A

occurs when there are no functioning cones or just one type of cone pigment

see in shades of lightness

95
Q

Dichromatism

A

occurs when someone is missing one type of cone pigment

experience lesser range of color than trichromats

96
Q

protanopia

A

the long-wavelength pigment is missing

97
Q

deuteranopia

A

medium wavelength pigment is missing

98
Q

tritanopia

A

short-wavelength pigment is missing

99
Q

anomalous trichromats

A

have all three cone types but the spectral sensitivities are more overlapping

100
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

our perception of color is determined by the activity of three opponent mechanisms

101
Q

what are the three opponent mechanisms of the opponent process theory?

A

Blue-yellow
red-green
black-white

responses to the two colors in each mechanism oppose each other with one being excitatory and one being inhibitory

102
Q

behavioral evidence for the opponent-process theory

A

color deficiency
phenomenological evidence (primary colors)
complementary afterimages

103
Q

complementary afterimages

A

after staring at an image the after image has the opponent colors

104
Q

opponent neurons

A

respond with an excitatory response to light from one part of the spectrum and with an inhibitory response to light from another part of the spectrum

105
Q

Bipolar cells send signals to ____.

A

opponent neurons in the brain

106
Q

V4

A

brain area specialized for color vision

107
Q

cerebral achromatopsia

A

color blindness due to damage of the brain

108
Q

color perception also involves other areas, it has ____.

A

distributed representation

109
Q

color constancy

A

we perceive the colors of objects as being relatively constant even under changing illuminations

110
Q

chromatic adaptation

A

exposure to light in a specific part of the spectrum causes a decrease in sensitivity to light from that part

111
Q

color constancy works better with ____.

A

more context

112
Q

memory color

A

the effect on perception of prior knowledge of the typical color of objects

113
Q

lightness constancy

A

constancy of our perception of an object’s lightness under different intensities of illumination

percent of light reflected remains constant.

114
Q

illumination edge

A

shadow

115
Q

how do we determine if there is an illumination edge

A

meaningful shape, penumbra (unclear border)

116
Q

how is color a construction of the nervous system

A

wavelengths are not colored, the brain colors them

117
Q

Cue approach to depth perception

A

focuses on identifying info in the retina that is correlated with depth

118
Q

Oculomotor cues

A

cues based on our ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in our eye muscles

119
Q

Convergence

A

inward movement of eyes

120
Q

Accommodation

A

changes in lens shape

121
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

cues that can work with only one eye

-accommodation
-pictorial cues
-motion produced cues

122
Q

Pictorial cues

A

sources of depth info that can be depicted in a picture

Occlusion, relative height, relative size, perspective convergence,

familiar size, atmospheric perspective, texture gradient, shadows

123
Q

Pictorial cues- occlusion

A

when one object hides or partially hides another object from view, that object is perceived as closer and the object that is being occluded is perceived as further away

124
Q

Pictorial cues- relative height

A

Objects closer to the horizon appear further away

125
Q

Pictorial cues- relative size

A

when two objects are of equal size, the one that is farther away will take up less of the field of view

126
Q

Pictorial cues- Perspective convergence

A

perception that parallel lines in the distance converge as distance increases

127
Q

Pictorial cues- familiar size

A

judgment of distance is based on knowledge of the sizes of the objects

128
Q

Pictorial cues- atmospheric perspective

A

objects that are farther away look more blurred and bluer than objects that are closer because we must look through more air particles to see them

129
Q

Pictorial cues- texture gradient

A

the elements in a texture gradient (visual pattern) appear smaller as distance from the observer increases

130
Q

Pictorial cues- shadows

A

decreases in light caused by the blockage of light can provide information regarding the location of objects

131
Q

Motion parrallax

A

the phenomenon that as we move, nearby objects appear to move past us more quickly than distant objects

132
Q

Accretion

A

when a farther object is uncovered by a nearer object due to a sideways motion of an observer relative to the objects

133
Q

Deletion

A

when a farther object is covered by a nearer object due to a sideways motion of an observer relative to the objects

134
Q

accommodation and convergence are only used when

A

an object is nearby

135
Q

atmospheric perspective is only used when

A

an object is very far away

136
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

require two eyes

137
Q

Stereoscopic depth perception (stereopsis)

A

two-eyed depth perception involving mechanisms that take into account differences between each eye

138
Q

Strabismus

A

misalignment of the eyes
no binocular information because vision is dominated by one eye

139
Q

How do 3D glasses work?

A

each eye gets two different images to create a 3D image

140
Q

Binocular disparity

A

difference in the images on the left and right retinas

141
Q

Corresponding retinal points

A

points on the retina that overlap if the eyes are superimposed on each other

142
Q

horopter

A

imaginary surface that passes through the point of fixation

143
Q

noncorresponding points

A

the images of objects that are not on the horopter

144
Q

Absolute disparity

A

degree to which an object deviates from falling on corresponding points

indicates the distance from the horopter and from you

145
Q

angle of disparity

A

amount of absolute disparity

146
Q

Binocular depth cells

A

respond to absolute disparity
found in v1, dorsal pathway

147
Q

Dorsal pathway

A

How/ action pathway

148
Q

Our size perception is affected by ____.

A

depth perception

149
Q

Holway & Boring experiment

A

investigated how size perception and depth perception interact
first phase- many depth cues available
second phase- eliminated depth cues
without depth cues, size perception is based on visual angle and is innaccurate

150
Q

Visual angle

A

angle of an object relative to the observer’s eye
depends on size and distance
determines how much space the image takes up on the retina

151
Q

Size constancy

A

Our perception of an object’s size is relatively constant even when we view the object from different distances

152
Q

Size constancy is decreased under conditions of ____.

A

poor depth information

153
Q

Size-distance scaling

A

mechanism that maintains size constancy by taking into account perceived distance

154
Q

Ponzo illusion

A

two objects of equal size positioned between converging lines appear to be different in size

155
Q

Ames room illusion

A

Two people of equal size appear different in size because of a distorted room

Sensation and Perception (3 decks)

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