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bio second sem > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is kochs 1st postulate

A
  1. the microbe must be present in individuals suffering from the disease and absent in healthy individuals
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2
Q

kochs second postulate

A

the microbe must be isolated and grown in pure culture

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3
Q

kochs 3rd postulate

A

injection of the microbe into a healthy animal should cause the disease symptoms to appear

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4
Q

kochs 4 postulate

A

the microbe should be isolatable again from the diseased animal and shown to be identical in size, shape, and color to the original microbe

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5
Q

bacteria can live on____ substrate to form__

A

mucilage, colonies

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6
Q

example of mucilage

A

plaque on teeth. ecology of the mouth, different bacteria colonize different parts of the mouth.

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7
Q

what do microorganisms compete for

A

space

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8
Q

what is penicillins mode of action

A

it prevents the cross-linking of small peptide chains in peptidoglycan

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9
Q

what do probiotics do

A

introduce of live friendly bacteria into a patients digestive tract. ex. fecal flora

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10
Q

the ecological importance of probiotics

A

co exist with other organisms. amphibian species have natural bacteria that fight off fungal infections.

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11
Q

2 strategies of bioremediation

A
  1. fertilizing contaminated sites to encourage the growth of existing bacteria and archaea that degrade toxic compounds.
  2. seeding, adding specific species of bacteria to contaminated sites
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12
Q

prokaryotes are what type of group

A

paraphyletic

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13
Q

taxonomy of eukaryotes

A

eu-true karyo- cell

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14
Q

what is the outgroup between archaea eukarya and bacteria?

A

bacteria

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15
Q

bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes, what are some common features?

A

-absence of a nucleus, membrane enclosed cytoplasmic organelles, cytoskeleton. -unicellularity
-presence of DNA RNA enzymes to transcribe and translate genetic code into protein

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16
Q

binary fission vs mitosis

A

fission involves the replication and division of a single chromosome, while mitosis imultiple chromosomes.

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17
Q

bacteria is what group

A

monophyletic

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18
Q

shared traits for bacteria

A

-circular dna, not in nucleus
-no cytoskeleton
-no mitosis- instead fission

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19
Q

prokaryotes have what that bacteria doesn’t have

A

-peptidoglycan in cell walls (polymer of amino groups)

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20
Q

thick layer and a purple color indicates what

A

gram positive

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21
Q

what is the earliest fossil of life

A

cyanobacteria-3.5 billion.

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22
Q

the signature RNA sequence is found in what

A

ALL tested archaea and eukarya but NO bacteria

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23
Q

archaea characteristics (habitat, group, oxygen, etc.)

A

live in extreme habitats, monophyletic, low oxygen, high temp, extreme salinity

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24
Q

synapomorphies for archaea

A

absence of peptidogylycan in cell walls, unique lipids in cell membrane, unique genes

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25
Q

habitat words- thermophillic, acidophillic, anaerobic methanogens

A
  1. hot
  2. acidic
  3. animal guts
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26
Q

what are the 5 archaean kingdoms

A

crenarcheota, euryarchaeota, thaurmarchaeota, korarchaeota, nanoarchaeota

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27
Q

crenarchaeota characteristics

A

often thermophillic and acidophillic, yellowstone hot springs

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28
Q

euryarchaeota characteristics

A

some are methanogens, often halophillic(salt) , thermophillic, deep ocean vents

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29
Q

thaumarchaeota charac.

A

abundant in the oceans, mesophillic

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30
Q

kararchaeota charac

A

some found in hot springs

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31
Q

nanoarchaeota charac

A

parasite of another archaea

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32
Q

proteobacteria

A

purple bacteria, diverse metabolically, mitochondria of eukaryotes derived from species of proteobacteria.

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33
Q

cyanobacteria charac.

A

photosynthetic, single cells or colonies, blue-green bacteria-formerly alagae

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34
Q

firmicutes

A

low GC gram positive, most are coccus and bacillus shaped, some members are common in human gut, some used to ferment dairy products

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35
Q

actinobacteria

A

HIGH GC gram positive, share similar structures to fungus(mycelia), streptomyces genus is a huge source of antibiotics used in medicine today.

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36
Q

spirochaetes

A

distinguished by their corkscrew shape and flagella
both syphillis and lyme disease are caused by spirochaete bacteria

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37
Q

chlamydiae

A

coccus shaped, all are parasitic

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38
Q

why are protists important

A

bottom of food chain- nutritional foundation for life
meicine- due to parasitic infection

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39
Q

all eukaryotes are___ except for fungi, animals, and land plants

A

protists - paraphyletic

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40
Q

2 common charc for protists (size and abundant where)

A

most abundant in moist habitats, most of them microscopic in size

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41
Q

phagotrophy

A

heterotrophs that ingest particles

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42
Q

osmotrophs

A

heterotrophs that rely on uptake of small organic molecules

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43
Q

autotrophs

A

photosynthetic

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44
Q

mixotrophs

A

able to use autotrophy and phagotrophy or osmotrophy depending on conditions

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45
Q

ciliates

A

cilia- shorter and more abundant than flagella

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46
Q

amoebae

A

amoeboid movement, use pseudopodia

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47
Q

algae, protozoa, and fungus like names

A
  1. plant-like, photosynthetic and non
  2. animal like- heterotrophic
  3. resemble fungi in body form and absorptive nutrition.
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48
Q

plankton and the 2 types and how they gain energy

A

swimming or floating
phytoplankton- photosynthetic
zooplankton-heterotrophic

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49
Q

periphyton

A

attached by mucilage to underwater surfaces, produce multicellular bodies-seaweed

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50
Q

asexual reproduction and do protists use this

A

all protists can reproduce asexually- same dna as parent

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51
Q

sexual reproduction

A

2N organisms
2 of each chromosome
half genes from mom and other half from dad

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52
Q

human gametes are

A

haploid but 1 from each parent makes it diploid

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53
Q

meiosis and mitosis of ploidity

A

meiosis- production of 1N from 2N
mitosis- 2N to 2N, or 1N to 1N

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54
Q

all cells except the __ are diploid

A

gametes

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55
Q

asexual reproduction __ the size of daughter cells

A

reduces

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56
Q

sexual reproduction ___ maximal size

A

restores

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57
Q

zygotic life cycles

A

most unicellular sexually reproducing protists, survive like cysts - thick walled diploid zygotes

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58
Q

in zygotic life cycles, haploid cells __ into ___

A

transform, gametes

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59
Q

sporic life cycle, alteration of generations

A

2 types of multicellular organisms.
haploid gametophyte produces gametes
diploid sporophyte produces spores by meiosis
sexualproduces gamete then alternates to asexual reproduction-sporophytes

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60
Q

super groups

A

excavata, related to earliest eukaryotes, phagotrophy

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61
Q

plantae, are they protists?

A

obtained plastids by primary endosymbiosis- land plants not protists

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62
Q

alveolata-protists

A

named for saclike membraneous vesicle. ciliophora, dinozoa, apicomplexa

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63
Q

dinozoa/dinoflagellates in alveolata

A

some are photosynthetic, others not
important in nearshore oceans

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64
Q

apicomplexa in alveolata

A

medically important parasites, plasmodium

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65
Q

stramenopila

A

wide range of algae, protozoa, and fungus-like protists. named for strawlike hairs on flagella

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66
Q

plastids

A

a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms;. They are considered to be intracellular endosymbiotic cyanobacteria.

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67
Q

where does stramenopila plastids come from

A

secondary endosymbiosis- more than 2 envelopes

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68
Q

endosymbiosis

A

where there are tow organisms and one is living within the other- example chloroplast and mitochondria, some human parasites

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69
Q

rhizaria

A

have thin, hairlike extensions of the cytoplasm- filose pseudopodia

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70
Q

opisthokonta

A

named for posterior flagellum on swimming cells

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71
Q

plant charc.

A

eukaryotic, primarily photosynthetic that mostly live on land and display many adaptations

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72
Q

ancestry of plants

A

monphyletic kingdom, probs originated from single common protist ancestor

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73
Q

basal plants

A

liverworts, hornworts, mosses, lycophytes,pteridophytes

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74
Q

non vascular plants

A

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

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75
Q

vascular plants

A

lycophytes, pteridophytes

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76
Q

seed plants

A

cycads, ginkgos, conifers, gnetophytes, angiosperms

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77
Q

gymnosperms

A

cycads, ginkgos, conifers, gnetophytes

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78
Q

nonvascular plant traits

A

monophyletic phyla, share common structural reproductive and ecological features. models of earliest plants

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79
Q

non vascular and other plants ___ a sporic life ___ with alteration of ___

A

exhibit, cycle, generations

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80
Q

adaptions to life on land, plants, meaning the sporic life cycle has _ multicellular life stages

A

2

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81
Q

plant traits are cellular (___) and structural (____)

A

retain water, help grow upright

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82
Q

seedless plants transformed ecology by liverworts and mosses produce __ resistant body __

A

resistant, tissues

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83
Q

seedless plants help ___ soils and influence ___ and precipitation

A

enrich, precipitation

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84
Q

vacular plants ecological effect

A

converted huge amounts of CO2 into decay resistant organic material

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85
Q

vascular plants- atmospheric oxygen levels ___ to a historic ___ levels, because less O2 was being used to break down organic carbon into____

A

rose, high, CO2

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86
Q

Seed plants were better able than nonseed plants to ___ in cooler, drier habitats causing what dominating plants to go extinct

A

reproduce, lycophytes, and pteridophytes

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87
Q

gametophytes produce what type of gametes

A

haploid

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88
Q

gametangia protects gametes from what

A

form drying out and microbial attack

89
Q

what is the antheridia

A

round or elongate gametangia producing sperm

90
Q

archaegonia

A

flask shaped gametangia enclosing and egg

91
Q

zygotes grow into

A

sporophytes

92
Q

when mature, spores are ___ in protective enclosures known as ___

A

protected, sporangia

93
Q

plant spore cell walls contain ____ to help prevent ___ damage

A

sporopollenin, cellular

94
Q

non vascular features- what is the dominant generation?

A

gametophytes, sporophytes dependent on gametophyte and small and short lived.

95
Q

gymnosperms

A

naked seeds-not enclosed, trees, wooden shrubs

96
Q

vascular cambium

A

produces thick layer of wood and thin layer of inner bark

97
Q

what is the wood and thin layer of bark used for in vascular cambium

A

wood- used for water transport and structural support
inner bark- transporting watery solutions of organic compounds

98
Q

ovule in seeds

A

sporangium with single spore and a very small egg producing gametophyte inside

99
Q

seed plants produce __ distinct types of ___ in _ different types of sporangia

A

2, spores, 2

100
Q

microspores in microsporangia and megaspores in megasporangia

A

microspores- pollen, male
megaspores- female, develops and produces eggs

101
Q

in seeds, the pollen tube carries 2 sperm but only __

A

fertilizes one egg to become an embryo

102
Q

ecological advantages of seeds-4

A

able to remain dormant to wait for favorable conditions, larger and more complex, can store food, sperm can reach egg without having to swim

103
Q

phylum coniferophyta

A

seed cones, common in mountain and high-latitude forests

104
Q

most conifers are __

A

evergreens

105
Q

cold climate adaptations of conifers

A

conical shape and flexible branches, thick waxy cuticle, scale-like or needle shaped leaves

106
Q

modern angiosperms defining features

A

flowers and fruits. “enclosed seeds” seed endosperm.

107
Q

pistil composed of one or more ___

A

carpel

108
Q

what does the pistil/carpel contain

A

stigma-recieves pollen, style, and ovary-pollen tube delivers sperm to ovule

109
Q

why are flowers different

A

color, odor,shapes, and sizes other animals see flowers as different colors

110
Q

diameter of floral tube matches ___

A

pollinator-coevolution

111
Q

basal plants consist of

A

non vascular and vascular plants

112
Q

seed plants consist of

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

113
Q

angiosperms- monocots and eudicots

A

monocots- one seed leaf, flower parts in 3. eudicots- 2 seed leaves, flower parts in 4 or 5

114
Q

how are fungi and animals closely related

A

both heterotrophic, both use absorptive nutrition- secrete enzymes and absorb resulting small organic molecules, both store a surplus of food

115
Q

fungal cells enclosed by __ ___ composed of ___

A

cell wall, chitin

116
Q

fungi cannot engulf food by ___ due to rigid cell walls

A

phagotrophy

117
Q

forms of fungi- single celled

A

yeasts- multicellular fungi have weblike growth

118
Q

why is fungus furry

A

mycelia with hyphae

119
Q

mutualistic fungi

A

association that benefit both partners, mycorhizzal fungi, endophytes, lichens

120
Q

myocorhizzal fungi

A

2 most common types are ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae
association between the hyphae of certain fungi and roots of most seed plants

121
Q

Ectomycorrhizae (EMF)

A

coat root surface and grow between cells of roots

122
Q

Endomycorrhizae

A

grow INTO root cell walls and plasma membranes- (AMF)

123
Q

fungal endophytes

A

live within the tissues of various types of plants. plants often grow better with this

124
Q

lichens

A

2 separate lineages of organisms, part fungi part algae

125
Q

the 3 major forms of lichens are

A

crustose, foliose, fruticose

126
Q

in lichens what does the photosynthetic partner and fungal partner provide

A

photo- organic food molecules and oxygen
fungal- CO2, H2O, and minerals

127
Q

lichen reproduction

A

sexually with fungal partner producing fruiting bodies and sexual spores

128
Q

Chytridiomycota

A

simplest fungi, earliest, only fungi to produce flagellate cells for spore gamete dispersal, most decomposers

129
Q

zygomycota

A

produce asexual spores in sporangia, not monophyletic, some are parasites

130
Q

glomeromycota

A

(AM) fungi, only asexual reproduction, recently defined as a group

131
Q

ascomycota

A

unique sporangia called asci, produce sexual spores and ascospores, terrestrial and aquatic habitats

132
Q

ascocarps in ascomyota

A

asci produced on fruiting bodies - cup shaped

133
Q

basidiomycota

A

most recently evolved group of fungi, Important decomposers and mycorrhizal partners, fruiting bodies called basidiocarps, asexually

134
Q

characteristics of animals

A

multicellular, heterotrophs, lack cell walls, sexual repro. unique cell junctions, monophyletic

135
Q

4 main morphological and developmental features of animals

A
  1. Presence or absence of different tissue types
  2. Type of body symmetry
  3. Presence or absence of a true body cavity
  4. Patterns of embryonic development
136
Q

metazoa divided into…parazoa and eumetazoa

A

parazoa- no specialized tissues or organs
eumetazoa- more than one type of tissue and organs-radiata or bilateria

137
Q

radiata vs bilateria

A

radiata- radially symmetrical
bilateria- bilaterally symmetrical

138
Q

radial animals have _ and aboral sides

A

oral

139
Q

radial vs bilateral animals - cell layers

A

radial- 2 embryonic cell layers
bilateral- 3 germ layers- has a mesoderm as well

140
Q

cleavage in the __ can be spiral (___) or radial (__)

A

zygote, protostomes, deuterostomes

141
Q

what is a protostome

A

cleavage determinate, blastopore -mouth, shizo development

142
Q

deuterostome

A

cleavage is indeterminate, blastopore becomes anus, entero development

143
Q

protostome, parazoa- phylum porifera

A

sponges, loosely organized and lack tissues, multicellular, no apparent symmetry, reproduce with both, hermaphrodites

144
Q

water drawn through pores (___) into spongocoel and flows out through the ___ in parazoans

A

osita, osculum

145
Q

Phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora

A

radial symmetry, 2 embryonic germ layers

146
Q

Phylum Cnidaria structure

A

2 different body forms- medusa and polyp

147
Q

Phylum Ctenophora

A

comb jellies, 2 tentacles without stinging cells- look like jellyfish, first complete gut mouth and anus, bioluminescent, hermaphroditic

148
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

flatworms, lack respiratory and circulatory system, 3 germ layers, acoelomate

149
Q

planaria

A

incomplete digestive system, regeneration, distinct excretory system

150
Q

turbellaria

A

free-living, planaria

151
Q

monogenea

A

fish flukes

152
Q

cestoda

A

tapeworms, parasitic

153
Q

trematoda

A

flukes, parasitic- more complex life cycle with multiple hosts

154
Q

Phylum Rotifera

A

named for ciliated corona, digestive tract, unique reproduction

155
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

snail, body has 3 parts, open circulatory system, radula- tongue like organ

156
Q

molluscs

A

separate sexes although some hermaphroditic, external fertilization- some internal, how snails colonize land

157
Q

gastropods

A

Snails, slugs and nudibranchs

158
Q

Polyplacophorans

A

chitons

159
Q

bivalves

A

clams, mussels, oysters

160
Q

cephalopods

A

octopuses, squids, nautiluses, fast swimming marine predators, closed circulatory system, beaklike jaw

161
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

rings are distinct segments separated by a septum, double transport system

162
Q

annelids

A

digestive system complete and unsegmented- sexual repro. involved 2 individuals, asexual reproduction by fission- leeches dont have setae

163
Q

Class Polychaeta

A

marine worms- rich, many long setae

164
Q

Class Oligochaeta

A

earthworms- role in conditioning soil through castings

165
Q

Class Hirudinea

A

leeches, anticoagulant

166
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

ecdysis or molting, all posses a cuticle for support and protection- metamorphosis

167
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

roundworms, nearly all habitats, complete digestive tract

168
Q

parasites

A

sexual repro. with separate males and females, internal fertilization

169
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A

perhaps most successful phylum-body plan, exoskeleton made of chitin and protein

170
Q

anthropoda- 6 characteristics

A

segmented with appendages for locomotion, food handling, or reproduction. tagmata. extensive cephalization. sophisticated brain. open circulatory system, complex digestive system.

171
Q

tagmata

A

fused body segments

172
Q

trilobita

A

Extinct early arthropods, bottom feeders, little specialization of body segments.

173
Q

diplopoda vs chilopoda

A

di- 2 pairs of legs per segment-herbivorous
chi- 1 pair of legs per segment- carnivorous

174
Q

metamorphosis complete and incomplete

A

complete- 4 stages with adult larval stages very different
incomplete- 3 stages with young resembling miniature adults

175
Q

Lineages that fed on ___ have become much more ___ that those that fed on gymnosperms

A

angiosperms, diverse

176
Q

Crustacea

A

Crabs, lobsters, barnacles and shrimp
marine fresh water and terrestrial
unique 2 pair of antennae

177
Q

Deuterostomia contain which 2

A

Echinodermataand Chordates

178
Q

Phylum Echinodermata- symmetry, organs, other types of systems, endoskeleton covered in what, autonomy?

A

modified radial symmetry- no excretory organs, no brain, water vascular system, endoskeleton covered in spines.
intentionally detach body parts that will later regen.

179
Q

Phylum Echinodermata
reproduction

A

reproduce sexually with separate sexes, external fertilization

180
Q

3 classes of echinoderms

A

Asteroidea (Sea stars)
Echinoidea (Sea urchins)
Holothuroidea (Sea cucumber)

181
Q

Phylum Chordata 4 innovations- watching them go through life history aka synapomorphies

A

Notochord – single flexible rod
Dorsal hollow nerve cord- has the brain
Pharyngeal slits
Post-anal tail

182
Q

different grouping of chordates,
Subphylum Urochordata –
Subphylum Cephalochordata –
subphylum vertebrata-

A
  1. whole animal enclosed in tunic- sophisticated organs-
  2. lancelets-lack jaws and sense organs
  3. vertebrates- has a head and cranium
183
Q

anus first head second

A

deuterostome- because a lot do not have a head

184
Q

head first anus second

A

protostome

185
Q

what is a blastopore

A

the mouth like opening

186
Q

Myxinoidea

A

hag fish, jawless, finless, blind, no vertebrae, smells well and slimy as a defense mechanism

187
Q

petromyzontoidea-chordata

A

lampreys, no jaw,

188
Q

gnathostomes and agnathans meaning

A

jaw opening and jawless

189
Q

chondricthyes-chordata

A

internal skeletons-no bone, cartilage, sharks skates, rays. chordates?

190
Q

how do sharks stay buoyant and their cool traits

A

swimming since they are denser than water
smelling!
lateral line- line going down side of the body which detects movement in the water.
2 chambered heart-single circulation
detect electrical fields-my name

191
Q

types of internal fertilization

A

oviparous- lay eggs
ovoviparous- egg retained in female- no placenta
viviparous- eggs develop in uterus, placenta nourishes young

192
Q

actinopterygii-chordata

A

ray finned fish, bony fish. includes all except coleocanths and lungfish

193
Q

coelacanths-chordata

A

thought extinct, but not. powerful bite, notochord filled with oil like fluid

194
Q

dipnoi -chordata

A

lungfish, will drown if unable to breathe air but different than our lungs. gills and lungs.

195
Q

tetrapods

A

4 limbs, important evolutionary step- Lobe fin fishes. vertebral column strengthened. gene expression.

196
Q

hox genes

A

all animals have- can manipulate them. can change fins to limbs. backed by genetics.

197
Q

anura

A

frogs and toads

198
Q

caudata

A

salamanders

199
Q

amphibians reproduction

A

successfully invaded land but go back to water to reproduce

200
Q

amniotes

A

possess and amniotic egg- keeps embryo in protective layer to keep it from drying out- chicken egg

201
Q

amnion in embryonic egg

A

protects embryo in amniotic cavity

202
Q

allanotis in embryonic egg

A

disposal of wastes, yolk gets smaller as this gets bigger because yolk is the food

203
Q

chorion in embryonic egg

A

with allanotis for gas exchange

204
Q

testudines in reptiles

A

turtles, hard protective shell, lack teeth, ribs fused to shell

205
Q

lepidosauria in reptiles

A

lizards and snakes, kinetic skull, lizards have moveable eyelids and external ears=snakes dont

206
Q

crocodilia in reptiles

A

crocodiles and alligators, 4 chambered heart, teeth in sockets, parental care

207
Q

last group of reptiles aves

A

birds, although no hands all the bones in the wing are in other reptiles. air sacs, reduction of organs,

208
Q

aves and crocodilia share what

A

4 chambered hearts

209
Q

mammals

A

evolved from amniote ancestors- when dinosaurs go away huge mammal boom

210
Q

superpowers of mammals

A

name comes from milk glands- increases chance of surviving offspring, skull, more or less hair, special teeth

211
Q

prototheria

A

monotremata- platypus and echnida, lay eggs lack placenta

212
Q

Metatheria – marsupials

A

opossum, once widespread now more confined to austrailia, very undeveloped

213
Q

eutheria

A

placental animals- prolonged gestation - how long in moms belly, years of parental care

214
Q

prosimians

A

bush babies, lemurs,pottos, tarsiers- nocturnal smaller brained

215
Q

anthropoids

A

monkeys-tails, can swing from branch to branch

216
Q

hominoids

A

gibbons, gorillas, orangutans, chimpanzees and humans. no tails cannot swing from branch to branch

217
Q

primates

A

thumb, no claws, developed traits to adapt to trees

218
Q

the top of mt everest is

A

limestone- was at the bottom of the ocean

bio second sem (4 decks)

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