Exam 2 Flashcards
cyanobacteria
all plants have it, where they got chloroplasts from
archaeplastida
red and green algae
viridiplantae
green algae and land plants
chlorophyte algae
unicellular and marine
charophyte algae
multicellular and freshwater, gave rise to plants
terrestrial benefits for plants
- unfiltered, brighter sunlight (better photosynthesis)
- more CO2 in the air
unique terrestrial obstacles
desiccation (drying out), shoot structural support, root water/mineral support
unique characteristics of plant cells
cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole
unique characteristics of animal cells
lysosomes, centrioles, flagella
cellulose
primary substance of plant cell wall, makes cell walls rigid
hemicellulose
strengthens and adds flexibility to cell wall
pectin
glue that holds everything in the cell wall together
plasmodesmata
opening in cell wall for communication between cells
plastids
double membrane organelles, includes chromoplasts, leucoplasts, chloroplasts, inherited from females
chromoplast
stores pigment
leucoplast
stores nutrients
amyloplast
stores starch/carbs
elaioplasts
stores lipids
proteinoplasts
stores proteins
tannosomes
stores tanin (defense compound)
photosynthesis raw materials/input
CO2 and water
Is CO2 ox or red
reduced
Is water ox or red
oxidized
immediate products of photosynthesis
triose sugar, O2, water
light dependent stage
oxidizing reaction, uses sunlight
photosystem II
first step, contains mostly chlorophyll a
converts water to O2 and H+
photosystem I
second step, contains mostly chlorophyll b
makes ATP and excretes O2
light independent stage/calvin cycle
doesn’t need sunlight, carbon cycle stage
carbon fixation
building a carbohydrate using CO2, makes triose sugar, water, and O2
calvin cycle
uses enzyme rubisco
1. fixation of CO2 to make triose
2. fixation of O2, makes ROS (reactive oxygen species)
3. photorespiratory system deals w/ ROS
primary metabolites
essential organic compounds for life of a plant
photorespiratory system, chloroplast
produces ROS
photorespiratory system, peroxisome
detoxifies ROS
photorespiratory system, mitochondria
converts ROS to amino acids
3 things that happen to triose
- combine to form glucose and convert to starch to be stored (day)
- combine to form glucose and fructose, convert to sucrose for transport to plant (night)
- combine to form glucose used in plant cell respiration
secondary metabolites- terpenes
used to make rubber, essential oils, herbals (protect plant)
secondary metabolites- phenolics
used to make tannins and lignin
tannins
interfere with herbivore digestion
lignin
“wood”, makes plants strong
secondary metabolites- nitrogen containing compounds
insectisides
monoecious
both male and female on same plant
dioecious
separate sexes
gametophyte
mitosis only (make gametes), always haploid
sporophyte
mitosis and meiosis (make haploid spores that become gametophytes), always diploid
SAM
shoot apical meristem, above ground vertical growth
RAM
root apical meristem, below ground vertical growth, where stem cells for root growth are
vascular cambium/lateral meristem
lateral/secondary growth (thickens plant)
mycorrhizae
symbiosis between plant roots and fungi
plants provide food, fungi provides minerals and protects plant
seeds
contain diploid embryos, become sporophytes
spores
contain haploid cells, become gametophytes
streptophytes
charophyte algae and all land plants
5 plant classes
streptophytes, embryophytes, tracheophytes, euphyllophytes, spermatophytes
embryophytes
terrestrial plants only
tracheophytes
vascular plants only, primary (vertical) growth only
bryophytes
non vascular mosses, gametophyte dominant
euphyllophytes
have true leaves (have veins/vascular system)
spermatophytes
seed making plants, sporophyte dominant
nonvascular plants
first land plants, bryophytes (mosses), only grow around bodies of water
seedless vascular plants
only make spores
lycophyte/microphyll
unbranched vascular system (not true leaves)
pteridophyte/megaphyll
branched vascular system (true leaves)
gymnosperms
naked seed plants, cone making trees, primary and secondary growth
angiosperms
enclosed seed plants, flower producing plants
rhizoids
anchor plants to ground
rhizomes
underground stems, can absorb water